The Battle of Klokotnitsa (9th March, 1230) in Medieval Historiography, Literature, and in the Memory of the People

Битката край Клокотница (9 март 1230 г.) в средновековния историко-литературен спомен и в народното предание

Author(s): Vasil Gyuzelev / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 4/2011

The author amasses, analyzes, and interprets written accounts (13th—18th c.) about the battle between the armies of Tsar Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria and of Emperor Theodor Komnenos of Epiros on the banks of the river Klokotnitsa and the consequences from the demise of the invading Byzantine forces. The Old Bulgarian, Byzantine, French, Jewish (from the kingdom of Aragon), German, Serbian, and Russian texts belong to a variety of medieval genres - royal charters, inscriptions on stone, official epistles and private letters, chronicles (one in verse), chronographs (including one illumination), histories, poems, and saints lives. The three most important issues, present to a varying degree in the individual accounts, are (1) the treacherous violation of the peace treaty by Theodor Komnenos; (2) Theodors deserved defeat in his battle against the Bulgarians and their tsar Ivan Asen II; (3) Theodors blinding after the battle being a just punishment. The oral historical narratives, folksongs, and customs which have been recorded among the Bulgarian population (19th–21 st c.) testify to the interest among the ordinary people in the battle of Klokotnitsa. However, their connections to the written accounts are impossible to determine. The Old Bulgarian and the Byzantine texts, the author concludes, are the most reliable sources of information about the famous battle.

Reflections on the Evolution of the Concept of Independence of the Judiciary in 1944—1956

Rozważania nad ewolucją pojęcia niezawisłości sędziowskiej w Polsce w latach 1944—1956

Author(s): Agnieszka Watoła / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 8/2015

Drastic changes in the political system, connected with the rise of the Polish Workers’ Party as well as its satellite parties to power in post-war Poland, included the introduction of legislative solutions unknown to the legislative system as well as socio-economic relations characteristic of the Second Polish Republic. The new authorities were forced, out of necessity, to populate the new judicial system with judges who received their education and started working in their profession prior to the Second World War. Reactivation of the judicial system became, therefore, inextricably connected with the desire on the part of the new authorities to change the status of the judges. The rule regarding independence of the judiciary, which had been preserved, predominantly in name only, was subject to numerous restrictions aiming at discrediting the concept in its entirety. The new authorities maintained that without the ideological background to support it, the idea of independence of the judges would remain only an empty platitude, which had been nothing more than a “blindfold” for the judges in pre-war Poland. The judges, who remained part of the communist state apparatus, could not utilise the rule of independence of the judges in its traditional understanding. Moreover, the so-called judge’s conscience was to depart from the old traditions and conform to the reality of the power struggle in post-war Poland. Both the existence of the judge’s “class conscience” as well as ruling in accordance with the ideal of the “people’s rule of law” were to ensure that, in the opinion of the authorities, the judges would rule according to the will of the society. An independent judge was expected to rule in accordance with the interests of the ruling class, on the basis of the laws passed by the new authorities or according to the interpretation imposed by the authorities. Most importantly, in order to legitimise this understanding of the rule of independence of the judiciary, the judges were expected to rule according to the party line with enthusiasm and of their own volition, without the need for any form of exerting pressure. By creating this new interpretation of the concept of independence, the new authorities attempted to convince the judges as well as the society that an independent judge does not equal an apolitical one. The social and political “maturity” of the judicial staff was supposed to shape a new understanding of the notion of independence, which would be closely connected with state functions performed by the judiciary apparatus. Following the events of October 1956, the notion of independence of the judges was ultimately revised. As a result, the gradual degradation of the rule of independence of the judges was inhibited, which allowed lawyers to undertake a critique of those factors which negatively affected the discussed concept.

On the History of the Nomocanon in the Great Euchologion

Към историята на Номоканона при Великия требник

Author(s): Maria Raykova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 4/2011

The study presents in brief some of the most characteristic canons from the revised version of the text of the Nomocanon in the Great Euchologion preserved in MS 1119 from the Collection of the SS Cyril and Methodius National Library in Sofia (NBKM). The revision was carried out in 1865 by Hadji Mihail Popfilipov, a man of letters from the town of Razlog. It was immediately copied and is preserved in one more manuscript from the Razlog literary centre from the second half of the 19th с (NBKM 1321). This provides clear evidence of its importance and its application in practice. Byway of comparison with the edition of the text of the Nomocanon in the Great Euchologion published by the Russian scholar A. Pavlov and with some other MSS, above all with NBKM 1411, as well as with various other studies the most typical guidelines concerning everyday life of people in the Razlog area in the mid-sixties of the 19th с are discussed, dealing with practices of medical treatment, customs and beliefs as well as with relationships with people of other religions.

