A Russian Diplomat in Bucharest: S.A. Poklevski-Koziell and the‘Bessarabian Cause’, 1919-1920

A Russian Diplomat in Bucharest: S.A. Poklevski-Koziell and the‘Bessarabian Cause’, 1919-1920

Author(s): Svetlana Suveica / Language(s): English / Issue: 1-2/2014

Keywords: Borderland; Bessarabia; Russian Whites; Romania; S.A. Poklevski-Koziell;

The article sheds light on the activity of the Russian ambassador to Bucharest, Stanislav A. Poklevski-Koziell, in the immediate period after World War I. The diplomat considered that the Bolshevik danger was a priority which should motivate the former war allies Romania and Russia to support each other, despite the dispute over Bessarabia. Poklevski believed in the return of the region back to Russia and, in the period when at the Paris peace conference the fate of the former Russia’s Western borderlands was decided, supported with materials the Russian political émigrés and diplomats as well the Bessarabians who propagated for the “Bessarabian cause”. At the same time, Poklevski opted for a more pragmatic behaviour of the Kolchak government in Romania. He believed that Denikin’s declaration on abstaining from any act of hostility toward Romania and compliance with the future decision of the Peace conference in regard to Bessarabia will ensure the support of Romania in the fight against the Bolsheviks.

Ion Taflaru (1910-1973). A biography

Ion Taflaru (1910-1973)

Author(s): Florin Şandru / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1-2/2014

Keywords: communism; political detainee; chief commissioner; Romanian Communist Party;

Ion Taflaru (1910-1973), a former political detainee imprisoned at Făgăraş and Gherla, held the position of chief commissioner with the Siguranţă (State Security) and police chief with the General Directorate of Police. He worked for the “Body of Detectives” within the Siguranţă (State Security), leading, for a long period of time, the anti-Communist brigade of this institution. He closely watched the Communist movement, which was part of his duties, and this led initially to his imprisonment by the Communist regime. He was sentenced to heavy life imprisonment, then 20 years for “intense activity against the working class”. In 1964, he was released from Gherla, according to Decree 411. After release, he was put under surveillance in order to see if he had the same “antidemocratic” behaviour towards the Communist regime, as he had had in prison. He died under suspicious circumstances in Bucharest on 2nd September 1973.

Bessarabia, Bucovina, Hertza Region, Chilia Channel and the Snake Island:An 1965 study on their political and diplomatic situation

Un documentar din 1965 asupra situaţiei politico-diplomatice a Basarabiei, Bucovinei, ţinutului Herţa, Braţului Chilia şi Insulei Şerpilor

Author(s): Flori Bălănescu / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1-2/2014

Keywords: Bessarabia; Chilia Channel; June 1940; North Bucovina; Snake Island; Moscow; territory theft; Hertza Region;

This text is an uncensored study carried out in August 1965 and filed in the Central National History Archives, more specifically in the database of the Central Committee of the Romanian Communist Party (the Administration Section). This study was most probably carried out by the historians working for the Documentation and Research Office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, with the purpose of informing the Romanian delegation that was to go on an official visit to Moscow between September 3 and September 11, 1965. The document is titled "Bessarabia, Bucovina, Hertza Region, Chilia Channel and the Snake Island” and does not take into account the taboos of the official history of that time. Given the tense situation between Bucharest and Moscow, the problem of territory theft committed by the Soviet Union in 1940 (Bessarabia, North Bucovina, Hertza Region and 5 islands in the Danube Delta) and on February 4, 1948, was not even suggested, even if it was a breach of the Paris Peace Treaty in 1947 by annexing the Snake Island.

Khruschev and Tito: A Long Discussion on Romania (Leningrad, June 1964)

Hruşciov şi Tito: O discuţie îndelungată despre România (Leningrad, iunie 1964)

Author(s): Alexandr Stykalin / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1-2/2014

Keywords: 1960-es; Khruschev; Tito; Gheorghiu-Dej; Soviet-Romanian relations; Yugoslavian-Romanian relations; China.

