CEEOL - Search Result

The accompli aspect and the translation of the tense futur antérieur into Polish

L’aspect accompli et la traduction du futur antérieur en polonais

Author(s): Ewa Ciszewska-Jankowska / Language(s): French / Issue: 27/2015

Keywords: future tense; futur antérieur; accompli; aspect; resultativity

The purpose of this article is to describe the means of translating the grammatical tense futur antérieur in the accompli aspect from French into Polish. The accompli aspect constitutes a trait which is characteristic for French compound tenses, but absent from Polish in any form which would indicate the completion of the process and the state resulting from it. The perfective aspect of the future tense does not allow to underscore the resulting state, therefore, the translator tries to express it by using other structures.

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This table is leaving tomorrow — Mistake in translation or the author’s intention? — the issue of metonymy in automatic translation

Cette table part demain — la faute du traducteur ou l’intention de l’auteur ? — à propos de la métonymie dans la traduction automatique

Author(s): Anna Czekaj / Language(s): French / Issue: 27/2015

Keywords: automated translation; Object Oriented Approach; attributes; operators; metonymy; frame; object

The paper constitutes the analysis of the question of metonymy in automated translation. An average language user is not familiar with the notion, which does not preclude them from using metonymic structures on a daily basis. By being natural mental shortcuts they guarantee faster communication and, hence, contribute to economy in language. Similarly, an automated translator “does not know” that an expression which it is to translate is called metonymy. But this particular knowledge would not be useful in the process since the computer’s task is to translate the given expression correctly in the target language, not to define or classify it. Therefore, the following paper does not touch upon the question of definition, categorization or criteria of distinguishing metonymy among other structures. Instead, by analyzing examples translated into French the author presents the solution for translating metonymic structures in automated translation, which is based on the Object Oriented Approach formulated by Wiesław Banyś.

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Perceptions and translation problems — the case of “Madame Bovary” in Polish

Perceptions et problèmes de traduction — le cas de “Madame Bovary” en polonais

Author(s): Anna Dutka-Mańkowska / Language(s): French / Issue: 27/2015

Keywords: point of view; implicit perception; building of references; translation; creative modifications; deformative modifications class

This analysis is concerned with the description of sensory perceptions connected with feelings, thoughts and stereotypes in two Polish versions of “Madame Bovary”. Perception is situated at the implicit level, the point of view or apparently reported speech in embryonic form, and is connected with vocabulary, with the subjectivity introduced by the connector mais, with demonstratives (ce X) as well as stylisation as a spoken text. This affects the coherence of the text. In the translation, one may observe the appearance of both creative (in the lexical domain) and deformative (in the structure of the text) modification. Because of this, it is the reader of the translated text who invests more effort to construct the interpretation based on the instructions that the text gives.

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Words in conflict. The role of the oxymoron in media discourse

Mots en conflit. Le rôle de l’oxymore dans le discours médiatique

Author(s): Jolanta Dyoniziak / Language(s): French / Issue: 27/2015

Keywords: oxymoron; denomination; information media coverage; communicative strategy; media discourse

The article is situated in the area of communication research and is related to the phenomenon of media coverage. The author analyses the pragmatic potential of press-based denominative units containing oxymorons. The language material derives from French and Polish political press available electronically according to chosen titles. The discussed problem seems essential for research on media strategy, which is responsible for creating information in contemporary societies. It influences cognitive processes by the paradox of comparing contrasting concepts, enables realization of several crucial ranges of media strategy, which are discussed in the article.

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The questions of the philosophy of perception under the microscope of linguistics: contrasting perspectives

Questions de philosophie de la perception sous la loupe de la linguistique : regards croisés

Author(s): Marco Fasciolo,Aude Grezka / Language(s): French / Issue: 27/2015

Keywords: philosophy of perception; lexicon; sensation; philosophical question; philosophic lexicology; syntax and semantics

As part of St r awson’s descriptive metaphysics (1959 [1964]; 1992), we propose to explore the French lexicon (in synchrony) to clarify some aspects of our conceptual schemes concerning perception and sensation. Our goal is to identify the margins in which lexical semantics can provide a contribution to the philosophy of knowledge and perception. We will try to answer linguistically general theories of philosophy of perception.

