The Growth Of The Econimical Cooperation Between The Yugoslavia And The Soviet Union 1971-1980

Uspon ekonomske saradnje između Jugoslavije i SSSR 1971-1980

Author(s): Đoko Tripković / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 1/2014

The economical relations between the Yugoslavia and Soviet Union during the 1970-ties, are the subject of this article. This decade was the period of the dynamical development of the economical cooperation between the two states. The economical relations rised after the exchange of the visits of the two presidents: Brezhnyev’s to Yugoslavia in 1971 and Tito’s to USSR in 1972 and 1973. Stability of the political relations was the pretext for such excellent and widespread economical cooperation, but both sides have the developed interest in strengthening the economical ties and relations. The mutual goods exchange reached high peak, while the important results came out from the industrial cooperation and building. Soviet Union became highest positioned economical partner for Yugoslavia in 1975. Comparing the 1971 and 1980 it was evident that the mutual good exchange, have over ten times growth.

Impact of Latvian-Estonian language contacts on the grammar and word-formation of Estonian dialects

Kuidas läti-eesti keelekontakt on mõjutanud eesti murdekeele grammatikat ja sõnamoodustust

Author(s): Lembit Vaba / Language(s): Estonian / Issue: 56/2010

Keywords: Finnic languages; Estonian; Baltic languages; Latvian; language contacts

Latvian-Estonian and Estonian-Latvian contacts have had and increasingly have a trans-language character; they have occurred and occur through the prevalent intermediary languages. Both Estonian and Latvian have been heavily influenced by three contact languages: German, Russian, and English. For this reason, it is very difficult to establish the mutual morphological, syntactic, and semantic impact between Estonian and Latvian. The article deals with the development of the Estonian-Latvian linguistic boundary, the emergence of Estonian linguistic enclaves in Latvia, and the nature of Latvian-Estonian linguistic contacts.

Settlement names in Kiili municipality

Asustusnimed Kiili vallas

Author(s): Tiina Laansalu / Language(s): Estonian / Issue: 56/2010

Keywords: onomastics; settlement names; estate names; village names; farm names; parallel names

The paper provides a survey of the settlement names used in the municipality of Kiili, Harju county. As a regional study it is intended to become a brick in the foundation for more general studies covering the whole language area. The material for the study comes from the place name archives of the Institute of the Estonian Language. Besides the list of Kiili settlement names the study contains an analysis of the date and origin of the names, as well as their parallel names and structure. The names have been dated using some sources from 1241–1875. The analysis revealed that since the mid-19th century the proportion of anthroponymic names has considerably dropped and that of non-anthroponymic ones has increased while especially many recent farm names derive from the names of natural objects. One might assume that the steep drop in the number of anthro­ponymic farm names is due to liberation from serfdom; removal of peasants from estate property while keeping lands and buildings, created a need for naming the farms that earlier used to be called by the names of their owners, resp. families. Recent farm names often originated in natural names, secondary names, master’s surnames, or, more rarely, first names. Twenty per cent of farms had parallel names, whereas of the settlements only twelve per cent had parallel names. By structure the settlement names studied were classified into simple names and compound names. The simple names included abstracted names, names with a locative or collective suffix, and term names. The compound names were classified by the number of components, as well as by parts of speech. The study also deals with irregular shortening, group transition, folk etymology, adaptation, and a few dialectal features in Kiili settlement names.

Shipwreck-related Estonian dialect words haakrik and laevrik

Laevaõnnetusega seotud eesti murdesõnad (h)aakrik ja laevrik

Author(s): Helmi Neetar / Language(s): Estonian / Issue: 56/2010

Keywords: language contacts; loanwords; Estonian; Finnish dialects

The Estonian dialect words (h)aakrik and laevrik both denote ’jetsam, floating wreckage of a ship’. The former is used in western Saaremaa while the latter is known mostly in the western part of the coastal dialect area. Geographically their distribution areas are contiguous with the respective Finnish compounds haaksirikko (used mainly in western Finnish dialects and standard Finnish) and laivarikko (used in the islands of the Gulf of Finland and in some subdialects of Kymenlaakso and the southern group of the south-eastern dialect). The core sense of both Finnish words is ’shipwreck’. As Finnish loanwords they have been adapted to Estonian by undergoing syncope and apocope. In addition, changes have affected the consonant clusters: ksr > kr, vr ~ r (laevrik ~ laerik), as well as the meaning of the words (event > consequence).

