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The European Notion of „Nation“ and „Nationalism“ Applied to the Balkans: A Theoretical Approach

The European Notion of „Nation“ and „Nationalism“ Applied to the Balkans: A Theoretical Approach

LA NOCIÓN EUROPEA DE „NACIÓN” Y „NACIONALISMO“ APLICADO A LOS BALCANES: UN ENFOQUE TEÓRICO.

Author(s): Miguel Rodríguez Andreu / Language(s): Spanish / Issue: 3-4/2008

Keywords: notion; nationalism; Europe; Balkans; Yugoslavia

The goal is to develop notions of „nation“ and „nationalism“, both questioned from Western Europe, among other reasons, due to the „last Balkan conflict“. This text is a prescriptive proposal of analysis of this terminology, through the lens of several Spanish and international authors who analyzed this notions and the Yugoslav conflict. For elaboration, the author considers capital to rebuild the units of analysis and make them closer to European historiography, beyond the binary division ethnic nationalism-civic nationalism with the aim of eliminate the substrate of subjective identification. The author assumes the validity and effectiveness of these categories applied to the Western Balkans, as „ethnic“, but argues that its indiscriminate association from West Europe with the conflict has prevented a more accurate approach. In the text are holding among other explanation the coincidence of the conflict with the emergence of the EU project as one of the main.

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Yugoslavia’s Rapprochement with the Soviet Block During the Arab-Israeli War of 1967

Yugoslavia’s Rapprochement with the Soviet Block During the Arab-Israeli War of 1967

ПРИБЛИЖАВАЊЕ ЈУГОСЛАВИЈЕ СОЦИЈАЛИСТИЧКОМ ЛАГЕРУ ТОКОМ АРАПСКО-ИЗРАЕЛСКОГ РАТА 1967. ГОДИНЕ

Author(s): Dragan Bogetić / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 3-4/2008

Keywords: USSR; Egypt; Arab countries; Israel; Yugoslavia; crisis in the Middle East; United Nations; war; occupied territories

The disastrous defeat of the Arab states in war with Israel in June 1967 and the situation in which these states have found themselves were the best proof of real effectiveness of the non-aligned political orientation and of the scope of cooperation between the countries pursuing that orientation. Since Tito was the main champion of the non-alignment, the impotence of the Arab states to militarily and politically defeat a much weaker adversary showed also the impotence of the policy of which he talked with such enthusiasm during his frequent meetings with leaders from African and Asian regions. If the public denouncement of non-alignment by Arab leaders would lead also to the defi nitive abandoning of that concept in favour of a pragmatic alliance with USSR depended on the fi nal resolution of the crisis in the Middle East. Aware that the struggle for alleviating the dramatic consequences of the Israeli aggression was the struggle for survival of the non-alignment, Tito was willing to undertake radical measures. In order to establish as close cooperation with the Soviet Union as possible with the aim of helping his Arab allies, Yugoslav president made the hard decision to join the periodical meetings of representatives of socialist countries again. Just how big the Yugoslav sacrifice was is best proved by the fact that Tito’s refusal to take part in this form of Soviet block activities was one of the major sources of conflict in the Yugoslav-Soviet relations. By taking part at as much as fi ve meetings of representatives of socialist countries devoted to finding solution for the crisis in the Middle East, Yugoslavia was increasingly running afoul of USA accusing it of being behind the Israeli aggression and Israeli intransigence concerning the peace in the Middle East. With their severe anti-American campaign, the Belgrade officials seriously endangered their relations with the country on whose economic and financial support the realization of the economic reform and improvement of the critical economic situation in Yugoslavia depended to a large extent. The effects of Yugoslav aid to the Arab countries partly vindicated the sacrifice that had been made in that context. The Resolution 242 of the Security Council of the UN partly comprised those elements of the solution of the Middle East crisis at which Tito arrived through long and hard negotiations with Arab countries and Moscow officials, but also through marathon personal correspondence with American president Johnson. In that way the Yugoslav leader fortified his position on the non-aligned world and secured larger elbow space for himself in pursuit of his initiative for formation of the non-aligned movement later on.

