THE MODERNIST CITY RECONSIDERED: CHANGING ATTITUDES OF SOCIAL SCIENTISTS AND URBAN DESIGNERS IN 1960s YUGOSLAVIA

THE MODERNIST CITY RECONSIDERED: CHANGING ATTITUDES OF SOCIAL SCIENTISTS AND URBAN DESIGNERS IN 1960s YUGOSLAVIA

Author(s): Brigitte Le Normand / Language(s): English / Issue: 3-4/2008

Keywords: Novi Beograd; Social Scientists; Urban Designers; Urban planning; Yugoslavia

The socialist regime that came into being in Yugoslavia after the Second World War produced a new kind of urban planning that is commonly recognized as being „socialist,“ embodied in such projects as Novi Beograd, a new city center for the capital. This article investigates how the socialist regime also produced a critique of this „socialist“ urban planning in the late 1960s, focusing on the role of specialists working within the regime, particularly social scientists and urban designers.

Political Emigration from Yugoslavia to Syria 1947–1952

ПОЛИТИЧКА ЕМИГРАЦИЈА ИЗ ЈУГОСЛАВИЈЕ У СИРИЈИ 1947–1952

Author(s): Aleksandar Životić / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 3-4/2008

Keywords: Yugoslavia; Syria; Middle East; Ustasha; the Independent State of Croatia; emigration; Muslims; Albanians; Serbs

After having been defeated in the territory of Yugoslavia, the remnants of the Croat armed forces found themselves in the territory of Austria. A considerable number of members of these forces, many of whom were wanted by the new Yugoslav authorities under suspicion of having committed war crimes during the war, crossed into refugee camps in Italian territory. From there, most of them proceeded to South America or Western Europe, whereas several hundred Muslims, among whom high offi cers and prominent politicians, emigrated to Syria with the large aid from the Organization for Displaced Persons and the Roman-Catholic Church. Apart from them, Albanian emigrants from the Yugoslav territory, who had been members of Albanian armed units or German SS-units during the war also arrived to Syria. A small number of Serbs, political émigrés, was also in Syria. They had spent the war in the Middle East and didn’t want to return to Yugoslavia after the war. A considerable number of Muslims took part in the war in Palestine in 1948. Many of them continued serving in Syrian or Lebanese armed forces after the war. The acceptance of Muslim refugees was motivated above all by military considerations and Islamic solidarity. However, due to the Yugoslav-Syrian rapprochement and the establishment of closer political, economic and military cooperation between the two countries, the situation of the Muslim émigrés suddenly deteriorated. For that reason many radical emigrants left Syria and settled down in Turkey, Saudi Arabia or Iraq. The number of Albanian émigrés in Syrian territory decreased for the same reasons. The Serbian emigration disappeared soon after the war.

The Yugoslav Colony in Constantinople Between the Two World Wars

ЈУГОСЛОВЕНСКА КОЛОНИЈА У ЦАРИГРАДУ ИЗМЕЂУ ДВА СВЕТСКА РАТА

Author(s): Radmila Radić / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 3-4/2008

Keywords: Constantinople; Istanbul; Turkey; colony; the Kingdom of the Serbs Croats; and Slovenes / Yugoslavia; the Serbian Orthodox Church

Functioning and lives of the members of the Yugoslav colony in Constantinople/ Istanbul which came to being after WWI, was infl uenced by many factors ranging from those concerning political changes in Turkey to relations of the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes/Yugoslavia with the colony. Taking over of Constantinople by the Turkish authorities led to suppressing of Christians, and the loss of the role of the political center of the state contributed to gradual emigration of the population due to deteriorating economic situation. The lack of clear direction on the part of the authorities of the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in which one should work to aid and develop the colony, its primary concern with the colony’s Orthodox members, confl icts among them and their gradual assimilation led to the decrease of numbers and weakening of compactness of the colony. On the basis of the existing archival sources it isn’t possible to determine the exact number of the members of the colony, but it ranged from 10.000 at the end of WWI to 2.000 at the beginning of WWII. Members of the colony were mostly engaged in crafts, commerce, sailing, services, but also in heavy menial jobs in building and other industries. Most members of the colony were poor during the inter-war period. The process of extinguishing of the colony was completed during WWII.