The worsening relations between the USSR and Romania was the main subject of the talks between Nikita Khruschev and Marshal Tito during their last meeting, which took place in Leningrad in June 1964. It was Khruschev who initiated the meeting and his aim was to ask the Yugoslavian leader to influence the Romanians not to deviate too far from the course of the Soviet bloc and especially to keep distance from China. As far as the Yugoslavians were the main goal of the Chinese attacks as “revisionists”, Tito was not interested in the further Romanian-Chinese rapprochement, so he promised the Soviets to influence the Romanians. According to the documents, it was considered in Belgrade that Bucharest went too far in his Fronde as concerned the Soviet policy.

Romania and Sino-Soviet Relations Moving Towards Split, 1960-1965

Romania and Sino-Soviet Relations Moving Towards Split, 1960-1965

Author(s): Yong Liu / Language(s): English / Issue: 1-2/2014

Keywords: Romania; Sino-Romanian Relations; Sino-Soviet Polemics; Sino-Soviet Relations.

To research on the splitting process of Sino-Soviet relations, Romania and Sino-Romanian relations in the same period cannot be ignored. Romania mainly played the following roles in splitting of Sino-Soviet relations: in the early stages of Sino-Soviet relations’ deterioration, Romania basically followed the Soviet Union to criticize and siege China so as to slight Sino-Romanian relations. With the growing tension between Romania and the Soviet, Romania actively closed with China and tried to take advantage of Sino-Soviet contradictions to contend with the Soviet, which made Sino-Soviet relations into the triangular relations among the three countries, and, to some extent, slowed the momentum of Sino-Soviet relations’ rapid deteriorating. In early 1964, Romania tried to mediate in Sino-Soviet polemics and turned out to be in vain. Nevertheless, it formed a close relationship between China and Romania. Later the Romanian Workers' Party (RWP) published "Declaration of Independence", forming its own independent foreign policy, and observed neutrality in Sino-Soviet conflicts more strictly.

UN ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT FROM LANCRAM

UN MANUSCRIS INEDIT DIN LANCRĂM

Author(s): Dorin Ovidiu Dan / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 2/2000

The author presents an interesting manuscript belonging to a descendant from a glass painting family of Lancrăm, Ioan I. Costea. The document offers very useful personal information about his family, the native village, and the people he met. Richly illustrated, and completed by many notes from the ancient cult books, the manuscript brings new contributions to the history of Lancrăm, the birthplace of one of the most important personalities of the Romanian culture, Lucian Blaga.

LES ÉVENEMENTS D’AVANT ET DANS LE IER DÉCEMBRE 1918 À REGHIN VUS PAR DR. IOAN POPESCU

EVENIMENTELE DE LA REGHIN PREMERGĂTOARE ŞI DIN TIMPUL ZILEI DE 1 DECEMBRIE 1918 VĂZUTE DE DR. IOAN POPESCU

Author(s): Rus Dorin Ioan / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 2/2000

Cet article traite les événements antérieurs au 1er Décembre dans la ville de Reghin, vus par le dr. Ioan Popescu, importante personnalité de cette ville. Dr. Ioan Popescu était avocat et membre fondateur du Conseil National Roumain de Reghin. Plus tard, il est devenu le maire de la ville. Dans ses mémoires, qu’il a écrit avant 1966, on raconte quelque chose de l’arriver de l’armée roumaine et l’esprit des citoyens de la ville entre le 28 novembre et le 2 décembre 1918.

THE ALBA COUNTY SCHOLARS AND THE UNION ACT BETWEEN TRANSYLVANIA AND ROMANIA, 1st DECEMBER 1918

CĂRTURARII JUDEŢULUI ALBA ÎN SLUJBA UNIRII TRANSILVANIEI CU ROMÂNIA

Author(s): Nicolae Josan / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 2/2000

The present paper, one among others concerning the Union between Transylvania and Romania, by the same author, illustrates the Alba county Scholars contribution to one of the most important historical moments of our country. In order to demonstrate this contribution, the author firstly points out the partial results of the “Astra” inquiry in Alba County, during 1921, as well as the proper personal result of an investigation, fulfilled with Ioan Pleşa, the former director of the State Archives from Alba Iulia. Limiting this analysis only to the scholars contribution to the Union act the author mentions that Blaj and Alba Iulia, gave the biggest number of members, from Alba county, who were supposed to organize the celebration of the act from 1st December 1918. The author established a social and professional jobs list in which he included the subjects of this analyse lawyers, clergymen, teachers, journalists, writers and so on. One of the most important achievements of the scholars activity in that time, was the issue of two newspapers “The Union” from Blaj and “Alba Iulia”.