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Book Review

Recenzie - Valer Bel, Misiunea Bisericii în lumea contemporană, vol. 1, Premisele teologice, Editura Presa Universitară Clujeană, Cluj-Napoca 2004

Author(s): Gabriel-Viorel Gârdan / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1/2005

book review

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Missionary arguments regarding Christian Apologetics in the IInd century

Argumente misionare la apologeţii creştini din secolul al II-lea

Author(s): Anamaria Baciu / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1/2005

Missionary arguments regarding Christian Apologetics in the II nd century The christians apologetic literature of the first two centuries it is one that provides respect for the oral and written tradition of the Apostolic Period. On the other hand, this kind of literature opens the way for later valuable theological works. The Apologetics built all their arguments on the Holy Bible. Therefor their works keep their actuality and they demonstrate that in many poits of view they get closer to the Holy Parents’ arguments. Last but not least, the apologetic literature proves its universal and general quality of defeating the Christians in relation with the pagan worships.

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Orthodoxy and multiculturalism. Europa. The others frontiers

Orthodoxie et multiculturalité. Europe. Les frontières de l’autrui

Author(s): Ioan-Vasile Leb / Language(s): French / Issue: 1/2005

Ortodoxie şi multiculturalitate. Europa. Graniţele celuilalt. Multă vreme prin Europa se înţelegea numai spaţiul occidental al continentului, graniţele lumii catolice şi protestante fiind considerate a fi şi graniţele Europei. Nici astăzi nu s-a depăşit complet această perspectivă. Tot mai mult însă Occidentul începe să descopere şi europenitatea Orientului, în aceeaşi vreme în care Orientul însuşi se simte tot mai european. Cele două mari spaţii geografice şi culturale se află astăzi în căutarea unei identităţi noi, comune, care nu doar să tolereze identităţile locale, ci să le asume, să le facă ale sale. Este vorba inclusiv de identităţile religioase, pentru că, deşi se vrea laică, Europa trebuie să respecte religiile şi să admită că le este, într-un sens fundamental, îndatorată. Ortodoxia nu poate lipsi din configuraţia acestei noi identităţi. Iar pentru ortodocşi experienţa multiculturalităţii ar însemna păstrarea propriei identităţi, dar în egală măsură deschiderea către ceilalţi, către o existenţă în comuniune.

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Liturgy and Cultures

Liturgie et Cultures

Author(s): Paul de Clerck / Language(s): French / Issue: 1/2005

Liturghie şi culturi. Încă de la începuturile creştinismului au existat mai multe forme ale Liturghiei, determinate nu de diferenţe confesionale, ci de specificităţi culturale. Existau atunci variante ale Liturghiei aproape în fiecare metropolă, grupându-se în jurul sediilor patriarhale în ceea ce autorul numeşte “familii liturgice”. Alexandria, Antiohia sau Roma au fost centrele unor astfel de “familii”. Ele constituie un exemplu, foarte util astăzi, de inculturare, mai ales prin cazul Siriei, a cărei parte occidentală, inclusă în Imperiul Bizantin, slujea Liturgia în greacă, în timp ce partea orientală slujea în siriacă. Dialogul ecumenic, mai crede autorul, poate trage foloase şi din înţelegerea tradiţiilor, divergente în Apus şi Răsărit, cu privire la misterul iniţierii creştine. În Biserica primară Botezul, Mirungerea şi Euharistia se administrau împreună, de către episcopul care conducea o Biserică locală. Fragmentarea Bisericii locale, prin înmulţirea parohiilor, a dus la formarea a două tradiţii diferite: în Răsărit cele trei Taine s-au administrat în continuare împreună, dar cu săvârşirea Mirungerii nu de către episcop, ci de către preot. În Apus în continuare sarcina a rămas episcopului, dar s-a amânat din motive practice, separându-se de Botez. Secolul XII a adus apoi şi separarea Euharistiei. Astfel, practica occidentală poate fi asimilată unei tradiţii lucanice, pentru care Învierea şi Cincizecimea sînt etalate în timp, iar cea orientală tradiţiei ioaneice, pentru care Hristos a suflat Sfântul Duh asupra apostolilor în chiar ziua Învierii.

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New projects of the missionar theology in the Romanian Orthodox Church

