CEEOL - Search Result

Carbon dioxide emissions by motor vehicles as part of the external costs of road transport in Poland

Emisja dwutlenku węgla przez pojazdy mechaniczne jako element zewnętrznych kosztów transportu drogowego w Polsce

Author(s): Stanisław Wieteska / Language(s): / Issue: 395/2015

Keywords: CO2 emissions; external costs of road transport

Balancing the road transport market incurs social costs. Road transport causes carbon dioxide emissions. The emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) causes an increase in external costs of road transport. The thesis is that the polluter pays. The article also explains the scale of CO2 emissions from motor vehicles in the period of 2000–2012. We discuss the price of CO2 emission permits. On the basis of the estimated price, the cost of CO2 emissions in Poland was calculated. In the final part of the article, we compare the cost of CO2 emission in Poland with the gross domestic product and paid compensation under a motor vehicle liability insurance.

More...

Fee for waste management as an income of a commune

Opłata za gospodarowanie odpadami jako dochód gminy

Author(s): Ewa Spigarska / Language(s): / Issue: 395/2015

Keywords: waste; municipality; cost; calculation

In connection with the amendment of the Act on maintaining cleanliness and order in municipalities, the local government sector is required to oversee the management of municipal waste, including the implementation of the tasks entrusted to entities receiving municipal waste from property owners. The local government sector through their actions have a significant impact in terms of environmental policy. It performs tasks assigned to it included in both the Constitution and program documents relating to the protection of the environment. One of the most important tasks of the system is the problem of organising the collection and sorting of waste, in such a way that it is environmentally friendly, yet satisfied the needs of residents. The municipality needs to carry out their tasks at their own expense. The purpose of the paper is to analyse waste management fee as income municipality. The paper focuses on the principles of calculation of the fee, analysing the various costs that must be covered. Special attention to the regulations in force municipalities in this area is presented. The article presents the method of analysis of the available legislation and the budgeted revenues of selected municipalities in respect of waste management. Due to the duration of the act it was not possible to present actual data, which will be available for the next financial years. The forward-looking analysis, carried out in a few years will allow to assess the validity of the changes.

More...

The search for fairness in the context of professional codes on the example of the banking sector

Poszukiwanie rzetelności w kontekście kodeksów zawodowych na przykładzie sektora bankowego

Author(s): Iwona Dorota Czechowska / Language(s): / Issue: 395/2015

Keywords: codes of ethics; good practice; soft law; bank

The functioning of the banks on the financial market is limited by soft law. The main elements of soft law are, first of all, The Canon of Good Practices of the Financial Market and The Banking Code of Ethics. Their contents are very similar. Differences are the result of their volume. CoGPoFM one document has multiple pages and the second BCoE dozen pages. Both codes, above all, present the principles relating to the treatment and customer service. They also emphasize the importance of providing information for consumers which has to be clear and accurate. The aim of the paper is to present these documents in a broader context of professional codes and professional conduct, the analysis of their content and a brief explanation as to their operation.

More...

Income inequality of Polish households in the context of sustainable development

Nierówności dochodowe gospodarstw domowych w Polsce w kontekście zrównoważonego rozwoju

Author(s): Andrzej Wołoszyn,Romana Głowicka-Wołoszyn / Language(s): / Issue: 395/2015

Keywords: income inequality; Gini index; Theil index; socio-economic cohesion

The idea of socio-economic cohesion has become part of the strategies of sustainable development at both the EU and national level. Its most important aspects include income inequalities and risk of poverty and social exclusion, which readily translate into quality-of-life ratings. The aim of the paper was the evaluation of income inequalities of Polish households across socio-economic groups in 2005, 2010, and 2013, both between the groups and within each one. The analysis was based on raw micro data from the Household Budget Surveys conducted by The Polish Central Statistical Office in 2005, 2010, and 2013. A reduction in income inequalities, as measured by Gini, Theil, and quintile share ratio indices was observed − most sizable among the most affluent groups of the self-employed and white collar workers, but also among farmer households. The level of inter-group inequalities fell noticeably as well.

More...