Law in the Service of Economy. Special Provisions on the Inheritance of Agricultural Holdings in the Polish People’s Republic

Prawo w służbie gospodarki — przepisy szczególne o dziedziczeniu gospodarstw rolnych w Polsce Ludowej

Author(s): Anna Moszyńska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 8/2015

The aim of this article is to arrive at the origin of the implementation of special provisions on the inheritance of agricultural holdings in the 1964 civil code, as well as the role the Ministry of Agriculture played in that process. The analysis focuses first and foremost on the economic motivations which prompted specific decisions regarding the particular solutions concerning inheritance law. Special attention is devoted to the consecutive stages in which legislation gradually limited the right to inherit, in order to prevent excessive division of land and loss of financial resources allocated for investments in a particular sector. In addition to that, the article demonstrates the ways in which judges and notaries were influenced to interpret the law in accordance with the state agricultural policy. Moreover, the author points to real consequences of the implemented rules for the economic sector.

Around the Bloc: Poland Gives Go-Ahead To Controversial Logging Program

Around the Bloc: Poland Gives Go-Ahead To Controversial Logging Program

Author(s): TOL TOL / Language(s): English / Issue: 04/05/2016

Keywords: Poland; EU; Szyszko; Logging; Bialowieza; Forest; Habitat; Degradation;

The plans to allow large-scale logging in the Bialowieza forest are likely to put the country on a collision course with environmentalists and the European Union.

Polish United Workers’ Party, Labour Unions, and the Judiciary After August of 1980

PZPR a związki zawodowe w sądownictwie po sierpniu 1980 r.

Author(s): Kamil Niewiński / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 8/2015

The burgeoning social reform movement which was conceived under the banners of NSZZ Solidarity in September of 1980 had numerous sympathisers within the judiciary system. The revolutionary ideas of Solidarity constituted a threat to the functioning of the judiciary system, closely monitored by the legislative and executive powers. The Ministry of Justice, left without the support of the Political Bureau and the Department of Administration—part of the Central Committee of the Polish United Workers’ Party which supervised the judiciary—was unable to single-handedly stop the processes of rejuvenation among the judiciary staff. Both the judges as well as the administrative personnel, convinced of the necessity to undertake thorough reforms in the judiciary system, in order to achieve systemic guarantees of autonomy and independence of the judges, joined Solidarity in great numbers, ultimately forming an occupational branch of the union called NSZZ Solidarity of the Judiciary Staff. However, not all judges completely supported the ideas of the reform movement post-August 1980. The majority of the judges did not identify with the revolutionary program of the judiciary section of Solidarity; nonetheless, they understood the necessity of reform based on gaining influence on personnel decisions made by the Ministry of Justice and administrative boards of the judiciary. In fact, the autonomous union called NSZZ Solidarity of the Judicial Staff was initially formed by the aforementioned group of judges. Moreover, it was supported by the Ministry of Justice, in the hopes of taking control over the union and limiting the influence of Solidarity on the judiciary system. The autonomous judges, however, resisted those attempts at influencing their activities by the administration. In time, the judges who belonged to either of the unions—which, in total, comprised about 70% of the judiciary staff—began working together in order to exert pressure on the Ministry of Justice. This reformatory activity, however, was brought to an end by the martial law, introduced in Poland on December 13th, 1981.

Review: “In 1938, to be Polish in the Soviet Union was relatively the same as being Jewish in the Third Reich”

Recenzje: „Być Polakiem w Związku Sowieckim w 1938 roku, to mniej więcej to samo, co być Żydem w III Rzeszy”

Author(s): Maria Jabłońska,Adam Lityński / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 8/2015

Chronicle: A chronicle of the Department of the History of Law for 2014

Kronika: Kronika Katedry Historii Prawa za rok 2014

Author(s): / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 8/2015

Around the Bloc: Serbian Firebrand Seselj Cleared on All Counts at The Hague

Around the Bloc: Serbian Firebrand Seselj Cleared on All Counts at The Hague

Author(s): TOL TOL / Language(s): English / Issue: 04/05/2016

Keywords: Serbia; Bosnia; Croatia; Seselj; Hague; verdict; acquitted; war crimes;

In a rare loss for the UN tribunal’s prosecutors, a major figure in Serbia’s wars with Croatia and Bosnia is acquitted of serious war crimes.