PEDAGOGICAL MAGAZINES PRINTED IN ALBA COUNTY(1925-1945)- THAT CAN BE FOUND IN THE LIBRARY OF THE NATIONAL UNION MUSEUM

REVISTE PEDAGOGICE TIPĂRITE ÎN JUDEŢUL ALBA ( 1925 - 1945) EXISTENTE ÎN BIBLIOTECA MUZEULUI NAŢIONAL AL UNIRII

Author(s): Carmen Divricean / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 2/2000

This study points out the preliminary existence in our library of 2 titles of pedagogical magazines, in numbers of 381 samples-the Amicul Şcoalei magazine, Aiud (1925-1930), in 269 samples and the Şcoala Albei magazine (1933-1945), in 112 samples. There can be found general considerations concerning the didactical themes, which contribute to the enrichment of the information on the national history of education.

ASPECTS CONCERNING THE COMING TO POWER OF THE COMMUNIST RULE IN ROMANIA. THE ROLE OF THE PLOUGHMEN’S FRONT ON THE COUNTY OF MUREŞ (1944-1947)

ASPECTE ALE INSTAURĂRII PUTERII COMUNISTE ÎN ROMÂNIA. ROLUL FRONTULUI PLUGARILOR ÎN JUDEŢUL MUREŞ (1944 – 1947)

Author(s): Costea Simion / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 2/2000

The (local) organization for the county of Mureş of the Ploughmen’s Front, run by Victor Groza (brother of the Prime Minister Petru Groza), led a policy that promoted „burgeois“ reforms and specific ethnic Romanian interests, getting into a tough competition for power with the local organization of the Romanian Comunist Party and of the Popular Hungarian Union (which both promoted the interests of the Hungarian minority). But, while getting ready for the elections, that were to take place in November 1946, the Romanian Communist Party infiltrated the local organization of the Ploughmen’s Front with members of it’s own organization, turning it into an obedient criptocommunist organization.

THE MAKING OF THE SECOND ROMANIAN VOLUNTEERS CORPSS FROM RUSSIA – AUGUST 1918 (II)

CONSTITUIREA CELUI DE-AL DOILEA CORP AL VOLUNTARILOR ROMÂNI DIN RUSIA - AUGUST 1918 (II)

Author(s): Ioan Şerban I. / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 2/2000

The present paper is the continuation of the first part already published in Apulum XXXVI, and shows the making circumstances of the second Romanian Volunteers corps from Russia (The Romanian Legion from Siberia). Formed by Romanians from Transylvania and Bukovina, this military unit had as principal purpose, to keep on fighting against the Central Powers, during World War I, and to accomplish the Union of the National Romanian State. The Second Romanian Volunteers Corps, under the political authority of the National Romanian Committee, created in Celeabinsk in august 1918, worked together with Ceho-Slovakian, Yugoslavian and Polish Volunteers corps, on the Siberian territory until the spring of 1920. Although the purpose of the volunteers recruitment was to abolish the national exploitation in the Austrian-Hungarian Empire, by moving on to the French front, where the war continued until November 1920, they were deeply involved in the Russian Civil War against the Bolshevik army. The departure from Russia was delayed at the price of great human sacrifices and many difficulties.

DES ASPECTES DE LA VIE ET D’ACTIVITÉ DU RÉSIDENT DE LA CONTRÉE DE MUREŞ, LE GENERAL DĂNILĂ PAPP (1867 – 1950)

ASPECTE DIN VIAŢA ŞI ACTIVITATEA REZIDENTULUI ŢINUTULUI MUREŞ, GENERALUL DĂNILĂ PAPP (1867 – 1950)

Author(s): Cristina Rişcuţa / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 2/2000