Quota scheme vs. employment of people with disabilities in The Czech Republic and Poland

System kwotowy a zatrudnienie osób niepełnosprawnych w Czechach i w Polsce

Author(s): Andrzej Koza / Language(s): / Issue: 395/2015

Keywords: people with disabilities; quota schema; employment of people with disabilities

People with disabilities are less competitive in the labor market than non-disabled people. Employers are reluctant to hire them because they are a source of additional costs. In order to increase the interest of employers in disability an obligation is imposed to employ such persons under pain of financial penalties. Such a system is called a quota scheme and is used in many countries, including Poland and the Czech Republic. In Poland quota scheme is more effective than in the Czech Republic. This is due to higher fees and the inevitability of payments, than is in the Czech Republic. Polish employers who do not employ disabled persons have to pay much higher fees to the State Fund for Rehabilitation of the Disabled People than employers in the Czech Republic.

More...

The ability to use repayable instruments in projects relating to waste management

Możliwości wykorzystania instrumentów zwrotnych w projektach z zakresu gospodarki odpadami

Author(s): Bartosz Bartniczak / Language(s): / Issue: 395/2015

Keywords: repayable instruments; waste management; regional operational programmes

In the 2014–2020 financial perspective, the European Union is seeking the widest possible use of financial instruments in the implementation of the structural funds. Within each investment priority we should conduct the examinations, in which specific projects repayable instruments can be used. The aim of the article is to indicate whether within the investment priority involved with waste management it is reasonable to use repayable instruments.

More...

Sustainable water management on the example of Paris Metropolis

Zrównoważona gospodarka wodna na przykładzie metropolii paryskiej

Author(s): Dorota Burzyńska / Language(s): / Issue: 395/2015

Keywords: sustainable development; metropolis; water management

Contemporary metropolises have problems with the spatial development and the organization of the appropriate quality of living for residents. Water management and guaranteeing the high quality of drinking water for residents are a relevant problem. The purpose of the article is an identification of the influence of technical, institutional, organizational, public and ecological action in water management for the sustainable development. A review of the literature on the subject was carried out. The research methodology used in this article is based on deductive inference. Conclusions were based on gathered factual material.

More...

Influence of electronic road toll collection system on business investments on the example of The West Pomeranian Voivodeship

Wpływ elektronicznego systemu poboru opłat drogowych na inwestycje przedsiębiorstw na przykładzie województwa zachodniopomorskiego

Author(s): Błażej Suproń / Language(s): / Issue: 395/2015

Keywords: investments; road transport; road toll

Stimulating economic growth is an important task of macroeconomic policy in the times of stagnation. The increase of investment expenditure of enterprises has been the major problem of the rapid growth in the last years in Poland. The aim of the presented research results is an assessment to what extent such alternative instruments as environmental regulations can stimulate economic growth. Electronic road toll collection system can be included to these tools. First of all it fulfills a fiscal function by supporting funds for renovation and road building. As the analysis shows its implementation greatly affected also the decisions which concerned the modernization of fleet, increasing the level of road transport sector investment. The research was conducted based on transport companies in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship and then the reference of the results was made to the country-wide scale. In spite of the economic crisis the level of exchange of used trucks in the period 2010–2013 showed growth. The results show that the introduction of Viatoll system contributed to the modernization of companies’ fleet as well as influenced the increase of new vehicles sales. In this way environmental restrictions not only contribute to the reduction of pollution level but are also an important instrument of modern economic policy.

More...

Environmental challenges of contemporary banking – the case of Deutsche Bank Group

Ekologiczne wyzwania współczesnej bankowości – przypadek grupy Deutsche Bank

Author(s): Justyna Zabawa / Language(s): / Issue: 395/2015

Keywords: bank; environmental protection; CSR; Deutsche Bank A.G.

The article presents the problems connected to environmental responsibility of modern banks, as one of the manifestations of the implementation of CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) by those institutions. CSR issues are widely discussed in the literature. However, we can see a small number of publications in the field of protection of natural resources by modern banks. Ecological challenges of these financial institutions have been presented on the example of one of the largest financial institutions in the world ‒ Deustche Bank Group. Business philosophy adopted in this organization is based on sustainable development. Hence, the bank takes a number of important activities in this area with other groups of stakeholders: employees, owners, customers or local communities.

More...

