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POLITICAL CHARACTER OF A CRIME AS A NEGATIVE PREMISE OF EXTRADITION

POLITYCZNY CHARAKTER PRZESTĘPSTWA JAKO NEGATYWNA PRZESŁANKA EKSTRADYCJI

Author(s): Lidia Brodowski,Dagmara Kuźniar-Kwiatek / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 10/2011

Keywords: political character of a crime; felony

The following article analyses political character of a crime as a negative premise of extradition. It shows the origin and evolution of not handing out political offenders. Moreover it highlights the problems concerned with estimating a political aspect of the felony of which there is no official definition in international agreements and national laws. It analyses the definition of a political crime in judicature and doctrine. Aiming to classify a political felony the article shows the crimes which can not be recognized as such. Furthermore it highlights the process of eliminating the political character of a felony from international agreements concerning extradition and decaying privileged status of political ofenders.

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POLITICAL ADVERTISING. ORIGIN, DEFINITION AND FUNCTION

REKLAMA POLITYCZNA. JEJ GENEZA, DEFINICJA I FUNKCJE

Author(s): Justyna Ciechanowska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 10/2011

Keywords: political advertising; propaganda

The article presents the origin, definition and functions of a political advertising. It indicates the periods of its evolution. It also presents the definitions of the notions of propaganda and its most important features. It pays attention to the similarities between propaganda and advertising. It mentions simultaneously and describes its numerous functions.

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RESTORATIVE JUSTICE VERSUS RETRIBUTIVISM IN CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY

SPRAWIEDLIWOŚĆ NAPRAWCZA A RETRYBUTYWIZM W ODPOWIEDZIALNOŚCI KARNEJ

Author(s): Grzegorz Maroń / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 10/2011

Keywords: restorative justice theory; criminal law

The paper presents main tenets of restorative justice theory in the area of criminal law. The theory is focused not on authoritative but consensual solution of conflict induced by criminal act. In opposition to retributivism, which concentrates on the offender, restorative justice apart from the offender takes notice of the victim and local community. All three subjects (the victim, the offender, local community) are parts of dispute. Their common engagement gives chance to find comprehensive and final solution. The maximal aim of restorative justice is restoring the peace and rapport into interpersonal relations which have been broken up in the aftermath of the offence. The anticipated aim is accomplished through various procedures, mostly by means of mediation. On the one side restorative justice demonstrates responsiveness to diverse participants’ expectations. On the other, it avoids relativisation of crime’s evil. According to the given theory criminal punishment is ultima ratio reaction to the offence. In author’s view restorative justice is located between justice in strict sense and mercy. This theory stands aloof from extreme attitudes, that are both laxism and repressive rigorism. Admittedly restorative justice is not able to replace retributivism entirely, but can fruitfully supplement it. Restorative justice reveals its usefulness in cases, where mechanism of typical criminal process controlled by the state and public authorities is clearly malfunctioning. Optimal and desirable model of criminal policy should rationally unite paradigms of two – at the first – sight alternative and standing in opposition – title justice theories.

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SYSTEM OF EXTERNAL OVERSIGHT OVER THE FUNCTIONING OF FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE OF THE STATE SECURITY COMMITTEE (ATTACHED TO THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS) OF THE USSR IN THE YEARS FROM 1954 TO 1991

SYSTEM NADZORU ZEWNĘTRZNEGO NAD FUNKCJONOWANIEM WYWIADU ZAGRANICZNEGO KOMITETU BEZPIECZEŃSTWA PAŃSTWOWEGO (PRZY RADZIE MINISTRÓW) ZSRR W LATACH 1954–1991

Author(s): Leszek Pawlikowicz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 10/2011

Keywords: USSR; foreign intelligence; State Security Committee

The Article presents the scope and structures responsible for implementing the external oversight over the functioning of foreign intelligence of the State Security Committee (attached to the Council Ministers) of the USSR in the years from 1954 to 1991. In addition to discussing the role of the First (General) Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the official „custodian” on behalf of the Secretariat of the CC there are also characterized the functions and internal organization of these departments of the Central Committee, which belonged to the system of oversight of the KGB intelligence: Administrative Organs, International, Liaison with the Communist and Workers Parties of the Socialist Countries, International Propaganda and Cadres Abroad. There are also presented their staffing personnel. The fundamental source base are the reports of the U.S. Department of State and the Central Intelligence Agency from the years 1960–1989 on the structure, staffing, and address data of all the supreme and central organs of the party and states of the USSR, supplemented by (available for several years on the Internet), fragmentary reports of the CIA with respect to this problem. There also is used the official collection of documents published in the Russian Federation, biographies of high officials of the KGB, as well as the established there in 2008, website includes an impressive collection of data on the history of the Russian and Soviet Communist Party from the years 1898–1991.