The Improvement of the Yugoslav-Soviet Relations 1961–1962

ПОБОЉШАЊЕ ЈУГОСЛОВЕНСКО-СОВЈЕТСКИХ ОДНОСА 1961–1962. ГОДИНЕ

Author(s): Đoko Tripković / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 3-4/2008

Keywords: Yugoslavia; USSR; Foreign Relations; USA; Cold War; Cuban crisis

The relations between Yugoslavia and USSR started improving on Soviet initiative since 1961. The main reason why the Soviet leadership headed by Nikita Khrushchev started the initiative was the estimate that improvement of relations with Yugoslavia was in the interest of USSR in view of publication of the misunderstandings with China which would inevitably lead to the escalation of the conflict between these two countries. Tito and the Yugoslav leaders accepted that initiative deeming the improvement of political relations with USSR could have positive effect on Yugoslavia. The process of improving relations went on gradually but constantly throughout 1961 and 1962. The willingness of Yugoslavia to broaden and strengthen cooperation in all fields was conditioned by preservation of the basic tenets of its international situation, as well as by the concept of its internal order – i.e. the position of equidistance toward both blocks and non-alignment as the main principle of its foreign-political orientation, and by the system of selfmanagement as the basis of its social and political order. The process of improvement reached its peak during Tito’s visit to USSR in December 1962, when the Soviet side opened the door for overcoming ideological differences and quarrels through Khrushchev’s public recognition of Yugoslavia as a socialist country – which was denied until then. This dimension of the relations was very important since they were relations between countries with one-party communist systems and the domination of the ideological factor. The relations of the two countries during the next few years would develop along the lines set in this period. The disturbance and crisis in the relations set in due to the military intervention of the Warsaw Pact in Czechoslovakia in August 1968. The process of improvement of relations between Yugoslavia and USSR was taking place in a very complex international context. The tensions between the two blocks were reaching culmination exactly then, the conflict of the two super-powers in the Berlin, and particularly Cuban crisis, brought USA and USSR to the verge of war. According to the principle of „connected vessels“, due to the specific international situation of Yugoslavia, the process was also infl uenced by Yugoslav relations to USA. These relations were cooled after Tito’s speech at the first summit of non-aligned countries in Belgrade in September 1961, which was construed by the Americans as support of Soviet views on international questions. However, by carefully observing and analyzing the process of improvement of Yugoslav-Soviet relations the administration of John Kennedy came to the conclusion that the process wasn’t leading to Yugoslavia’s accession to the Soviet block and that the Yugoslav leaders were firmly committed to preservation of the independent position, so that USA should continue its policy of support to Yugoslavia. The relations were improved and stabilized during 1963.

Immutable Everyday Life: German Contribution to the Folk Culture in the Vojvodina.

НЕПРОЛАЗНА СВАКОДНЕВИЦА: НЕМАЧКИ ДОПРИНОС НАРОДНОЈ КУЛТУРИ ВОЈВОДИНЕ

Author(s): Zoran Janjetović / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 3-4/2008

Keywords: Germans in the Vojvodina; Serbs; everyday culture

The article examins the cultural contribution members of the German ethnic minority made to various aspects of everyday culture in the Vojvodina. The Germans were settled down in the province during 18th and 19th centuries by the Viennese court with the aim of vivifying the economy. Coming from better developed parts of Europe, they taught the native population (Serbs, Romanians, Hungarians) many useful skills, they brought new plants, tools, working methods, dishes etc. The article examins their contribution in the fi elds of building and furnishing of houses, agriculture, crafts, cuisine and other spheres of daily life whose traces and infl uences determin the cultural landscape of the Vojvodina to this day.