Around the Bloc: Serbia Takes Lead on Jewish Restitution

Around the Bloc: Serbia Takes Lead on Jewish Restitution

Author(s): TOL TOL / Language(s): English / Issue: 04/05/2016

Keywords: Serbia; Jewish; property; Selakovic; Holocaust;

Law providing for return of property whose owners are long dead could set a precedent for former communist countries.

Around the Bloc: Morocco Bids to Replace Turkey, Egypt as Russian Tourist Destination

Around the Bloc: Morocco Bids to Replace Turkey, Egypt as Russian Tourist Destination

Author(s): TOL TOL / Language(s): English / Issue: 04/05/2016

Keywords: Russia; tourism; Morocco; Albania; Turkey; Egypt; terrorism;

The North African kingdom wants to quintuple the number of Russian tourists within three years.

Strategies of Environmental Management in Lithuanian Business Organizations: In Response to Environmental Stakeholders Context

Lietuvos verslo įmonių aplinkosaugos vadybos strategijos: aplinkos įtakos grupių kontekstas

Author(s): Irena Bakanauskienė,Sonata Staniulienė,Vytautas Žirgutis / Language(s): English / Issue: 74/2015

Keywords: Strategy of environmental management; Stakeholders

The article presents the results of empirical research on environmental management strategies chosen by Lithuanian business organizations under the influence of environmental stakeholders. The research framework is based on International Business Environmental Barometer (IBEB). The results revealed the prevailing reactive strategies of environmental management determined by low environmental stakeholders’ influence on business organizations when dealing with environmental issues.Straipsnyje pristatomi empirinio tyrimo rezultatai, atskleidžiantys Lietuvos verslo organizacijų aplinkosaugos vadybos strategijas, įvertinant aplinkos įtakos grupių poveikį. Tyrimo modelis pagrįstas Tarptautinio verslo aplinkosaugos barometro (angl. IBEB) taikymu. Rezultatai parodė, kad Lietuvos įmonės aplinkosaugos vadyboje dažniau renkasi reaktyvias strategijas dėl per mažo aplinkos įtakos grupių spaudimo spręsti aplinkos problemas.

Psychosocial Factors, Predicting Attitude towards Organizational Development among Employees of Social Service Organizations

Psichosocialiniai veiksniai, prognozuojantys darbuotojų požiūrį į socialines paslaugas teikiančių organizacijų plėtrą

Author(s): Loreta Bukšnytė,Auksė Endriulaitienė,Loreta Gustainienė,Giedrė Genevičiūtė-Janonienė,Gabija Jarašiūnaitė,Aurelija Stelmokienė / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 74/2015

Keywords: Psychosocial; Organizational development; Social services

Straipsnyje analizuojami psichosocialiniai veiksniai, prognozuojantys socialines paslaugas teikiančiose organizacijose dirbančių darbuotojų požiūrį į organizacijų plėtrą. Analizė pateikiama atsižvelgiant į organizacijos tipą – privačios ar valstybinės.The article analyses psychosocial factors allowing to predict the attitude towards organizational development among employees of social enterprises. The analysis is given regarding the type – state or private ones – of enterprises.

Employees’ Psychological Empowerment and its Dimensions: Theory and Practice

Darbuotojų psichologinis įgalinimas ir jo dimensijos: teorija ir praktika

Author(s): Emilija Jokubauskaitė,Jurgita Lazauskaitė-Zabielskė / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 74/2015

Straipsnyje pristatomas empirinis tyrimas, nagrinėjantis psichologinio įgalinimo individualias, su vadovavimu susijusias ir organizacines prielaidas. Aptariami tyrimo ribotumai, tolesnių tyrimų kryptys bei praktinės rezultatų pritaikymo galimybės.The paper presents a study aimed at analysing individual, managerial and organizational antecedents of psychological empowerment. The authors discuss limitations of the study and implications for the future research as well as possibilities of practical implications.

Around the Bloc: Dutch Parliament Keeps EU-Ukraine Deal Alive

Around the Bloc: Dutch Parliament Keeps EU-Ukraine Deal Alive

Author(s): TOL TOL / Language(s): English / Issue: 04/26/2016

Keywords: Ukraine; Russia; Savchenko; Poroshenko; prisoner; exchange; EU

EU treaty with Kyiv safe for now, as country also nears agreement on major prisoner swap with Russia.