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Metatext in persuasive writing

Il metadiscorso nei testi persuasivi

Author(s): Agnieszka Pastucha-Blin / Language(s): Italian / Issue: 27/2015

Keywords: textual metatext; persuasive writing; text structure; semantic relations; markers

The object of this study focuses on the metatext elements that are present in persuasive writing, in particular in texts taken from various Internet portals and magazines, dedicated to feminine health and beauty. The discursive text operators make it possible to understand different concepts, they explain logical connections between arguments and integrate the information provided by other sources. Their explaining function contributes to the correct interpretation of the text and allows to understand the author’s intentions. This paper discusses, in a synthetic way, the classification of 5 groups of expressions regarded as elements that form textual metatext: logical connectors, frame markers, endophora markers, determinants of information source (footnotes) and glossary code.

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The semantics of adjectives and the issue of linguistic equivalence between the French and Polish language

La sémantique des adjectifs et les questions d’équivalence linguistique entre le français et le polonais

Author(s): Magdalena Perz / Language(s): French / Issue: 27/2015

Keywords: adjective; noun group; machine translation; object classes; correspondences

The purpose of this article is to approach the problem of the disambiguation of adjectives in the context of translation. On the basis of the French adjectives analyzed for the purpose of the present study, the author demonstrates that these items can have several equivalents in Polish. Such multiple possible interpretations pose a major problem for the description of polysemous items in lexicographical publications, as well as for automatic translation technology. The correspondences between adjectives are rarely bi-univocal in two languages and this study gives some insights into the possibilities of using these words in both the languages. To exactly pinpoint all the available senses of the analysed words and to find their equivalents, the author makes use of the object oriented approach. This kind of description allows us to select the best equivalent of a word in a target language and to make explicit the relations of equivalence between the two languages.

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Predicates of communication — predicates of interpreting data

Prédicats de communication — prédicats d’interprétation des données

Author(s): Izabela Pozierak-Trybisz / Language(s): French / Issue: 27/2015

Keywords: perception; signs; non-verbal communication; verbal communication; semantics; cognition

There are uses of verbs, traditionally called ‘speech verbs’ where these verbs become predicates interpreting data — natural signs perceived by humans. Applying a rigorous semantic analysis allows us to understand and explain that there are a metaphorical and an imperfective uses (iterative or restrictive) of predicates of communication, as if the universe talking to us.

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The perception of perception : how the French language learners see linguistic content related to perception

Perception de la perception : comment les apprenants du FLE perçoivent les contenus linguistiques liés à la perception

Author(s): Dorota Pudo / Language(s): French / Issue: 27/2015

Keywords: perception; didactics; French learners

In language didactics perception holds an important place. It is usually explored in terms of individual learner differences, or in relation to beliefs and expectations of the participants of the learning process towards its different components. In this article, the author aims at exploring the ideas that French learners have about teaching of perception vocabulary, and its efficiency and necessity, by means of an open-ended questionnaire.

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Cultural and linguistic peculiarities in translation. The analysis of the Italian and Polish contexts

Le particolarità culturali e linguistiche nella traduzione. Analisi del contesto italo-polacco

Author(s): Claudio Salmeri / Language(s): Italian / Issue: 27/2015

Keywords: interchange; cultural translation; mediation; interpretation; interculturalism

Over the last few decades the interest in translation has significantly increased due to global changes. Nowadays translation implies interchange between cultures. Translation has a sociocultural context and is a communicative activity that includes the transfer of information across linguistic boundaries. Together with the introduction of the term ‘cultural mediation’, the theory of ‘cultural translation’ has also appeared, generally used to refer to transactions that do not openly involve linguistic exchange. The objective of this paper is to discuss the difficult role and responsibility the Italian-Polish translator has in terms of cultural mediation and translation.

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Multiple semantic inheritance in Object Oriented Approach

L’héritage sémantique multiple dans l’approche orientée objets

Author(s): Sonia Szramek-Karcz / Language(s): French / Issue: 27/2015

Keywords: object; object class; object oriented approach; semantic inheritance; multiple inheritance;professional training;

The paper presents the role of multiple semantic inheritance that may be used in the Object Oriented Approach (OOA). The aim of the OOA, proposed by Wiesław Banyś at the University of Silesia, is to organise the language description in the form of a lexical data base easily implemented and used in automatic translation. Semantic inheritance is one of the most important features of the AOO and takes place when an object or an object class inherits operations and/or attributes from its super-object class while multiple inheritance is when an object or an object class can inherit semantic characteristics from more than one super-class. Some Object-Oriented Programming languages let the implantation of multiple inheritance, which, if the procedure is not abused and treated as emergency solution, makes the AOO description responding to every modification of human language and reflects every new language item in that lexical date base.