Neue Missionstheologische entwürfe der orthodoxen Kirche in Rumänien

Author(s): Stefan Iloaie / Language(s): German / Issue: 1/2005

Proiecte noi ale Teologiei misionare ale Bisericii Ortodoxe în România. Referatul a fost prezentat la a IX-a Întâlnire de dialog a tinerilor din Biserica Evanghelică din Germania şi Biserica Ortodoxă Română – “Gehet hin in alle Welt...”, desfăşurată la Edemissen/Germania, între 19-26 septembrie 2002 şi prezintă caracterul intern şi extern al misiunii creştine aşa cum este ea înţeleasă în Ortodoxie. Misiunea interioară priveşte pregătirea credinciosului, prin demersul duhovnicesc făcut asupra sa, pentru a da mărturie în exterior, semenilor şi creaţiei în întregul ei, despre prezenţa lui Hristos în lume şi despre viaţa nouă pe care El a adus-o şi care este vie. Astfel, misiunea internă este temelie pentru cea externă, cea din urmă esenţializându-se pe cea dintâi. Exemplul Ortodoxiei româneşti de după căderea comunismului este exemplificator cu privire la aceste aspecte, dimensiunea socială, caritativă şi filantropică a Bisericii fiind redescoperită şi aplicată după anumite modele ale altor Biserici care nu au experimentat comunismul, astfel încât mărturia Ortodoxiei responsabilizează nu doar instituţia ci şi pe fiecare credincios în parte.

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Introduction in anthropology (a point of view of orthodox theology)

Was ist der Mensch denn Du ihm gedenckst? Einführung in die Antropologie (in der Perspektive der Orthodoxen Theologie)

Author(s): Athanasios Vletsis / Language(s): German / Issue: 1/2005

Ce este omul, ca să-ţi aduci aminte de el? Introducere în Antropologie (în perspectiva Teologiei Ortodoxe). Antropologia veterotestamentară este dominată de imaginea omului creat într-o lume bună, după chipul şi asemănarea lui Dumnezeu, creat desăvârşit şi apoi căzut în păcat. Istoria mântuirii poporului lui Israel este pusă în corelaţie cu istoria umanităţii: precum la israeliţi toate încep cu Dumnezeu, iar neascultarea devine pricina tuturor relelor, tot aşa începe şi istoria acestei lumi şi a tuturor oamenilor care fac parte din ea. Literatura veterotestamentară ridică întrebarea principală asupra fiinţei umane ca persoană, asupra sensului vieţii sale, chestiuni ce creează centrul unei autoreflexii în conştiinţa umană. Imaginea omului prezentată de Noul Testament aduce corecturi decisive imaginii veterotestamentare a fiinţei umane. Imaginea omului vechi este subordonată împărăţiei păcatului şi a morţii, pe când imaginea omului cel nou se vede în Iisus Hristos. Acesta vine să-l înnoiască pe primul Adam şi să-l înveţe să iubească, să preţuiască viaţa, cât şi să o sacrifice. Adam trăieşte într-o lume adusă la fiinţă din nefiinţă de Dumnezeu, lume care se găseşte în legătură cu Creatorul său, după gândirea patristică, prin energiile necreate. Părinţii Bisericii primare au văzut în crearea omului după chipul lui Dumnezeu, înţeles ca responsabilitatea faţă de creaţie şi libertate a omului, o consolidarea a legăturii dintre Dumnezeu şi creaţie. Omului, în drumul către dobândirea asemănării i se ridică o piedică, căderea în păcat. Aceasta alterează procesele de comunicare cu Dumnezeu şi dă formă forţelor răului şi, de asemenea, le permite să ia o existenţă aparentă. Dumnezeu se face om – aceasta reprezintă centrul credinţei creştine. Scopul şi sensul creaţiei se împlinesc în Fiul lui Dumnezeu făcut Om, în viaţa şi opera lui Iisus Hristos.

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Recapitulation of all in Christ in St. Irenaeus's Theology

Recapitularea tuturor în Hristos în teologia Sf. Irineu de Lyon

Author(s): Petru-Ioan Ilea / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1/2005