Estonian names for ’doll’

Eesti nukunimetused

Author(s): Vilja Oja / Language(s): Estonian / Issue: 56/2010

Keywords: Estonian dialects; etymology; geographic distribution; nukk; pupe; titt

The most frequent and often the only term for ’doll’ in Pärnumaa, South-Estonian dialects, and a few nearby locations north of this area is pupe (Võru pupp). Titt is used in the northern and eastern parts of the North-Estonian dialect area and in the coastal dialect. Nukk (or nuku) is the prevalent name in eastern Saaremaa and the northern area of the Tartu dialect. Outside the core areas pupe and nukk (nuku) may occur in parallel with some other term. In the Hargla and Leivu subdialects the word is lell. In Estonian the loanwords pupe (German) and lell (Latvian) denote ’doll’ only (or mostly). Both words, in a similar sense, are also well known in Indo-European languages. In many European languages the words for ’doll’ or their ancestors (e.g. Latin *pūpa, *puppa) partially refer to similar semantic groups: ’nipple, teat, woman’s breast’, ’bulge, knoll, etc.’ and ’bundle, wisp (of straw, hair, flax, cloth, etc.)’. The Estonian nouns titt and nukk stand for several different concepts. Both words have phonetic counterparts in Germanic languages. The Estonian titt need not have been borrowed from the Russian word for ’child’ – instead its ancestor could well have be the Low German titte meaning ’teat, nipple’. As nukk means ’doll’ only in Estonian, Finnish, and a few Ingrian, Karelian, and Sami dialects the meaning may have originated in the Finnic area. Supposing the word is a phonetic loan it could be associated with the Low German nok(ke) ’bulge, knoll, etc.’, the German diminutive of which refers to ’nipple’. However, nukk could also be a Swedish loanword.

Similarities and differences between presidential speeches: critical text analysis

Presidendikõnede sarnasused ja erinevused: kriitiline tekstianalüüs

Author(s): Maria Tuulik / Language(s): Estonian / Issue: 56/2010

Keywords: text linguistics; stylistics; functional grammar; politeness strategies; deixis

The aim of the article is to explore the impact of the New-Year speeches by two presidents and their methods of communicating with the audience from the viewpoint of text analysis. The article analyses speeches by Lennart Meri from 1992 to 1996 and Arnold Rüütel from 2001 to 2005. The representation of actors and processes was analysed as the ideational function, and communication between the presidents and the audience was studied as the interpersonal function.

Estonian pronunciation of unadapted foreign words and expressions (linguistic foreignisms) and its presentation in dictionaries

Tsitaatsõna hääldusest eesti keeles ja selle esitusest sõnastikes

Author(s): Tiina Paet / Language(s): Estonian / Issue: 56/2010

Keywords: lexicography; lexicology; adapted pronunciation; foreign word; lexicon of foreign words

The study was motivated by some problems encountered in the process of editing the 8th edition of the Estonian dictionary of foreign words (Võõrsõnade leksikon). Formerly, both this dictionary and various monolingual Estonian dictionaries presented their pronunciation inconsistently. The present study aims to find out whether and to what extent the users follow the pronunciation presented in dictionaries, in particular, how close is the pronunciation of university-educated native speakers of Estonian to the original pronunciation of the foreignism in the source language? The analytical part is based on 63 entries (52 of which are unadapted foreign words and expressions) drawn from the 7th edition of the Estonian dictionary of foreign words (VL 2006), the explanatory dictionary of standard Estonian (EKSS), the dictionary of standard Estonian ÕS 2006 (ÕS 2006), and the manuscript of the 8th edition of the Estonian dictionary of foreign words (VL). The pronunciation test contained 12 foreignisms of Latin, 18 of English, and 13 of French origin.