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Meditative lecture about God’s love in the light of Kasper Twardowski’s poem entitled "The Torch of God’s Love With The Five Arrows of Fire"

Medytacyjny wykład o miłości Bożej w świetle poematu Kaspra Twardowskiego Pochodnia miłości Bożej z piącią strzał ognistych

Author(s): Katarzyna Kaczor-Scheitler / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2013

Keywords: God’s love; Kasper Twardowski

This article presents an analysis of two meditative lectures (poetic songs) about God’s love which appeared in Kasper Twardowski’s poem entitled Pochodnia miłości Bożej z piącią strzał ognistych, the shorter First Song delivered by Mary Mother of God and the longer Fifth Song presented by Mary Magdalene. In both of these poetic lectures, the poet showed the power of God’s love to human beings and man’s pursuit of the mystic union with The Creator. Twardowski’s poem, which was classified as meditative literature, so popular in Baroque, was based on the art of meditation and the ideas of Ignatius of Loyola. The poem is regarded as autobiographical and written with didactic objectives. The author probably thought that his personal internal history deserved propagating and his spiritual conversion will offer readers a specific exemplum which will encourage imitating virtue.

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Józef Morelowski and Adam Jerzy Czartoryski’s literary reactions to the third partition of Poland (in the context of Adam Czartoryski’s Polish Bard). Reconnaissance

Józefa Morelowskiego literackie reakcje na trzeci rozbiór Polski (w kontekście Barda polskiego Adama Jerzego Czartoryskiego). Rekonesans

Author(s): Magdalena Górowska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2013

Keywords: Józef Morelowski; Adam Jerzy Czartoryski

The problem of the influence of the 1795 political defeat and the crisis of the Polish literary and normative language on the activity of writers immediately after the Third Partition is the main subject of this text. The unjust conviction that after the fall of the Republic there was a total silence amongst poets prevailed for decades. The attention was focused on literary reactions to the loss of the sovereignty of two poets of the last generation of authors of the Polish Enlightenment: Adam Jerzy Czartoryski, who was making his debut (the Polish bard poem) and Jozef Morelowski, a young Jesuit clerical student (Laments for the Partition of Poland). Their literary commitment constitutes the token of sincere emotions of patriotism and deep reactions to the loss of independence in spite of a long-term conviction about the disappearance of patriotic poetry. Moreover, opinions of selected critics and literary researchers on the state of literature and the correctness of the view about the silence of poets after 1795 were analysed.

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About several forgotten literary ideas of Karolina Swaracka (1815 –1846)

O kilku zapomnianych pomysłach literackich Karoliny z Hołowniów Swarackiej (1815–1846)

Author(s): Maria Berkan-Jabłońska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2013

Keywords: Karolina Swaracka; Atheneum; Joseph Ignacy Kraszewski

This article discusses the three stories of Carolina Swaracka, the Romantic Lithuanian writer, forgotten these days. Her debut in “Atheneum” in 1843 is owed to Joseph Ignacy Kraszewski, who recognized her attempts as worthy and interesting. In novels such as The Theatre of the Small Village or The Dreams and Reality Swaracka raises the problem of the new aspirations of women and shows the various responses of the environment on their emancipationist efforts. She also draws attention to the difficulties in defining new needs and ways of social existence by the women themselves. In another novel titled Converted Woman Swaracka describes the unconventional feeling between the Jewish girl and the young nobleman. The author emphasizes not only the force of stereotypes in society but also the impact of such stereotypes on the love of the young couple. A few years later Kraszewski wrote the similar story probably inspired by Swaracka’s concept. Although the heroines created by Swaracka are not artistically perfect, they have a lot of modern features which can be surprisingly appealing for the contemporary reader.

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Norwid unknown – the death of God in the The Ring of Great Lady

Norwid nieznany – śmierć Boga w Pierścieniu Wielkiej Damy

Author(s): Mateusz Grabowski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2013

Keywords: Norwid; Death of God; Heidegger; Nietzsche

The article is an analysis of Norwid’s work in terms of the theme of the Death of God. I focus on the proximity between Norwid’s conclusions and Nietzsche and Heidegger’s presumptions. According to the author of The Joyful Wisdom, dead God leaves Nothingness behind himself. The filling of this space is the major problem which the protagonists of the Pierścień Wielkiej Damy will face. Through dramatization of their behavior and downgrading religious objects to the role of props they will be an attempt at simulating transcendence. Norwid uses the conventions of a play within a play and deus ex machina ironically. It is irony that will become the basis for a new kind of drama, which originally a Norwidian white tragedy was supposed to be. Pierścień Wielkiej Damy is not only an attempt to at a deeper reflection on the crisis of metaphysics, but also to introduce new quality to European drama.