Recapitulation of all in Christ in St. Irenaeus's Theology. In the Christian tradition St. Irenaeus of Lyon is one of the most glorious heroes of the Church, an outstanding Christian leader, faithful guardian of the Orthodox, Apostolic Tradition, and a blessed peacemaker in difficult times. From the writings of Irenaeus, which represent a major source for knowing the Christian history and culture in the first two centuries, two major works have survived: one is Against Heresies and the other, The Preaching of the Apostles. A characteristic of Irenaeus’ theology is the typology. In his works he looks for and uses types, analogies, parallelisms, especially between the Old and New Testament. This is particularly evident in his theology of Recapitulation, which is, first of all, a parallel between Adam and Jesus Christ, Eve and Mary, between the economy of creation and the economy of Incarnation (disobedience in Adam and obedience in Christ; sin and death in the first Adam, and liberation, salvation, and life in the Second Adam; Eve brought into the word the curse while Mary brought the blessing; Eve is cause of death for all people while Mary is the cause of life for all humankind; on the sixth day of creation Adam sinned, disobeying God, and died, and also, on the same sixth day, the day before Sabbath, Jesus died, obeying God and bringing life to the world). The word re-capitulation involves the word capitulation – surrender, obedience, by recapitulation all thongs Christ bring them all back under His dominion. Capitulation implies a position of obedience and surrender, the head bowed down, inclined, in front of God’s majesty. Recapitulation of all begin with the Jesus’ Incarnation and it embraces His other salvific work, as on the Cross, the Resurrection, and, in the times ending, Parousia, the Resurrection of the dead and the Last Judgment. Recapitulation, as part of God’s economy of salvation, has a historical, retroactive dimension, in the sense that Recapitulation assumes the past events, in reverse, in a new economy of salvation; that also has an eschatological, prospective dimension. Jesus is the recapitulation of all humankind because in Adam all humankind was contained. But recapitulation does not refer only to humankind in all ages of history, but it embraces the totality of creation; it is not only the human being’s restoration but also the final cosmic restoration, the restoration of all things, the whole cosmos, the whole creation.

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La contribution de l'exegese roumaine dans les recherches sur le pentateque

La contribution de l'exegese roumaine dans les recherches sur le pentateque

Author(s): Ioan Chirilă / Language(s): French / Issue: 1/2005

Primele „tradiţii” despre Biblie, despre constituirea textului Sfintei Scripturi. Exegeza istorico-critică şi exegeza tradiţională iudaică au o presupoziţie comună: pentru ambele tipuri de abordare exegetică Tora (Pentateuhul) constituie piatra unghiulară de care depinde înţelegerea „restului”, a celorlalte părţi ale Scripturii, sau a celei de a doua şi a celei de a treia părţi ale Bibliei ebraice (Profeţii şi Celelalte scrieri). Concepţia despre istoria Revelaţiei, unde, pentru a vorbi cu o terminologie a exegezei critice, evoluţia concepţiilor religioase în Israelul cel vechi este în dezbatere, este divers exprimată. Pentru exegeza istorico-critică este imperios necesar, chiar indispensabil, să se stabilească o teorie clară cu privire la procesul de devenire a celor cinci scrieri ale Pentateuhului. La începutul secolului trecut s-a elaborat o asemenea teorie, ce părea să se fi învrednicit de statutul de certitudine. Însă, după douăzeci de ani mulţi dintre exegeţi au început să o respingă. În aceiaşi situaţie s-a găsit şi teologia biblică românească. Pentru a avea o comprehensiune clară a poziţiei româneşti am considerat a fi necesară o prezentare a lucrărilor şi a atitudinilor exprimate în acest sens de rectorul martir Pr. prof. univ. dr. Liviu Galaction Munteanu. În materialul de faţă am expus câteva principii orientative elaborate de către noi în urma plonjării serioase în această tematică, iar după aceasta am prezentat poziţia ilustrului biblist din care reiese clar geneza acestor scrieri, timpul de la care ele nu au mai putut fi influenţate prin introduceri de text şi modul în care ele trebuie lecturate. Studiul a fost prezentat în limba franceză deoarece este sinteza conferinţelor expuse de noi în cadrul Programului Socrates desfăşurat în Institutul Catolic din Paris.

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Romanian Orthodox clerks and monks during the First World War

Clerici şi monahi ortodocşi români în Primul Război Mondial

Author(s): Alexandru Moraru / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1/2005

Romanian Orthodox clerks and monks during the First World War. In the First World War whirl, there were, among others, many Romanian Orthodox clerks, whose main role was both providing religious assistance on the front and also helping the Romanian Army’s sanitary services. On the other hand, the Romanian Orthodox Church, in it’s entirely has been involved in collecting material aids for the Romanian Army, for the wounded men, for the war widows and orphans. At the same time, numerous monasteries countrywide were transformed in hospitals (for the wounded soldiers), also being materially supported by the servants of the Romanian Orthodox Church. For the way they accomplished their duties on the battlefield, in hospitals or in the sanitary services, many servants of our Church were decorated or were given different distinctions as a reward for their contribution in the Romanian people service. Still, others were killed on the battlefield, becoming, thus our nation’s heroes and martyrs.