Sources

ГРАЂА

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 3-4/2008

Мр Милан СОВИЉ УЧЕШЋЕ ОМЛАДИНЕ ИЗ ЧЕХОСЛОВАЧКЕ НА ИЗГРАДЊИ ПРУГЕ БРЧКО–БАНОВИЋИ 1946. ГОДИНЕ Мр Наташа МИЛИЋЕВИЋ ЈЕДАН РАНИ ПРИМЕР ДЕМОГРАФСКЕ ТРАНЗИЦИЈЕ Др Ђоко ТРИПКОВИЋ ПИСМО ТИТА ХРУШЧОВУ ПОВОДОМ ПОГОРШАЊА ОДНОСА ЗБОГ ДОГАЂАЈА У МАЂАРСКОЈ 1956.

Scientifi c events

НАУЧНИ ЖИВОТ

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 3-4/2008

ИНФОРМАЦИЈЕ О НАУЧНИМ СКУПОВИМА, КОНФЕРЕНЦИЈАМА, СИМПОЗИЈУМИМА / Information on conferences, workshops and symposia Мр Сања ПЕТРОВИЋ ТОДОСИЈЕВИЋ, „Трет македонски конгрес за историја на медицината со меѓународно учество“, Штип, Македонија, 5–7. јун 2008. Мр Милан СОВИЉ, Међународна научна конференција „Security Apparatus, Propagandism and Prague Spring“, Prague, 7–9 September 2008, „Bezpečnostní aparát, propaganda a Pražské jaro“, Praha, 7.–9. září 2008. Душан МАРКОВИЋ, Јесења академија: „1968: 40. година после“, Рапац (Истра, Хрватска), 28. септембра – 4. октобра 2008. Мр Сања ПЕТРОВИЋ ТОДОСИЈЕВИЋ, „Maкедонскиот идентитет низ историјата“, Скопље, Македонија, 10–13. октобра 2008. Мр Александар ЖИВОТИЋ, Международная научная конференция „’Пражская весна‘“ и эволюция общественных настроений в СССР и странах Центральной и Юговосточной Европы, Москва, 23–24. 10. 2008.

Formation of the Pedagogic Academy in Belgrade

ФОРМИРАЊЕ ПЕДАГОШКЕ АКАДЕМИЈЕ У БЕОГРАДУ

Author(s): Momčilo Isić / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 3-4/2008

Keywords: Normal School; Pedagogic Academy; Belgrade; Serbia; Masters; Teachers; education

Outgrow of the Normal School in Belgrade into the Academy for Pedagogic designated for education the teachers was incertitude because the Parliament of Belgrade in the beginning was not interested in fi nancing the formatting of the Academy regarding that teachers needed to educate Faculty of Philosophy. In the primarily proposal of the rationalization of the network of normal schools and optimal network location of pedagogic academies in Serbia, Belgrade was not among fi ve towns whose normal schools could became pedagogic academy. After long and intense negotiations and coordination of attitudes, Parliament of Belgrade fi nally decided to establish Pedagogic Academy in 1972.

Post-Modernism and/or Historiography?

ПОСТМОДЕРНИЗАМ И/ИЛИ ИСТОРИОГРАФИЈА?

Author(s): Mihael T. Antolović / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 3-4/2008

Keywords: Post-Modernism; history of historiography; methodology of historical science; philosophy of history

Post-Modernism, as a specifi c ideal orientation typical of the last three decades of 20th century, reached historiography with certain delay. Despite that, proclaiming the end of the rationalist European tradition and showing mistrust in meta-narration, Post-Modernism strongly infl uenced historiography, particularly with the thesis of impossibility to know the past reality and of historiography as a literary form. Cognitive skepticism and denial of the scientifi c nature of historiography were thus the direct consequence of the infl uence of Post-Modernist thinking on historical science. Questioning the basis on which historiography rested, Post-Modernism infl uenced historians to re-examine the fundamental suppositions on which the historical science rested and to devote more attention to theoretical and methodological questions by increasing the level of their criticism, developing professional self-awareness and broadening the horizon of their interest to many neglected fi elds of research.