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Polish Livonia of Boleslaw Limanowski – reminisces and correspondence

Inflanty Polskie Bolesława Limanowskiego – wspomnienia i relacje

Author(s): Dorota Samborska-Kukuć / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2013

Keywords: Boleslaw Limanowski; Polish Livonia

Polish Livonia was the little homeland of Boleslaw Limanowski, a socialist and a popular political activist. The author reminisces about it in his Memoirs and in his correspondence reviving the past – both private and the history of the region (his work about Emilia Plater). Limanowski’s statements, because of his highly detailed observations, are the source of the history of the province and character of its customs. They also reveal a private side of the evolution of the author’s views. His accurate remarks connected with the peculiarities of the identities of Poles living in Livonia, especially their relationships with Russians, enabled the reader to think about the uniqueness of the author’s thoughts and his sagacity.

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Women-Oddities – a study of selected Maria Komornicka’s / Piotr Włast’s heroines

Kobiety–Odmieńcy – studium o wybranych bohaterkach Marii Komornickiej/Piotra Własta

Author(s): Katarzyna Turkowska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2013

Keywords: women-oddities; Maria Komornicka; Piotr Włast

The article is an overview of the female characters appearing throughout the pages of the works of Maria Komornicka, later known as Piotr Odmieniec Włast. Study shows how, over the years, individual psychological and philosophical features of the characters developed in parallel with the author’s ones. The blessed-cursed opposition becomes a key to finding subsequent presentations of the subject, which has its roots in the biography of Komornicka/Włast, what I have tried to explicitly point out in the presented discussion.

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The motifs of the pursuit of perfection in Dreams of Power by Leopold Staff

Motyw dążenia do doskonałości w Snach o potędze Leopolda Staffa

Author(s): Olga Kowalska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2013

Keywords: Leopold Staff; Dreams of Power

The article presents the analysis of the occurrences of motifs of the pursuit of perfection in the debut poetry volume by Leopold Staff – Dreams of Power. It explains the meaning of the concept of perfection presented by the author and specifies the philosophical definition of the term. It describes the opposing elements of Staff’s early lyric towards the decadent mainstream and summons the foundations of the author’s ideological point of view based on Nietzsche an philosophy. It shows the fulfilment of his first innovative designs in youthful compositions by presenting specific themes.

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El principe constante? Jan Lechoń and politics (after 1939)

Książę Niezłomny? Jan Lechoń i polityka (po roku 1939)

Author(s): Paweł Sobczak / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2013

Keywords: Jan Lechoń; Józef Piłsudski

The article focusses on Jan Lechoń’s political views after he emigrated to New York. These opinions could be found in literary works, as well as in letters and the Journal. The most important elements of political views of the author of Silver and black were: blatant anticommunism, critical assessment of the Polish emigration government, openly expressed admiration for America and nostalgia towards the interbellum (idealizing Józef Piłsudski). His views had a significant influence on his personal life, as exemplified by his politically motivated ending of his long-lasting friendship with Julian Tuwim. One of the most important issues is where to classify Lechoń’s often expressed opposition towards the political changes in Poland among the reasons for his suicide.

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Holocaust in the literary output of Marian Pankowski

Zagłada w twórczości Mariana Pankowskiego

Author(s): Arkadiusz Morawiec / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2013

Keywords: Holocaust; Marian Pankowski

The article centres on the theme of Holocaust in literary work of Marian Pankowski: its sources, relations with the concentration camp theme, particular works and their poetics, as well as aesthetic, social and political problems related to the theme of Holocaust.

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Intertextual deliberations on The Blind by Pieter Bruegel, Jacek Kaczmarski and Gert Hofmann

Intertekstualne refleksje Jacka Kaczmarskiego i Gerta Hofmanna o „Ślepcach” Petera Bruegla

Author(s): Małgorzata Gajak-Toczek / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2013

Keywords: Pieter Bruegel; Jacek Kaczmarski; Gert Hofmann

The article Intertextual deliberations on »The Blind« by Pieter Bruegel, Jacek Kaczmarski and Gert Hofmann indicates intellectual connections between the painting by Dutch master (The Blind Leading the Blind), the poem by Polish bard (The Parable of the Blind) and the novel by German writer (Blindensturz). The canvas by sixteenth century’s painter inspired creators of the 20th century to reflect on the surrounding world, the purpose and the meaning of human life whose fate is ruled by hubris, pride, hate, greed of dominance over other. Despite the immense power of evil – in the opinion of the writers – it is vital to attempt again and again to direct at cultivation of the elements constituting a good side of human nature which imparts human dimension to our existence. Through falling down, tripping, experiencing pain and suffering the blind rise and overcome personal and physical constraints. They let us believe that such deeds can be performed by everyone.