La loi administrative en vigueur au commencement avec le 13 aût 1938, à conduit a une nouvelle partage de territoire de la Roumanie, imposant la contrée qu’elle a représente, comme l’unité territoriale-administrative, un élément de nouveauté. En conséquence, le pays a été divise en 10 contrées : Bucegi, Olt, Timiş, Mureş, Someş, Suceava, Prut, Nistru, Marea, Dunărea de Jos. Dans l’esprit de cette loi le général Dănilă Papp a été nome le résident de la contrée Mureş qui était l’un des plus vastes territoires du pays à cote de: Bucegi et Dunărea de Jos. L’étude est fonde sur les documentes d’archives qui rends très bien la situation des années d’entre deux guerres et implicitement les instants importantes de la vie et de l’activité du général Dănilă Papp. Dănilă Papp a été membre d’honneur de la pléiade de générals, mais aussi un souteneur acharne de la vie culturelle roumaine. En sa qualité de résident, le général Dănilă Papp a répondu avec promptitude aux sollicitations du roi, mais il a cherché chaque fois a dépasser les limites imposées par les lois carlistes.

THE OLD BOOK AND ITS STRUCTURE. THE RESTAURATION OF THE LEATHER COVERS

CARTEA VECHE ŞI STRUCTURA ACESTEIA. RESTAURAREA COPERŢILOR DIN PIELE

Author(s): Alexandru Ştirban / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 2/2000

The restauration of the leather covers implies Knowing everything about the art of binding the books and about the materials specific features and the processing way. Also, are needed Knowledge about old binding techniques, old styles used in certaines times and geagraphical arias. The description of the book’s structure, the registor of the sewing’s sisthem, the tab’s form, the capital-band, are essential elements which should be Kept in mind at the restoration of the old book ties. For making a correct treatment, identifing the tannins, the way of tanned the leather, the type of the adornment, are very important aspects.

ETHNOGRAPHICAL CONCERNS AT THE MUSEUM FROM ALBA IULIA (BRIEF HISTORICAL REGARD)

PREOCUPĂRI ETNOGRAFICE LA MUZEUL DIN ALBA IULIA (1907-1968)

Author(s): Doina Hopârtean / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 2/2000

The interest for the values of folk culture has started to concern the intelectuals in our country even from the middle of the last century. Like in other cities of Transylvania, in 1886 was founded in Alba Iulia “The Society of history, archaeology and sciences of nature”. According to its stature, approved by the Minister of Internal on 14 th of july 1887, the Society had as purpose the salvation of the archaeological monuments, the historical and ethnographical study of the former district Alba, and the foundation of a museum, who had to include six sections, among which even an ethnographical one. Although the museum`s profile remained in essence historico-archaeological, a concern for an ethnographic section subsisted permanently at Alba Iulia`s museum, still its first years of existence. The study is proposing to make a short review of these concerns having as result the ethnographical collections, which counts today 12.000 pieses. In the same time, the study wants to be a pleading for the foundation in Alba Iulia – the city of The Great Union of all Romanians – of an ethnographical museum, desideratum unfulfiled untill today.

THE ELECTORATE OF TRANSYLVANIA DURING THE FIRST YEARS AFTER THE GREAT UNION

ELECTORATUL DIN TRANSILVANIA ÎN PRIMII ANI DUPĂ MAREA UNIRE

Author(s): Sorin Radu / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 2/2000

In this article the author deals with a difficult problem less studied by Romanian and foreign historians, namely the electorate of Transylvania the first years after the Great Union. The article begins with the analysis of the impact of the political reforms on the electors’ behaviour. It continues with a comparative analysis of the electoral legislation elaborated by the Directing Council in Transylvania and Old Kingdom. The author’s opinion is that what differs the electorate in Transylvania from the one in Old Kingdom is the existence of a strong nucleus of votes belonging to the ethnical minorities (Hungarians, Saxons and Swabians) that created a distinct image on the Romanian political scene. After giving up the so-called “politics of passivity” towards the Romanian state, the political parties of the ethnical minorities usually concluded on electoral alliance with the govern. This politics drove to the transformation of the electors belonging to the ethnical minorities into a so-called “government dowry”.