„The Town of Linen“ of Yugoslav Refugees: Yugoslav Refugee Camp, El Shatt M. E. F. Egypt 1944–1946

„ПЛАТНЕНИ ГРАД“ ЈУГОСЛОВЕНСКИХ ИЗБЕГЛИЦА. ЈУГОСЛОВЕНСКИ ИЗБЕГЛИЧКИ КАМП У ЕЛ ШАТУ, 1944–1946.

Author(s): Sanja Petrović Todosijević / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 3-4/2008

Keywords: Refuge;„partisan connection“; Southern Italy; Northern Africa; Egypt; El Shatt; Allied command;„kraljevci“

The article is an attempt to draw attention, on basis of available archival sources and literature, to the fate of over 30.000 Yugoslav, i.e. Dalmatian refugees who had left their homes fearing German revenge in late 1943. Thanks to the „partisan connection“ most of the refugees were transferred via Vis and Southern Italy to Northern Africa and Egypt. The author’s attempt at getting insight into the perception of the African continent (which was just a geographic notion or a voice from afar for most refugees) showed that most members of the refugee community, comprising mostly children, women and the elderly, had mixed feelings about it. Filled with „fear of Africa“, but also fearing for their lives, not only of their own free will but also led by decisions which seemed „a good political solution at that time,“ most of the refugees could only board Allied vessels and go on a journey. Finding themselves in the middle of the whirlpool of mili tary, but also of complicated political circumstances, they became not infrequently, means of achieving certain “higher“ aims. Ideological work was intertwined with all aspects of life of the Yugoslavs who had temporarily settled down in Egypt. With the end of WWII conditions were ripe for the refugees to go home. The last group returned to the country in March 1946.

„Ethnography of Events“: Modern Approach to Anthropology of researching and writing about Christmas

„ЕТНОГРАФИЈА ДОГАЂАЈА“: МОДЕРАН ПРИСТУП АНТРОПОЛОШКОМ ИСТРАЖИВАЊУ И ПИСАЊУ О БОЖИЋУ

Author(s): Lidija Radulović / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 3-4/2008

Josip Broz Tito’s 80th Birthday

ОСАМДЕСЕТИ РОЂЕНДАН ЈОСИПА БРОЗА ТИТА

Author(s): Momčilo Mitrović / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 3-4/2008

Keywords: Josip Broz Tito´s 80th Birthday; Youthd Day in Yugoslavia

In the moments of the evident crisis of social and economic development of Yugoslavia in early 1970s, the country’s leadership used the occasion of Josip Broz Tito’s 80th birthday to show how well grounded his revolutionary and political activity had been. By displaying loyalty of political institutions and individuals to the personality of Josip Broz Tito, the institutions of the State and Society lavished on him various honors, events and manifestations of loyalty. All that was connected with the jubilee of his 80th birthday and the traditional celebration of the Youth Day. In 1972 Tito was awarded the second medal of the National Hero, the Deed of the People, the most massive celebration of May 25 was organized, events were staged as he traveled the country and much effort was put into fi ling his candidature for the Nobel Prize.