The essence of supervision of open pension funds in Poland

Istota nadzoru nad otwartymi funduszami emerytalnymi w Polsce

Author(s): Elwira Leśna-Wierszołowicz / Language(s): / Issue: 395/2015

Keywords: supervision; open pension funds; Polish Financial Supervision Authority

The aim of the article is to characterize the supervision of open pension funds in Poland. The article presents supervisory powers of Polish Financial Supervision Authority, which was established by the Act of 21 July 2006 on supervision of the financial market. The Polish Financial Supervision Authority took over the tasks of the Insurance and Pension Funds Supervisory Commission and of the Securities and Exchange Commission, which were abolished pursuant to the provisions of the said Act. What is more, the Polish Financial Supervision Authority took over the powers of the Commission for Banking Supervision from 1 January 2008. The task of Polish Financial Supervision Authority is to protect the interests of policyholders, insured people, beneficiaries or entitled people under insurance contracts, pension fund members and members of occupational pension schemes. Moreover, the article describes cooperation between the Polish Financial Supervision Authority and other authorities such as the Insurance Ombudsman, the President of the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection, the Human Rights Defender, insurance or retirement supervisory authorities of other countries and depositary. The supplement of the article is the list of penalties imposed by the Polish Financial Supervision Authority on general pension companies between the years 2010 and 2013 and the composition of the number of complaints about the protection of pension system referring to the Insurance Ombudsman in the same period of time.

More...

Impact investing as a form of the realization of SRI conception

Inwestowanie zaangażowane społecznie jako forma realizacji koncepcji SRI

Author(s): Wojciech Krawiec / Language(s): / Issue: 395/2015

Keywords: impact investing; community investing; SRI

The objective of the hereby paper is to discuss the essence of impact investing as one of the Socially Responsible Investment strategies. From definitions presented in this elaboration results that the main aim of impact investing is, besides economic profit, creating social and environmental changes. These changes should be measurable and investors must be informed about targeted and actual social impacts. In exchange for positive social and environmental changes investors are willing to accept lower rates of return. The primary difference between the impact investing strategy and other SRI strategies lies in the fact that the purpose of investors using other strategies of SRI is primarily a financial profit, and not measurable and intentional social profit. The areas of impact investors interest can have a different character, however, the biggest interest are social projects aimed at improving the situation of the poor and helpless, as well as projects aimed at improving the state of the environment.

More...

Sources of financing the environmental protection in Poland

Źródła finansowania ochrony środowiska w Polsce

Author(s): Lidia Kłos / Language(s): / Issue: 395/2015

Keywords: financing system; environmental protection; funds

All action taken for financing the environmental protection in Poland is an integral part of the financial segment of the economy and at the same time an essential element of the country’s environmental policy. This article presents financial instruments that finance the tasks in the fields of environmental protection and water management. Without using such instruments, it would be impossible to achieve the environmental objectives and priorities defined in the National Environmental Policy and thus to fulfill the commitments written down in the Accession Treaty.

More...

Post-crisis tools of the supervisory review process vs. the level of safety of the European banking system

Postkryzysowe narzędzia analizy nadzorczej a poziom bezpieczeństwa europejskiego systemu bankowego

Author(s): Jan Koleśnik / Language(s): / Issue: 395/2015

Keywords: banking sector; banking supervision; European Union; tools of the supervisory review process; banks’ capital exercise

This article shows that banks’ capital exercises conducted on a regular basis since 2011 became one of the most important post-crisis tools of the supervisory review process in the European banking system. The result of the practical implementation of the recommendations made on the basis of this exercise was a significant increase in the security of banking systems in different countries as well as in the euro area. According to the author, the capital increase is not always a permanent solution to the problems of individual banks. It is necessary to take into account qualitative factors and discretionary criteria in the supervisory review process. Only then the view of bank and the diagnosis of potential problems would be complete and action taken on that basis would be adequate and effective.

More...

Some local development support tools

Wybrane instrumenty wspierania rozwoju lokalnego

Author(s): Danuta Król / Language(s): / Issue: 395/2015

Keywords: local development; sustainable development; activity-based budget; long-term financial forecast

The activities of municipalities and their role in the system of public finance sector have a significant impact on the development on a local scale. Local government is obliged to implement sustainable development, because as the main host on the area it is responsible for the economic situation and the environment. The implementation of the concept of sustainable development can be carried out primarily through investments in the support of economic, social and ecological development. However, this requires considerable funding. Local authorities have a policy of local development and use a variety of instruments. The most important tools in the support of local development are unquestionably financial instruments. The aim of this article is to present selected financial tools, taking into account their potential impact on the processes of stimulus and development communities. These instruments are based budget and long-term financial forecast.

More...