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Ecclesiologic Aspects in Serghei Bulgakov and George Florovski Russian Theologians' Thinking

Aspecte eclesiologice în gândirea teologilor ruşi Serghei Bulgakov şi George Florovski

Author(s): Dacian But-Căpuşan / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1/2005

Ecclesiologic Aspects in Serghei Bulgakov and George Florovski Russian Theologians¢ Thinking. Orthodox Theology of last centuries is essential ecclesiologically. This issue was intensely debated in numerous treatises. The preoccupation for this central theological problem results doubtlessly from the fact that ecclesiology offers the doctrinaire essence of Christian confessions. Serghei Bulgakov and George Florovski affirm the supernatural reality of Church, it¢s character of mystic and sacramental organism, the foundamental inportance of charismatic hierarchy, increasing the triadologic, christologic, pneumatologic and anthropologic foundament of Church. Also they insist on Church authority and the intensive aspect of Church¢s catholicity, combating the inpersonalism. Church is Christ¢s extension in us, with His Body after Ressurection, having a theandric constitution. Christ and humanity are united in Him and with Him. After Asscension Christ remains in Church, but not passively, He esercisses His threefold activity, through visible organs.

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Între conflict şi unitate - situaţia actuală a românilor ortodocşi din America de Nord

Between Conflict and Unity - the Present Situation of the Orthodox Romanian from North America

Author(s): Gabriel-Viorel Gârdan / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1/2005

Between Conflict and Unity – the Present Situation of the Orthodox Romanians from North America. Religious life of Orthodox Romanians from America has in the years after the anti-communistic Romanian revolution a very interesting evolution on the dialogue way. Long time an evolution like this was impossible. In this paper, we make a complex analyze of this evolution. This means: a) between the Romanian Orthodox Episcopate of America (under the Orthodox Church of America jurisdiction) and the Romanian Orthodox Archdiocese in America and Canada (under Romanian Orthodox Church jurisdiction), in 1992-1993, was established a very necessary and important dialogue. The base of these new relations is the fraternal love, respect and the wish to cooperate in order to outrun the wounds of the past. b) As a consequence of this fraternal dialogue, was restored the Eucharistic communion between the priests and faithful people of this two Romanian orthodox jurisdictions. The Eucharistic communion was breaking of in 1950-1952 when The Romanian Orthodox Episcopate of America (ROEA) breaks up canonical relations with Mother Church. The lack of Eucharistic communion was the sigh of the lack of the unity between the brothers. These achievements have represented the first purpose of the bilateral dialogue and, in the same time, the first stage of the way to unity. In the last time, both Romanian Orthodox jurisdictions in North America, work in order to find a way to unity. This way, for the ROEA, involve the solved of the canonical problems of the all American Orthodox jurisdictions. For the other Romanian jurisdiction is necessary to restore canonical, dogmatical and spiritual ties of ROEA with Mother Church from Romania. Therefore, the ways to unity are different but the wish to be one is still alive in the mind and souls of the Orthodox Romanians.

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La Sainte Trinite, structure de l'amour supreme et fondement de notre salut

La Sainte Trinite, structure de l'amour supreme et fondement de notre salut

Author(s): Valer Bel / Language(s): French / Issue: 1/2005

Sfânta Treime, structura supremei iubiri şi baza mântuirii noastre. Dumnezeu S-a descoperit ca Treime încă din revelaţia Vechiului Testament. Deşi accentul cade mereu acolo pe unitatea lui Dumnezeu, subliniată împotriva politeismului păgân, tradiţia patristică a descoperit sub litera unor expresii sau întâmplări veterotestamentare taina Treimii. Descoperirea deplină s-a făcut însă în Noul Testament, prin actul întrupării Fiului, dar şi prin mărturia expresă, atât a Lui cât şi a Apostolilor. Biserica a crezut dintotdeauna în Dumnezeul treimic, iar sinoadele de la Niceea (325) şi Constantinopol (381) n-au făcut decât să formuleze solemn ceea ce încă de la Apostoli s-a mărturisit. Treimea înseamnă distincţie a celor trei persoane, dar totodată unitate desăvârşită, manifestată în raporturile perihoretice şi în iubirea veşnică dintre cele trei persoane. Numai aşa Dumnezeu poate fi şi mântuitor, pentru că, întrupându-Se într-unul din ipostasurile Sale, ne cuprinde şi pe noi în viaţa de comuniune şi iubire a Sa ca Treime.