Reviews and Critiques

ПРИКАЗИ

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 3-4/2008

Zdeněk Mahler, Ano, Masaryk, Nakladatelství Slávka Kopecká, Praha, 2007. (Мр Милан СОВИЉ) Српска теологија у двадесетом веку. Истраживачки проблеми и резултати, приредио Богољуб Шијаковић, Београд, 2007. (Мр Слободан СЕЛИНИЋ) Добрило Аранитовић, Биобиблиографија академика Миомира Дашића, ЦИД, Подгорица, 2007. (Др Момчило ИСИЋ) John Bree (ur.), Yasukuni, The War Dead and the Struggle for Japan’s Past, Hurst & Company, London, 2007. (Др Олга МАНОЈЛОВИЋ ПИНТАР) Дмитар Тасић, Рат после рата. Војска Краљевине Срба, Хрвата и Словенаца на Косову и Метохији и у Македонији 1918–1920, Утопија и Институт за стратегијска истраживања, Београд, 2008. (Мр Александар ЖИВОТИЋ) Bogdan Musial, Kampfplatz Deutschland. Stalins Kriegspläne gegen den Westen, Berlin (Propiläen-Verlag), 2008. (Др Зоран ЈАЊЕТОВИЋ) Boris Kanzleiter, Krunoslav Stojaković (Hrsg.), 1968 in Jugoslawien. Studentenproteste und kulturelle Avantgarde zwischen 1960 und 1975, Verlag J. H. W. Dietz Nachf., Bonn, 2008. (Др Петар ДРАГИШИЋ) Денда Далибор, Аутомобил у српској војсци: 1908–1918, Одељење за транспорт СМР МО Р Србије, Београд, 2008. (Мр Aлексеј ТИМОФЕЈЕВ) People on the Move. Forced population Movements in Europe in the Second World War and Its Aftermath, BERG, Oxford, New York, 2008. (Pertti Ahonen, Gustavo Corni, Jerzy Kochanowski, Rainer Schulze, Tamаs Stark, Barbara Stelzl-Marx), (Мр Сања ПЕТРОВИЋ ТОДОСИЈЕВИЋ) Милан Гаковић, Савез земљорадника (Земљорадничка странка) 1919–1941, (приредио Здравко Антонић), Академија наука и умјетности Републике Српске, Монографије књ. VI, Одјељење друштвених наука, књ. 19, Бањалука, 2008. (Мр Горан ЛАТИНОВИЋ) Povratak u šezdeset osmu – 40 godina od protesta (priredila Nora Farik), Fondacija „Heinrich Böll“ – Regionalni ured Beograd, (Душан МАРКОВИЋ) А. Б. Едемский, От конфликта к нормализации. Советско- -югославские отношения в 1953–1956 годах, Российская академия наук. Институт славяноведения, Наука, Москва, 2008. (Мр Александар ЖИВОТИЋ)

The Building of the „Students’ City“ in New Belgrade (1949–1956)

ИЗГРАДЊА „СТУДЕНТСКОГ ГРАДА“ НА НОВОМ БЕОГРАДУ (1949–1956)

Author(s): Dragomir Bondžić / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 3-4/2008

Keywords: students; dormitories; canteens;„Students’ City“; New Belgrade;

The authorities of the State and the University strove in several ways to solve the problem of the lack of room for lodging and feeding students of the Belgrade University coming from the province. Apart from bringing into shape old and building new dormitories and canteens, in the fi rst years after WWII, under the infl uence of the First Five Years Plan of 1947, the idea was launched to build a large students’ settlement which would house several thousand students and which would solve the problem of students’ lodgings as a whole. It was decided to realize the project in New Belgrade which was being built at that time. The building of the „Students’ City“ in the area of Tošin Bunar in New Belgrade started offi cially in spring 1949, the work being done by the workers of the company „Novi Beograd“ and students themselves. Despite ambitious plans, deadlines, hard work and enthusiasm, the building progressed slowly, with many problems and stoppages due to the lack of the skilled labor force and materials as well as due to shoddily done work. It was only in 1950 that the fi rst block was fi nished. 800 students moved into it in early 1951. Work on other sites was interrupted then, to be continued on and off throughout the fi rst half of 1950s, and to be fi nished in 1956. Although all four blocks were populated then, works at the „Students’ City“ were not completely over and they continued throughout the next years in form of repairing shoddily done work, acquisition of equipment, cultivating the space between the blocks, building of facilities for social, cultural and sport life of the inmates.