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Automated translation of near synonyms in the Object Oriented Method

Traduction automatique des mots sémantiquement proches dans l’approche orientée objets

Author(s): Beata Śmigielska / Language(s): French / Issue: 27/2015

Keywords: automated translation; object oriented approach; object class; frames; scripts; near synonymes; semantic inheritance

The paper refers to the specifics of the French-Polish automated translation. The author summarizes briefly the rules of creating electronic lexical databases in the context of the Object Oriented Approach. This particular approach, created for the purpose of translation, especially for automated translation, by Wiesław Banyś, offers a specific approach towards the language description with the help of object classes seen through their semantic relations. The purpose of this description is to determine correctly the meaning of the words and polysemic expressions of the source language in the translation into the target language. Therefore, the main question of the paper concerns the role of frames and/or scripts criterion in the process of the natural language words’ disambiguation for automated translation. By analyzing the example of the French word collier the Author shows how it is possible to solve the problem of near synonyms in automated translation with the use of the above-mentioned criterion.

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Mexican undergraduate students´ perception of the French vowels [e], [E] and [ə]

Perception des voyelles françaises [e], [E] et [ə] par des universitaires mexicains

Author(s): Saskia Van Amerongen,Mónica Sanaphre Villanueva,Eduardo P. Velázquez Patiño / Language(s): Spanish / Issue: 27/2015

Keywords: perception; oral vowels; adults; Spanish speakers; FFL

The French vowels [e], [E] and [ə] represent difficulty for Mexican students learning French as a foreign language. This is due to two factors: (a) the influence of the sound system of their mother tongue (L1), Spanish, and (b) the proximity of the three vowels in the French acoustic space. In fact, the Spanish acoustic space of the vowel [e] covers the space of the three French vowels [e], [] and [ə]. Moreover, the three French vowels stand in such acoustic proximity that the difference among them is subtle. Does the broad acoustic space covered by the Spanish vowel [e] allow Mexican learners to distinguish the French vowels [] and [ə]? Do the subtle differences among the French vowels cause a perceptual confusion for Mexican learners of French as an FL? A behavioral experiment was performed with undergraduate Mexican students. Two ABX tests involving lists of discrete segments with the minimal structure CV were used in order to observe if the subjects could perceive a difference between the Spanish vowel [e] and the French vowels [] and [ə]. The results show that 16 undergraduate Mexican students got high scores for accurate perception, demonstrating that they indeed perceive the difference between the three French vowels regardless of consonant context.

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Acoustic cues of Mandarin Chinese tones in normal and whispered voice

Indices acoustiques des tons du chinois mandarin en voix normale et en voix chuchotée

Author(s): Xuelu Zhang,Rudolph Sock / Language(s): French / Issue: 27/2015

Keywords: lexical tone; perception; whispered voice; Mandarin Chinese; fundamental frequency; intensity; formants

This paper presents an acoustic study which contributes to depicting the acoustic cues of Mandarin Chinese tones in whispered speech. By analysing modifications of the acoustic properties of the vowel /a/, we have found a correlation between the duration of vocalic segments and tones, in both normal and whispered voice. The durational differences among vowels which carry different tones are more noticable in whispered voice than in normal voice. In addition, while observing intensity and formants trajectories, we have uncovered a curve pattern which highlights the relationship between tones, intensity and formants trajectories in whispered speech. This pattern suggests that vowel intensity and formants may carry tonal information in a coordinated manner.

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Unit of lexical decrystallization

Unité de défigement

Author(s): Lichao Zhu / Language(s): French / Issue: 27/2015

Keywords: lexical (de)crystallization; “Le Canard Enchaîné”; linguistic unit

This study aims at defining the unit of lexical decrystallization on the basis of the analysis of our corpus created using the French satirical journal “Le Canard Enchaîné”. While creating the corpus, we have found out that atypical and idiosyncratic lexical diversions pose a definitional problem to the unit of lexical decrystallization on every linguistic level. We will analyze this phenomenon within the linguistic frame, although this problem is not only a linguistic one.