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The trial of darkness. On The Kindness of The Blind by Wisława Szymborska. From metapoetic re ection to anthropology

Próba ciemności. O „Uprzejmości niewidomych” Wisławy Szymborskiej. Od refleksji metapoetyckiej do antropologii

Author(s): Alicja Mazan-Mazurkiewicz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2013

Keywords: On The Kindness of The Blind; Wisława Szymborska

This paper is a proposal to study the poem Uprzejmość niewidomych by Wisława Szymborska in order to question its apparent non-obviousness. By pointing out aspects which may cause a person to wonder the reader is led to formulating specific questions. Answers to them may be found in the context of all lyrical works by Szymborska. Problems depicted in this poem transgress literal concerns such as the power of poetry and relationships between the poet and readers. The anthropological dimension of the reflections concerning the relations between human consciousness and the world is unveiled.

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Space as an image of consciousness in the novel Memoirs Found in a Bathtub by Stanisław Lem

Przestrzeń jako obraz świadomości w powieści Stanisława Lema „Pamiętnik znaleziony w wannie”

Author(s): Anna Mazurkiewicz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2013

Keywords: Stanisław Lem; Memoirs Found in a Bathtub

This paper deals with one of the most polysemic novels by Stanisław Lem – Pamiętnik znaleziony w wannie. The protagonist's world, bereft of liaison with what is outside, contains itself in the mind of the hero. Paradoxically, it is impossible to achieve self-identification, indissolubly linked with isolation, in the labyrinth of corridors. “I” of the protagonist, striving to “be oneself” cannot attain plenitude of identity because it is not able to define itself in relation to the structures of the Building.

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On the reception of Franz Kafka and the so-called “dark literature” by the censorship board

Polski proces Kafki. Wokół cenzorskiej recepcji utworów Franza Kafki i tzw. „czarnej literatury”

Author(s): Kajetan Mojsak / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2013

Keywords: Franz Kafka; “dark literature”; censorship

The article discusses the reception of Franz Kafka’s novels and the so-called “dark literature”, popular after 1956, by the censorship board. It presents the discussions around Kafka’s work and various interpretational strategies used to secure this literature a place in the culture of People’s Republic of Poland. The article presents analyses of the censors’ reviews of Kafka’s (but also Sartre’s or Faulkner’s) novels and offers insight into the censorship process and the literary life of the late 1950s in general.

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Censorship towards the subject of the Warsaw Uprising in ction in 1956–1958

Cenzura wobec tematu powstania warszawskiego w literaturze pięknej w latach 1956–1958

Author(s): Agnieszka Kloc / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2013

Keywords: censorship; Warsaw Uprising

Right from the beginning, the subject of the Warsaw Uprising was often manipulated or even entirely erased from public discourse under the Stalinist regime. It was only after the liberalization of culture and the easing of censorship-related repressions that the said topic returned in literature. The paper focuses on the censorship bureau’s approach to the image of the Uprising presented by writers. Moreover, it attempts to specify – on the basis of specific examples – the kind of content that was accepted, rejected or amended. The juxtaposition of censors’ documents and the content of the published works allows for the examination of the depth of censors’ interventions and their methods of manipulating historical facts. Those areas of special interest include: presentation of the division among the insurgents who were supposed to belong either to the brave ordinary soldiers or the passive leadership, as well as the attitude towards the People’s Army, the First Polish Army, the Home Army or the Red Army, with special regard for its passiveness during the Uprising.

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Israel Rabon – the wonderful child of Jewish Lodz

Izrael Rabon – cudowne dziecko żydowskiej Łodzi

Author(s): Izabela Olejnik / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2013

Keywords: Israel Rabon; Jewish Lodz; Lodz

The article discusses life and work of Israel Rabon, one of the major writers and creators of literary life in pre-war Lodz. It presents his most important works like Di Gas (The Street), the only one of his book translated into Polish, Bałuty (Balut) and memoirs entitled Farcejchenungen fun jor 1939 (Sketches of the year 1939) written during Nazi occupation. The article also includes Izrael Rabon’s role in Yiddish literature and his activity as an editor of literary journal “Os”.

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The role and quality of publicistic journalism offered by a regional channel of Polish National Television based on selected programs by TVP Łódź

Rola i charakter publicystyki w paśmie regionalnym TVP na przykładzie analizy wybranych przekazów publicystycznych TVP Łódź

Author(s): Krzysztof Grzegorzewski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2014

Keywords: TV journalism; publicistic programs; frame analysis; Polish National TV

The text describes selected publicistic programmes produced in 2013 by the regional branch of Polish National Television in Łódź. The author makes use of such analytical tools as modern rhetoric & stylistics, the study of non-verbal communication (including colours and their meaning), and mechanisms for persuasion and manipulation in the media. Based on the analysis carried out, the author assesses the quality of programmes and their role in the TV schedule, taking into account the context of their public mission.

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