Hillarie of Poitiers: the conversion of the theologian

Hilaire de Poitiers: La conversion d'un theologien

Author(s): Yves-Marie Blanchard / Language(s): French / Issue: 1/2005

Ilarie de Poitier. Convertirea unui teolog. Tratatul De Trinitate al Sfântului Ilarie de Poitier se deschide cu o scurtă istorie a convertirii sale la creştinism. În comparaţie cu ceea ce ştim despre convertirea lui Augustin, din propriile sale mărturisiri, relatarea autobiografică a Sfântului Ilarie, pe lângă că este mult mai rece şi mai reţinută în etalarea sentimentelor, este în sine o cale mult mai lipsită de excentricităţi decât va fi, peste puţină vreme, cea a episcopului de Hippona. Se pot deci deosebi trei etape ale convertirii Sfântului Ilarie: mai întâi, păgân fiind, dar bucurându-se de o ţinută morală sobră si ireproşabilă, el se lasă antrenat într-o viaţă filosofică, cu accente ascetice şi cu intuiţia, vagă dar persistentă, a monoteismului. În faza următoare el va descoperi monoteismul iudaic, în care va fi introdus de profetul Isaia. În fine, de aici va fi condus înspre Noul Testament, din care cel puţin prologul ioaneic va constitui pentru el o profundă revelaţie. Tot în comparaţie cu Augustin, se remarcă rolul mult mai însemnat acordat credinţei în „confruntarea” ei cu inteligenţa. Nu inteligenţa te face credincios, ci credinţa te face inteligent, va comenta, ca o concluzie, autorul studiului de faţă.

Developing a Christian Understanding of Creation

Developing a Christian Understanding of Creation

Author(s): Hans Schwarz / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2005

Dezvoltarea unei înţelegeri creştine a creaţiei. Relatările biblice ale creaţiei, cea “preoţească” din Facere 1 şi cea yahvistă din Facere 2 sînt supuse unei interpretări exegetice care valorifică nu doar învăţăturile dogmatice sau morale, ci caută temeiuri şi pentru situarea pe care trebuie să o aibă astăzi omul faţă de natură şi faţă de creaţie în ansamblu. Faptul că a fost creat în ziua a şasea, aceeaşi în care au fost create animalele uscatului dovedeşte legătura strânsă pe care o are cu acestea, încă din actul creării lui. Preocupările ecologiste de astăzi, stârnite de dispariţia tot mai multor specii de animale ar trebui să pornească tocmai de la această constatare. La fel, puterea de stăpânire pe care a primit-o asupra naturii nu trebuie să fie înţeleasă într-un sens despotic, ci în sensul că omul, ca şi chip al lui Dumnezeu (Facere 1, 26) trebuie să o conducă spre pnevmatizarea ei. Prin statutul său de mijlocitor, vizibil în aceea că este creatură şi împreună-creator cu Dumnezeu, omul are o misiune în mijlocul creaţiei pe care riscă să o uite şi pe care citirea şi înţelegerea primelor două capitole ale Facerii ar putea să i-o reamintească.

The structure of the preaching

Structura predicii

Author(s): Ioan Toader / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1/2005

RESUME. La structure de prèdication Le prédicateur dont le souci est d'actualiser la Parole de Dieu pour sa communauté dispose de plusieurs canevas pour structurer sa prédication. Ces canevas sont fondés sur des structures que la rhétorique et l'analyse narrative permettent de définir et qu'on observe aussi dans l'Ecriture Sainte. On décrit ici trois de ces canevas: celui de la prédication narrative, celui de la prédication par des exemples et celui de la prédication qui articule narration et argumentation.