Gustav Vilbaste as a collector, researcher, and publisher of ethnobiological data

Gustav Vilbaste kui etnobotaanilise ainese koguja, uurija ja publitseerija

Author(s): Raivo Kalle,Renata Sõukand / Language(s): Estonian / Issue: 56/2010

Keywords: Estonian language; dialect collection; ethnobotany; plant names

Gustav Vilbaste as a collector, researcher, and publisher of ethnobiological data Gustav Vilbaste (1885–1967, until 1935 Vilberg), the first Estonian ethnobiologist and nature conservationist, made a remarkable contribution to the development of Estonian botanical language. However, until now little attention has been paid to his work related to the establishment of ethnobotany as a science in Estonia. He lived at a time when Estonian scientific plant names were established on the basis of vernacular names, and many traditional names were still used by people. He helped the committee on plant names by collecting vernacular names and continued this work even later. In fact, he was the only Estonian expert in this area in Estonia; judging by the value of his collections, it was an outstanding achievement also from a global perspective. Before his study of natural sciences at the University of Tartu he intensively collected general folklore, mostly folk songs, with some emphasis on ethnobotanical data. Starting from the 1920s, he collected ethnobotanical data with the help of a network of correspondents all over Estonia, including schoolchildren. After his retirement in the 1950s he resumed collecting general folklore, but also conducted several expeditions outside Estonia in order to collect data on plant names and the use of plants among the kindred peoples. His manuscript collection on vernacular plant names and the use of plants amounts to over 8,000 pages. It reflects almost 40 years of work by almost 1,500 correspondents, and it contains more data on folk plant names and the use of plants than any other folklore collection at the Estonia Folklore Archives.

Strengthening gradation and restructuring of paradigms: analyses of inflectional relations in Finnish and Estonian

Käänteinen astevaihtelu ja paradigmojen restrukturoituminen – suomen ja viron taivutussuhteiden tarkastelua

Author(s): Hannu Remes / Language(s): Finnish / Issue: 56/2010

Keywords: morphology; gradation; paradigm types; Finnish; Estonian

Consonant gradation occupies a pivotal role in the inflectional systems of Finnish and Estonian. The present article takes a Finnish perspective into those conditions and constraints of usage of strengthening gradation that exhibit significant differences between the two languages. It is especially the nominal and verb paradigms of Estonian that have undergone extensive restructuring. This state of affairs is due to the fact that, in Estonian, a lexeme cannot be subject to strengthening gradation, if its initial syllable is short, i.e., when its phonological quantity represents the so-called first degree. Due to this constraint this paradigm type has changed: qualitative alternation can have developed into quantitative (e.g. rukis : rukki, tõke : tõkke, cf. Fi. ruis : rukiin, toe : tokeen) or strengthening gradation has been replaced with weakening gradation (kude : koe, kaduta : kaon, cf. Fi. kude : kuteen, kadota : katoan). However, it has been more usual for strengthening gradation to become generalized and for the word to move into a simpler paradigm (side : side, lubada : luban). In the nominal paradigms, however, in order to avoid case syncretism, the end-result has been the emergence of relations that show clearer distinctions between the grammatical forms (kube : kubeme, säde : sädeme). The restructuring of the Estonian paradigms has also resulted in an inflectional type with no Finnish parallel (tõde : tõe) and in gradational types that do not exist in Finnish (osata : oskan, salata : salkan, cf. Fi. osata : osaan, salata : salaan). Because of the changes the mapping relations between the two languages have developed into a configuration in which a single inflectional type in Finnish may correspond to two or more Estonian types.

Italy and the Failure of the European Defence Community, 1950-1954

Italia şi eşecul Comunităţii Europene de Apărare, 1950-1954

Author(s): Mihaela Mustăţea / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1-2/2014

Keywords: The European Defence Community; Italy; rearmament of Germany; the Pleven Plan; Trieste.

The European Defence Community (E.D.C.) was a French initiative in the first years of the 1950s. Based on the plan of the French Prime Minister, René Pleven, the Pleven Plan proposed the creation of a European army, with the involvement of German units, to be placed under a single military and political European authority. This proposal sparked a little enthusiasm in Italy, and even more it was regarded as a French strategy to delay the German militarization. Italy’s role in the negotiations was minor. The failure to ratify the new European Community by the French Parliament in 1954 left this project of defence integration stillborn, but paved the way for another solution for the rearmament of Germany: the creation of Western European Union (WEU), as a subgroup of NATO, including Germany and Italy. Also, after the failure of EDC it began a diplomatic process which led to the settling of Trieste issue.