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Some reflections on the perception of the space based on the exemple of the word passage / pasaje

Quelques réflexions sur la perception de l’espace à l’exemple du mot passage / pasaje

Author(s): Aleksandra Żłobińska-Nowak / Language(s): French / Issue: 27/2015

Keywords: class of objects <passages>; predicates appropriate; contrastive French-Spanish analysis; syntactic-semantic patterns

The present paper is intended to describe and compare the main categories of nouns which belong to the class of objects <passages> in French and Spanish as well as to indicate the most frequent predicates related with this class based on the works of D. Le Pesant and X. Blanco Escoda. Taking as a starting point a verbal lexem passage / pasaje, the author seeks to create a schematic contrastive French-Spanish description in which a sentence and its specified construction with the class of objects <passages> on the position of a subject or object constitutes a basic unit, introduced or not by a set of prepositions. The main purpose of the adopted methodology is to point out the possible translations of all the analyzed structures into Polish.

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European Council’s member states’ jurisdiction regarding the execution of court decisions and it’s issues

Author(s): Alkelina Gazidede / Language(s): English / Issue: 13/2016

Keywords: jurisprudence; fair trail; domestic legislation; effeciant legal system; reasonable timeframe; legal requirements; concrete deadlines

European Court of Human Rights states that the execution of final decisions is a compulsory provision for a fair hearing and a successful conlusion of a trial. The right to a court protected by Article 6 would be illusory if a Contracting State’s domestic legal system allowed a final, binding judicial decision to remain inoperative to the detriment of one party. Execution of a judgment given by any court, is considered to be an integral part of the “trial” for the purposes of Article 6.Based on the Article 1 of European Convention for Human Rights member states of European Council are obligated to implement the the decisions of ECHR in their domestic legislation in the context of building an efficient legal system.This paper aimes to analyze the legal system of member states regarding the reinforcment of decisions looking forword to identify issues, commonalities and diferences among states. What is the procedure followed in the process of execution? What do we understand with “Reasonable timeframe” and which are the legal requirements in which are based “Concrete deadlines” within a judicial decision should be executed? What is the significance of the enforcment agents in this process?

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From Welfare to Well-being: new approaches for a good life

Author(s): Maria Antonietta Selvaggio / Language(s): English / Issue: 13/2016

Keywords: care; well-being; capability; good life

In this paper we reflect on some analysis conducted by researchers as Laura Balbo, Mary Catherine Bateson and Martha Nussbaum who, although having not had direct relations among them or specific partnerships, have greatly contributed to elaborate concepts and categories regarding our new vision of the well-being.This concept, so dear to the economist Amartya Sen, draws nourishment from thoughts and lived belonging to women’s life experience, particularly as concerning their capacity to organize their daily and family life, taking care of others, shouldering the vulnerabilities and building their biographical paths with creativity and adaptation. So we can understand what is a good life through the realization of our abilities, that is of each person, and not using a utility calculation.This involves a new approach to life quality and human development, that is exactly the capabilities approach described by Sen, rehashed by Nussbaum but, for some aspects, it was already present into the studies which characterize the gender prospective.

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An analysis of the sources of competition disipline in the European Union and in Albania

Author(s): Eriona Katro,Vaeld Zhezha / Language(s): English / Issue: 13/2016

Keywords: competition; protection of competition; sources of competition discipline; European Union; Albanian discipline

Competition discipline in the European Union is a substantial component of the EU’s institutional framework. The Lisbon Treaty made the “internal market” a shared competence, while necessary competition rules for the internal market are an exclusive competence of the Union. This paper aims to analyse the sources of the competition discipline in the EU and in Albania focusing more on constitutional sources. From this analyses will emerge that sources of competition discipline are numerous and each of them plays an important role in the development of the competition policy. But arises the question if these sources are all equally important or not? This paper will focus also n the importance of each source in both levels: European Union and Albanian discipline of competition.

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Analysis of risks and investments’ opportunities in water sector

Author(s): Fiona Zeneli / Language(s): English / Issue: 13/2016

Keywords: opportunities; investment portfolio; water sector; beta; alpha; allocation

While water demand is projected to grow by 41% by 2030, considering also the ultimate reserves of drinking water, it is believed that this element will attract the majority of investments in the coming decades.Opportunities in drinking water sector are numerous, because its process of providing and delivery of drinking water includes many aspects: management of infrastructure, design of technological solutions, conservation and water’s quality.These opportunities result from the difference between water supply and water demand; an increasingly difference that requires capital investments in production and water treatment technologies. Investments need to be combined with the knowledge on the legislation, regulatory framework and technological developments.This article may serve to clarify type of investments in drinking water sector, known by literature, to identify opportunities of investment in this sector, indicating the theoretical framework of beta and alpha risk ratio coefficient calculation and to suggest how these types of investments can be allocated to the investment portfolios.

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