Internationalization Enabled by Internetization: E-marketing Approach

Internetizacijos įgalinta internacionalizacija: e-rinkodaros požiūris

Author(s): Lineta Ramoniene,Laura Šukevičiūtė,Vida Škudienė / Language(s): English / Issue: 74/2015

Keywords: Internationalization; E-marketing; Internet

A new integrative internationalization model is proposed in the article which is built on market, product, time, resources and competences pillars. E-marketing component is included in the resources pillar and consists of e-marketing strategy, tactics, country and website factors. Each of them is explored in detail in the article. The main contribution of the paper is that it expands the traditional approach of internationalization by adding the e-marketing component to it.Straipsnyje siūlomas išplėstinis internacionalizacijos modelis remiasi rinkos, produkto, laiko, išteklių ir kompetencijų veiksniais. Ypač daug dėmesio skiriama išteklių veiksnių grupei priskiriamam e-rinkodaros elementui. Pagrindiniais e-rinkodaros veiksniais įvardijama e-rinkodaros strategija, e-rinkodaros taktika, šalies ir tinklalapio atributai. Kiekvienas iš internacionalizacijos ir e-rinkodaros veiksnių straipsnyje detaliai analizuojamas ir visi veiksniai jungiami į išplėstinį, integruotą internacionalizacijos modelį internetizacijos kontekste.

Around the Bloc: Rightists Poised for Strong Showing in Serbian Elections

Around the Bloc: Rightists Poised for Strong Showing in Serbian Elections

Author(s): TOL TOL / Language(s): English / Issue: 04/26/2016

Keywords: Serbia; elections; EU; nationalists; Seselj; Hague; Russia;

Ruling party of premier Aleksandar Vucic predicted to win easily despite growing disillusionment over the sluggish economy.

Around the Bloc: Dutch Court Overturns Massive Yukos Shareholder Award

Around the Bloc: Dutch Court Overturns Massive Yukos Shareholder Award

Author(s): TOL TOL / Language(s): English / Issue: 04/26/2016

Keywords: Russia; Netherlands; Hague; court; Yukos; Khodorkovsky;

Russia dismantled the oil company once run by Mikhail Khodorkovsky after the oligarch was jailed on fraud charges.

A Literature Review on the Linkage between Supply Chain Challenges and Key Success Factors for Small and Medium Size Enterprises

Tarpusavio ryšio tarp tiekimo grandinės iššūkių ir mažų bei vidutinių įmonių kritinių sėkmės veiksnių literatūros analizė

Author(s): Eglė Stonkutė / Language(s): English / Issue: 74/2015

Keywords: Supply Chain; Challenges; Key success factors; Small and medium size enterprises (SME

The main aim of the paper is to review literature on supply chain challenges and key success factors for SMEs and to draw the theoretical linkage between the two phenomena. The narrative literature review is undertaken as a method of the research. The paper starts from the literature review on supply chain challenges which is followed by the analysis of key success factors of supply chains and SMEs. The findings reveal that SMEs are still locked in their own performance limitations and coping with their own success thus can hardly support the success of supply chain; however, solving their own success problems SMEs can become a valuable and supportive partner in the pursuit of success of the whole supply chain.Straipsnio pagrindinis tikslas yra atlikti tiekimo grandinės iššūkių ir mažų bei vidutinių įmonių kritinių sėkmės veiksnių literatūros analizę, ir nustatyti teorinius ryšius tarp šių dviejų fenomenų. Tyrimui naudotas teorinės literatūros analizės metodas. Pradžioje nagrinėjami tiekimo grandinės iššūkiai, o vėliau – mažų ir vidutinių įmonių kritiniai sėkmės veiksniai. Tyrimo rezultatai atskleidžia, kad mažų ir vidutinių įmonių veiklos rezultatyvumas, galintis tenkinti tiekimo grandinės keliamus reikalavimus ir iššūkius, yra ribotas. Norėdamos tapti tiekimo grandinės sėkmės bendraautorėmis, jos pirmiausia turi spręsti savo pačių vidinės sėkmės uždavinius.

Corporate Reputation Management of Higher Education Institutions: Disparities of Stakeholders’ Approaches

Aukštojo mokslo institucijų korporatyvinės reputacijos valdymas: suinteresuotų grupių požiūrio skirtumai

Author(s): Miglė Šontaitė-Petkevičienė / Language(s): English / Issue: 74/2015

The paper analyses corporate reputation management of higher education institutions by comparing approaches of different stakeholders. After conceptualization of theoretical aspects of corporate reputation management at higher education institutions, the research results of stakeholders’ approaches towards corporate reputation management of higher education institutions are presented.Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas aukštojo mokslo institucijų korporatyvinės reputacijos valdymas, jį lyginant skirtingų suinteresuotų grupių požiūriu. Konceptualizavus teorinius aukštojo mokslo institucijų korporatyvinės reputacijos valdymo aspektus, pateikiami suinteresuotų grupių požiūrio į aukštojo mokslo institucijų korporatyvinės reputacijos valdymą tyrimo rezultatai.