Institutional conditions and mechanisms which improve the level of financial capabilities

Instytucjonalne uwarunkowania i mechanizmy podnoszenia świadomości finansowej

Author(s): Tomasz Potocki / Language(s): / Issue: 395/2015

Keywords: financial capabilities; financial literacy; financial education; financialisation; financial decisions; economic psychology

The very low level of financial capabilities, especially in the context of the recent financial crisis has became a hot international debate. It has results in the number of recommendation issed by OECD, World Bank as well as the European Commision. The financial education fallacy forces the new institutionalized and holistic framework of rising financial capabilities.The main aim of the paper is to present theoretical and research arguments supporting the research thesis: “In the face of overwhelming financialization there is an urgent need for financial capabilities improvement but only with the usage of new institutionalized and holistic framework”. The critical review of international and domestic research was applied to answer the research question.

More...

Spatial diversity of economic development of poviats of the Lubelskie Voivodeship

Przestrzenne zróżnicowanie rozwoju ekonomicznego powiatów województwa lubelskiego

Author(s): Marek W. Szewczyk / Language(s): / Issue: 395/2015

Keywords: economic development; poviats; taxonomy

The article presents a statistical analysis of spatial diversification of economic development of poviats of The Lubelskie Voivodeship in the years 2002–2012. The diversification is presented by such indicators as sold industry production, fixed assets gross value as well as investment per one inhabitant. Wages and unemployment rates are taken into account too.

More...

Hazards and risk groups of modern microfinance

Zagrożenia i grupy ryzyka współczesnych mikrofinansów

Author(s): Adriana Przybyszewska / Language(s): / Issue: 395/2015

Keywords: poverty; microfinance; microcredit

The purpose of the article is to present both risk groups and hazards of microfinance activities and criticism areas of this financial intermediation form. The arrangement of the article is subject to this task realization. Its first part covers: a) information related to the scale of poverty worldwide along with observations referring to this phenomenon expressed by adequate institutions dealing with these problems and b) the outline of microfinance and microcredit idea as the tool applied in counteracting poverty. The second part of the study presents the discussion about basic risks and hazards associated with microfinance activities supplemented by arguments expressed by the opponents of this form of fighting poverty and financial exclusion, as well as their consequences. The article content is based on the critical review of the subject literature and the author’s own observations while studying the problems of cultural determinants influencing activities carried out by microfinance entities.

More...

Significance of public companies ownership structure for Polish capital market development in the years 2008–2012

Znaczenie struktury właścicielskiej spółek publicznych dla rozwoju polskiego rynku kapitałowego w latach 2008–2012

Author(s): Rafał Wilczyński / Language(s): / Issue: 395/2015

Keywords: ownership; ownership structure; capital market; dominant shareholder; share; corporate bond; equity; debt; risk

Capital market should be a place of efficient fund raising for the development of enterprises. The direction of capital market development is determined by capital structure decisions in terms of choice between equity and debt taken by public companies. An empirical study conducted by the author on a group of non-financial public companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange in the years 2008–2012 shows that high market valuation was important for capital structure optimazition, allowing companies to decrease the debt level. On the contrary low market valuation of companies was a significant barrier for equity market development, in particular in case of companies where the risk of loosing control by a dominant shareholder after new shares issue was high. Simultaneously low market valuation of public companies contributed to corporate bond market development.

More...

The realisation of sustainable development concept vs. local-level spatial planning

Realizacja koncepcji zrównoważonego rozwoju a planowanie przestrzenne na szczeblu lokalnym

Author(s): Marta Szaja / Language(s): / Issue: 395/2015

Keywords: sustainable development; spatial planning; municipal government

Spatial planning is commonly identified as a key instrument for establishing long- -term, sustainable frameworks for social, territorial and economic development. It is also seen as an important instrument for achieving sustainable development and improving the quality of life. Nevertheless, the example of maritime communes of The West Pomeranian Voivodeship – especially the analysis of sustainable development main indicators – does not confirm the substantial role of spatial planning in this process.

More...

Eco rating of mobile phones

Ekorating telefonów komórkowych

Author(s): Jarosław Pawłowski / Language(s): / Issue: 395/2015

Keywords: mobile phone; eco-rating; eco-rating of mobile phones

Observed intensive popularization of mobile phones has caused that they are one of the basic devices in the 21st century. The number of produced and used mobile phones causes that their impact on the environment cannot be ignored. That is why the first systems of eco ratings of mobile phones were introduced lately. Due to the timeliness of this subject and its growing importance this article is focused on this issue. The scale use of mobile phones will be presented first. Next, the characteristics of eco rating for mobile phones and finally using of eco rating of mobile phones on the example of Orange and Vodafone will be shown. Descriptive method, comparative method, reference books analysis and case study will be used.

More...