The kingdom of God, purpose and finality of the religious and spiritual education

Împărăţia lui Dumnezeu, scopul şi finalitatea educaţiei religioase şi spirituale

Author(s): Gheorghe Şanta / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1/2005

Le Royaume de Dieu, le but et la fin de l’éducation religieuse et spirituelle. Le royaume de Dieu, en tant que présence réelle dans ce monde, par Son Église, qui vit par Jésus Christ, se trouve au centre de l’éducation religieuse et spirituelle, ce qui nous autorise à affirmer que cette éducation-là donne du sens et de la valeur à notre existence quand elle se transforme en confession (martyria). Cette oeuvre véhicule un message particulier, qui passe au-delà de la simple information, car il aboutit à la présence-même de la Parole dans la parole. Le message de la communication guide ainsi la communauté écclesiastique vers l’avenir eschatologique pour l’accueil glorieux de Christ. Dans les doctrines qu’Il nous transmet, Il nous parle d’objectifs, de buts et de fins, tout cela dans une succession ordonée, qui représente, en effet, un acheminement spirituel vers la perfection. Si on comprend d’une telle manière l’education spirituelle et religieuse, on pourra saisir le Mystère de notre kerygme, qui est une vocation mais et une provocation pour une transfiguration intérieure en Jésus Christ.

The place of the children's in the Oriental Church (II-X centuries)

La place des enfants dans les églises d'orient (3e-10e siècles)

Author(s): Béatrice Caseau / Language(s): French / Issue: 1/2005

Locul copiilor în Bisericile Orientului (sec. III-X). Prezentul studiu analizează statutul copiilor în bisericile orientului sub patru aspecte: responsabilitatea părinţilor faţă de copiii lor şi frecventarea bisericii de către aceştia; poziţionarea lor spaţială în locaşurile de închinare în timpul serviciilor religioase; obiceiul administrării botezului copiilor şi participarea lor activă la serviciile liturgice În introducerea demersului analizei locului ocupat de copii în biserici se precizează faptul că un copil botezat este un creştin deplin, dar că în Biserica primară Botezul se administra cu precădere la maturitate, fără a fi refuzat copiilor ale căror părinţi îl solicitau. Responsabilitatea părinţilor făţă de copii poate fi rezumată potrivit îndemnurilor din „Didahie” sau din omiliile Sf. Ioan Hrisostom la instruirea în credinţa lui Dumnezeu şi la îndemnarea acestora la frecventarea bisericii. Frecventarea bisericii de către copii în secolele III-X este dovedită prin prezentarea exemplelor lui Avva Moise, micuţei Paula fiica pontifului păgân Albinus care cere să intre în mănăstire, cel al lui Simeon cel Tânăr (521-592) care este amintit la vârsta de 5 ani în sanctuarul Sf. Mucenic Ştefan şi a lui Theodor din Sikeon care frecventa zilnic de la vârsta de 8 ani biserica Sf. Gheorghe. Aceste exemple demonstrează faptul că încă din primele veacuri copiii participau la serviciile religioase, fapt care a necesitat o reglementare a locului pe care ei trebuiau să îl ocupe în biserică.

The Role of the Romanian Church in Transylvania in the Mid-Nineteenth Century National Movement

Implicarea Bisericii româneşti din Transilvania în mişcarea naţională la mijlocul secolului al XIX-lea (1849-1867)

Author(s): Marius Dragoi / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1/2005

The Role of the Romanian Church in Transylvania in the Mid-Nineteenth Century National Movement (1949-1867). The mid-nineteenth century was dominated by the remarkable personality of the bishop Andrei Şaguna, later a metropolitan, who was apreciated not only by the Orthodox and Uniate faithful in Transylvania but also by the Imperial Court in Vienna. For the Romanians in Transylvania Şaguna’s views resembled in various ways the ideas Bărnuţiu had advanced before the 1848 Revolution. His views on society, on the relationships between the spiritual and the temporal world, Church and state, religion and nationality, were conducive to a healthy development of the Romanian national life. Compared to Şaguna, Alexandru Sterca Şuluţiu, the metropolitan of the Uniate Church, was less efficient as a national leader and did not enjoy the same prestige. During this period, Şaguna and the leaders of the church, as well as the clergy in Transylvania, had to adapt to a new mission. The Revolution pushed metropolitan Şaguna to the forefront of Romanian political activity, where he stayed for almost twenty years. The Romanian Church in Transylvania had an important role in the Romanian national movement in the mid-nineteenth century, a difficult period for the Romanians fighting for national emancipation.