National Conference of the Romanian Communist Party, 17-21 October 1945

Conferinţa Naţională a P.C.R.,17-21 octombrie 1945

Author(s): Alexandru-Murad Mironov / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1-2/2014

Keywords: Romanian Communist Party; communization of Romania; Party congress; Central Committee; Soviet Army.

Between 17 and 21 October 1945, in Bucharest took place the conference of Romanian Communist Party. It was the first non-underground conference of the RCP, since 1924 when the Communist Party has been outlawed by the Government. In the fall of 1945, heavily dependent on Soviet Army support, the Party ran the Government and prepared itself for assuming full control of the State. The National Conference established a new Central Committee, adopted a new internal regulation and express its views on issues as: land confiscation, nationalization of industry, participation in the next elections etc.

The case of Ana Pauker. An 1954 account

Cazul Ana Pauker. O evaluare din 1954

Author(s): Dan Cătănuş / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1-2/2014

Keywords: Romanian Worker’s Party; Ana Pauker; „right deviation”; political trial; Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej; Vyaceslav Molotov.

Member of the group accused in 1952 of „right deviation” (together with Vasile Luca and Teohari Georgescu), Ana Pauker was treated differently from his fellows after Stalin’s death. She bennefited from the interest of her behalf by the soviet leadership, especially by Vyaceslav Molotov. This article presents the minutes of the Romanian Worker’s Party Political Bureau’s meeting on 11 May 1954. The talks show the willingness of the RWP leadership to grant Ana Pauker a special treatment: even though she was expelled from the party, it was decided not to prosecute her.

Mass Political Agitation

Agitaţie politică de masă

Author(s): Alexandra Toader / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1-2/2014

Keywords: political agitation; propaganda; agitators; Sector of Propaganda and Agitation; communist regime.

The main purpose of this study is to highlight the particularities of political agitation during the Romanian communist regime. More specifically, it analyzes the manner in which the propagandistic discourse defined the term, and the forms in which it has been applied from top to bottom. In other words, the article underlines the content and purpose of the political agitation and points out the propagandistic veil build around the importance of this mobilizing action.

A new Romanian-Soviet high level clash. The minutes of talks in Moscow,19 May 1970, I

O nouă confruntare la vârf româno-sovietica Stenograma convorbirilor de la Moscova din 19 mai 1970, I

Author(s): Vasile Buga / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1-2/2014

Keywords: Romanian-Soviet relations; Nicolae Ceausescu; Leonid Brejnev; Warsaw Treaty; COMECON; international communist movement;

The article presents the minutes of Romanian-Soviet Talks in Moscow, in May 1970. The meeting was organized at Romanian initiative and aimed at discussing sensitive issues in economic bilateral cooperation, and divergences between the two parts in foreign relations and with the international communist movement. The Soviet part used the opportunity to rise past Romanian political stands such as the establishing of diplomatic relations with the Federal Republic of Germany, in 1967, Romanian apart stand in the Middle East crisis in 1967, the Czechoslovakian crisis in August 1968, the Sino-Soviet conflict, the visit of president Richard Nixon in Bucharest, in August 1989, and the Romanian opening to the West. The two parts came to an agreement and they decided on the signing of a new Treaty of friendship, collaboration and mutual assistance in July 1970.

Rehabilitating USSR and Stalin at all costs?

Reabilitarea lui Stalin şi a U.R.S.S. cu orice preţ?

Author(s): Alexandru Budişteanu / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1-2/2014

Keywords: Stalin; Soviet Union; Bessarabia; World War II; Soviet-Romanian Relations;

This is a polemical article written in response to the article published by Mr. V. L. Musatov – a historian and former Russian Ambassador – with the title:“Stalin’s role and the falsification of the history of the Great War for the Fatherland Defence”. Mr. Musatov means to deal with extremely important issues that are still essential for the proper understanding and evaluation of the European and world history. The importance of Stalin’s concepts and actions evidently cannot be ignored. Their predominantly negative appraisal is generally accepted considering him and Hitler the major negative political factors of the XX-th century. A general analysis of Stalin’s personality and implicitly of the USSR – the State he organized and ruled – still continues.

Romania’s relations with Imperial Iran, 1965-1968

Relaţiile României cu Iranul Imperial, 1965-1968, III

Author(s): Ovidiu Bozgan / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1-2/2014

Keywords: cooperation; industrialization; Iran; Mohammad Reza Pahlavi Aryamehr; oil; Romania; USA; USSR.