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The eucharistic altar in the sacramental and liturgical mystic of the Saint Nicolae Cabasila

Altarul euharistic în mistica sacramentală şi liturgică a sfântului Nicolae Cabasila

Author(s): Ioan Bizău / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1/2005

L’Autel eucharistique dans la mystique sacramentelle et liturgique de Saint Nicolas Cabasilas. Á cause de „l’Autel est la source de toute initiation, qu’il s’agisse de participer au banquet sacré [l’Eucharistie] ou de recevoir la chrismation, mais aussi d’être ordonné prêtre ou d’avoir part à l’intégralité du bain [baptismale]”, Nicolas Cabasilas s’est senti obliger d’approfondir ce chapitre majeur de la spiritualité orthodoxe pour éclaircir „quel achèvement apporte la consécration du saint Autel dans l’action spirituelle” que les actes sacramentels accomplissent dans le devenir spirituel du chrétien, c’est-à-dire „pour bâtir le corps du Christ, jusqu'à ce que nous parvenions tous ensemble à l’unité dans la foi et dans la connaissance du Fils de Dieu, à l’état d’adultes, à la taille du Christ dans sa plénitude”, comme dit Saint Apôtre Paul (Éphésiens 4, 12-13). C’est ainsi qu’après avoir examiné, dans une analyse théologique brillante, „la raison d’être des saints Mystères, et telle est la manière dont ils nous préparent à la vraie vie”, il a considéré important d’écrire un bref essai mystagogique qui approfondisse le mystère du divin Autel. Cet essai a été inséré dans le plan général de son ample synthèse de mystique sacramentelle et liturgique intitulée La Vie en Christ. Fidèle à la grande tradition mystagogique de l’Orient orthodoxe, Nicolas Cabasilas dit que dans l’économie sacramentelle des Mystères, les Autels eucharistiques „représentent la main du Sauveur et nous recevons le corps du Christ de Sa main toute pure; de même nous buvons Son sang comme ceux à qui en premier le Maître a donné part à la sainte Table, le jour où Il levait à leur santé Sa coupe d’amertume”. Donc, entre le Christ et l’Autel eucharistique consacré d’évêque par saint Chrême (le Grand Myron) et par la déposition des saintes reliques dans sa structure matérielle s’établit un rapport mystique, exprimé par toute la vie sacramentelle et liturgique de l’Église. Si par le Saint et Grand Chrême, qui porte et partage les énergies incrées du Saint Esprit, le Grand Prêtre Christ répand sur le monde toute la richesses de Ses bienfaits, les divins Autels ont la raison d’accomplir dans la vie du monde, jusqu’à la fin des siècles, la même fonction que la main immaculé et pleine du pouvoir divin de Celui qui s’est incarné pour notre rédemption et notre déification. C’est pour cela que, du moment de l’onction avec le saint Chrême et de la déposition des saintes reliques dans sa colonne, celui-ci devient le „mont de Dieu”, c’est-à-dire le centre mystique autour duquel se cristallise, s’affirme et gravite toute la vie sacramentelle et liturgique d’une communauté ecclésiale. La dernière réalité du divin Autel est représentée par la présence sanctifiante et déifiante de notre Saveur Jésus Christ, „le Grand Prêtre des biens à venir” (Hébreux 9, 11).

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Living in the Shadow of a Big Tree. Leo Strauss on Justice in the Tradition of Athens and Gerusalem

Living in the Shadow of a Big Tree. Leo Strauss on Justice in the Tradition of Athens and Gerusalem

Żyjąc w cieniu wielkiego drzewa. Leo Strauss o sprawiedliwości w tradycjach Aten i Jerozolimy

Author(s): Paweł Marczewski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2006

Keywords: Leo Strauss; Athens; Greek; Jerusalem;

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Strength and Weakness of Tolerance

Strength and Weakness of Tolerance

Siła i słabość tolerancji

Author(s): Michał Szułdrzyński / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2006

Keywords: tolerance; Ryszard Legutko; state; religion

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Nations Writing and Nations Reading the History

Nations Writing and Nations Reading the History

Narody piszące i narody czytające historię

Author(s): Przemysław Żurawski vel Grajewski,Przemysław Żurawski vel Grajewski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2006

Keywords: nation; history; Europe;

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Leo Strauss – an Ancient Philosopher and a Jewish Sage

Leo Strauss – an Ancient Philosopher and a Jewish Sage

Leo Strauss - antyczny filozof i żydowski mędrzec

Author(s): Dariusz Gawin / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2006

Keywords: Leo Strauss; Jews; Judaism;

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It is important not to fear, or self-denial of Europe

It is important not to fear, or self-denial of Europe

Ważne, by się nie lękać, czyli zaparcie się Europy

Author(s): Piotr Dardziński / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2006

Keywords: Europe; Weiler; Christianity;

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