NATIONALITY AND CONFESSIONALITY IN THE HISTORICAL BANAT AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY

NAŢIONALITATE ŞI CONFESIONALITATE ÎN BANATUL ISTORIC LA ÎNCEPUTUL SECOLULUI AL XX-LEA

Author(s): Ioan Munteanu / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 2/2000

The national and confessional structure of population from Banat at the beginning of the 20th century shows significant historical realities. The convergence of some diversed factors, generated by political, economical and military interests had influenced the demographic evolution in the historic Banat region, determinating a strong mobility at the level of urban and rural communities. It could be seen till the First World War four main national communities, revealing their predominant Romanian character of the province viewing the number of inhabitants and of the occupied geographic space. Figurely and proportionally, the inhabitants with Romanian as a mother tongue were followed in a decreasing order by those with German, Serb and Hungarian as a mother tongue. Among these main national communities there appeared smaller ethnic groups. Confessionally, the Banat space is characterized through the categorical predominance of the Orthodox and Roman-Catholic confessions which had as a whole 91,47% from the population’s religious options. It hasn’t yet realized a whole homogenity between the national and confessional structures of population. From this historical reality it resulted a spirit of national and religious tolerance which would characterize the Banat society.

L’ACTIVITÉ EDUCATIVE ET POLITIQUE DE IOAN MICU MOLDOVAN

ACTIVITATEA EDUCATIVĂ ŞI POLITICĂ A LUI IOAN MICU MOLDOVAN

Author(s): Aneta Sîrbu / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 2/2000

L’article fait référence à la présentation des deux aspects de la personnalité de l’intellectuel de Blaj, Ioan Micu Moldovan, le long de la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle. On présente l’apport, la contribution que le prêtre, le maître, l’editeur, le politicien et cette personne cultivée, instruite a eu dans la lutte d’émancipation, de libération des Roumains de la Transylvanie pendant une période très difficile, celle du régime autrichienhongrois.

NOTES ON CYPRUS IN THE FIRST MODERN ATLAS: “THEATRUM ORBIS TERRARUM” BY ABRAHAMUS ORTELIUS

NOTES SUR CHYPRES DANS LE PREMIER ATLAS MODERNE: “THEATRUM ORBIS TERRARUM” PAR ABRAHAMUS ORTELIUS

Author(s): Ioan Mircea / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2000

La possibilité d’effectuer un voyage en Chypre a déterminée notre essai de connaître, au préalable, ce fascinant pays, de faire de recherches sur les ouvrages qui facilitent cette démarche initiatique. La présence dans l’inestimable trésor de livres de la Bibliothèque Batthyaneum d’Alba Iulia du premier atlas moderne, intitulé Theatrum orbis terrarum, l’oeuvre de fameux géographe et cartographe flamand, Abrahamus Ortelius (1527-1598), imprimée en 1595, dans la renommée imprimerie d’Anvers, fondée par Christophe Plantin (1528-1589), a offert la possibilité d’entreprendre, simultanément, un itinéraire spirituel cypriote et un bref voyage dans le monde du livre et de l’impression.

ACTION DIRECTION IN ROUMANIAN EDUCATION PROCESS DURING ANDREI ŞAGUNA TIME (THE FIRST 10 YEARS PASTORSHIP)

DIRECŢII DE ACŢIUNE ÎN ÎNVĂŢĂMÂNTUL ROMÂNESC ÎN EPOCA ŞAGUNIANĂ (primii 10 ani de păstorire)

Author(s): Ionela Mircea / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 2/2000

In a period of intesified historical tensions. The bishop Andrei Şaguna was one of the fewer to have in permanent attention the education and school problems. It was one of the many few to project in this field a farseeing spirit, even when the practical resolutions the left on the others responsibilities. When it coult not be a “builder”, it certain was a forrunner or at least, the one who was preparing the things tobe coming. When was unable to open a new way, the showed the good direction for this contemporaries.

L’ATMOSPHÈRE QUOTIDIENNE DE TRAVAIL DANS L’ANCIENNE TYPOGRAPHIE DE BLAJ: L’UTILISATION COURANTE DES QUELQUES MATÉRIAUX ET SUBSTANCES, PENDANT LES AN

ATMOSFERA DE LUCRU COTIDIANĂ DIN CADRUL VECHII TIPOGRAFII BLĂJENE: UTILIZAREA CURENTĂ A UNOR MATERIALE ŞI SUBSTANŢE PE PARCURSUL ANILOR 1787-1807

Author(s): Gabriela Mircea / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 2/2000

Par l’aide de cet essai on présente la manière de travail des salariats de l’ancienne imprimerie de Blaj, en relevant les matériaux et les substances utilisées quotidiennement par eux, pendant les années 1787-1807.