Iran became in the years 1965-1978 one of Romania’s most important economic partners, and their politico-diplomatic relationships have been remarkably intense. In order to explain, in an argumentative manner, the Romanian-Iranian politics, this study aims to present these countries’ bilateral relations in a wider context, taking into account both Iran’s domestic and foreign policy.

History as Ballast, XLI: Ştefan Neniţescu

Istoria ca un balast.XLI: Ştefan Neniţescu

Author(s): Radu Ciuceanu / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1-2/2014

Keywords: communism, Romania, repression, Ştefan Neniţescu, Văcăreşti.

This is a fragment from Radu Ciuceanu’s Memories, volume V, forthcoming at N.I.S.T. Ştefan Neniţescu was a Romanian briliant poet, art critic, diplomat, and an economist during interwar. In 1949, he was arrested by the Communists and sentenced to forced life labor. Young Radu Ciuceanu met him in 1956, at Văcăreşti hospital penitentiary (in Bucharest). The author was highly influenced by the worldwide culture of Ştefan Neniţescu.

Comunists from Romania in the Archive of the Comintern: Boris Ștefanov’s Case

Comunişti din România în arhiva Cominternului:Boris Ştefanov

Author(s): Cristina Diac / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1-2/2014

Keywords: Boris Ștefanov; “red autobiographies”; Comintern; Communist Party of Romania; Bulgaria, communism.

This paper aims to bring into the light Boris Ștefanov’s biography. Born in 1883, at Kotel Bulgaria, Ștefanov was the fifth Communist Party of Romania’s Secretary, leading the Party from 1934 to 1940. His political engagement had started in “Narrow Socialists” Party when the Cadrilater, the native Ștefanov’s land, was ceded to Romania, in 1913. After that, he joined the Romanian Socialist Party, on whose list he was elected in 1920 as a member of the Romanian Parliament. In the early 20thies, he lived and worked in Romania, but in Bulgaria, Austria and Soviet Union also. Arrested in 1926, he was sentenced to eight years in prison. He left Romania in 1933 and had never came back. Some parts of Ștefanov’s biography can be known from Romanian archives, especially those related to his carrier in the Communist Party of Romania. His Bulgarian background, and also his political carrier as a functionary in the apparatus of Comintern are hard to be known just appealing to Romanian sources. This paper had two parts. The first one creates a short portrait of Boris Ștefanov, based on both archival and secondary sources. The second one is an autobiography written by Ștefanov in 1936, when he was in Prague, holding the highest dignity among Romanian communists. The document published above is important in the information that provide. It is also an evaluation of a professional revolutionary’s life, as it was seen by himself.

The Extraordinary Life of An Ordinary Man. Árpád Mózes Szabó, 1927-1987, I

Viaţa ieşită din comun a unui om simplu: Árpád Mózes Szabó, 1927-1987, I

Author(s): Csongor Jánosi / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1-2/2014

Keywords: microhistory; communist regime; secret police agencies; life of informant; emigration

This paper sets out to offer insight into the tragic destiny of a man who was always in search of a life with better perspectives, dissatisfied with what fate had in store for him, refusing the conventional ways and means to accommodate to the society of the time. The false interpretation of the possibilities of gaining recognition, the illegal ways chosen to reach his goals, left their mark on the subsequent life of the young man who at the age of 30 was awaiting the execution of death sentence and already had multiple experiences related to the prisons of the regimes behind the Iron Curtain. These antecedents, corroborated with the obvious repulsion toward the Communist regime have diminished his possibilities of existence, leaving him no other choice after his imprisonment than to struggle for survival within the system network. The almost two decades of cooperation with the Romanian secret police – although it brought him employment, place of residence, a more decent family life, travels abroad, personal success –, eventually became unbearable and he finally chose to emigrate. In the interpretation of events we have leaned mainly on the personal informative files, network files and investigation files kept at the Historical Archives of the Hungarian State Security and at the National Council for Research of Securitate Archives, on information obtained with the help of the oral history method, and last, but not least, on the documents kept by family members.

Book reviews

Recenzii

Author(s): Octavian Roske,Alexandru-Murad Mironov / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1-2/2014

Keywords: book reviews

book reviews