Series:Fondacija Centar za javno pravo - Projekti

Public Administration Reform and harmonization of regulations of the Law on General Administrative Procedure and other regulations in administrative procedures

Reforma javne uprave i harmonizacija odredbi Zakona o opštem upravnom postupku i drugih propisa u upravnom postupanju

Author(s): Boro Bovan / Language(s): Serbian

Keywords: Public law; constitution; Constitutional court; public administration; reform; regulations; harmonization; Law on General Administrative Procedure; administrative procedures; RS; ZUP;

U posljednjih nekoliko godina u Bosni i Hercegovini i njenim entitetima donesen je određen broj strategija koje bi trebale doprinijeti oblikovanju razvojnih smjernica i aktivnosti na izgradnji javne uprave prema načelima i standardima Evopskog upravnog prostora. Iz Strategije razvoja javne uprave u BiH vidljivo je da se teži dostizanju onog nivoa javne uprave kako bi se ista mogla uključiti u savremeni evropski prostor. U ovom smislu, u strategiji su naglašeni temeljni principi koji se odnose na: pravnu sigurnost i predvidljivost, otvorenost i transparentnost, odgovornost, te efikasnost i djelotvornost. Ove reforme su donesene sa zadatkom da uvedu promjene koje će obezbijediti da se poboljša koncet i uloga javne uprave na svim nivoima vlasti u BiH. Tako je, prema novom talasu reforme javne uprave, u Izmjenama i dopunama Zakona o lokalnoj samoupravi Republike Srpske ugrađen institut menadžera koji koordinira rad na pripremi i realizaciji razvojnih programa i projekata kojim se podstiče ekonomski razvoj, obezbjeđuje zaštita životne sredine, održivi razvoj, podstiču preduzetničke inicijative, javno-privatno partnerstvo, i inicira izmjene propisa radi ostvarivanja postojećeg ambijenta za razvoj jedinica lokalne samouprave. Sve ovo ukazuje da javnu upravu treba reformisati na način da ona bude na usluzi građana i da pronalazi dobra rješenja, te da vodi računa o opštem dobru, jer samo država može provesti opšte dobro. Dosadašnji rezultati i provedene studije pokazuju spor napredak u sprovođenju reformi javne uprave u BiH. Poseban naglasak u ovom radu dao sam na na jedan od šest reformskih pravaca iz ove strategije, a odnosi se na poboljšanje kvaliteta upravnog odlučivanja. U radu sam ukazao i na određene nedostatke koji su se pokazali kod primjene u praksi pojedinih odredbi ZUP-a kao opšteg procesnog zakona pri odlučivanju u pojedinačnim upravnim stvarima, te na određene nedostatke koji ukazuju na nedovoljnu harmonizaciju pojedinih odredbi nekih posebnih propisa koja su pravila upravnog postupanja i odlučivanja propisala na drugačiji način. U smislu otklanjanja navedenih nedostataka i nepravilnosti koje se odnose se na oblasti primjene propisa koji uređuju procesna pravila kao i postupanja organa i službenih lica pri rješavanju pojedinačnih upravnih stvari, predlažem: 1. Uskladiti odredbe čl. 1 ZUP-a i čl. 1 ZUS-a na svim nivoima u BiH sa odredbama Zakona o upravi, Zakona o republičkoj upravi, Zakona o lokalnoj samoupravi i Zakonom o principima lokalne samouprave Federacije BiH, i drugim propisima na način da određeni termini imaju ista značenja, kao što su termini: organi državne uprave, organi i organizacije koje vrše javna ovlaštenja, javne institucije, javna tijela, povjeravanje i prenošenje javnih ovlaštenja, i sl. 2. Uskladiti značenje termina Službeno lice iz čl. 6 Izmjena i dopuna Zakona o opštem upravnom postupku Republike Srpske u vezi sa čl. 31a i 31b ovog zakona, sa terminom službenika iz čl. 2 Zakona o državnim službenicima, i čl. 37 Zakona o izmjenama i dopunama Zakona o lokalnoj samoupravi, a u vezi sa čl. 111 Zakona o lokalnoj samoupravi, a sve u smislu ispunjavanja uslova pod kojima se ovoj kategoriji zaposlenih mogu dati ovlaštenja za vođenje upravnog postupka i za donošenje rješenja u pojedinačnim upravnim predmetima. 3. Uskladiti odredbe Glave IV Poglavlja 4 koje propisuju rokove za razgledanje spisa i obavještavanje o toku postupka, sa odredbama glave V ZUP-a, koje regulišu oblast računanja rokova u upravnom postupku. 4. Odredbe ZUP-a Republike Srpske koje propisuju rokove za rješavanje pojedinačnih upravnih stvari u prvostepenom i drugostepenom upravnom postupku uskladiti sa odredbama Zakona o upravnim sporovima, koje propisuju rokove kod podnošenja tužbe zbog ćutanja administracije. 5. Izmijeniti odredbe ZUS-a BiH i ZUS-a Federacije BiH, kojima je propisan rok za donošenje rješenja po presudi nadležnog suda u upravnom sporu, kada organ donosi rješenje u ponovnom postupku, u skladu sa pravnim shvatanjem suda i primjedbama u pogledu postupka, sa 15 na 30 dana. 6. U glavi XIV, poglavlju koje govori o pravu na žalbu, propisati „Pravo stranke da se u toku trajanja roka za žalbu može odreći prava na žalbu“, kako bi ista mogla što prije ostvariti pravo na klauzulu pravosnažnosti. 7. U glavi XVII ZUP-a BiH i Federacije BiH, koja govori o Izvršenju rješenja i zaključaka u upravnom postupku, potrebno je brisati odredbu kojom je propisano „da se nakon pet godina od dana kada je rješenje postalo izvršno, ne može tražiti njegovo izvršenje“. 8. Usaglasiti odredbu čl. 43 st. 2 Zakona o inspekcijama Republike Srpske koja uređuje položaj i ulogu drugih lica u upravnom postupku sa odredbama ZUP-a koja propisuju svojstvo stranke u upravnom postupku i njenih prava utvrđenih u načelu zaštite prava stranaka i zaštite javnog interesa. 9. Neophodno je odredbe glave XVII ZUP-a, koje govore o izvršenju u upravnom postupku, dopuniti odredbom koja se odnosi na provođenje prinudnih administrativnih izvršenja, u smislu propisivanja obaveze organima koji su nadležni za donošenja zaključaka o dozvoli izvršenja i provođenje prinudnih administrativnih izvršenja pojedinačnih rješenja u upravnom postupku, „da provedu postupak izbora izvršioca, ukoliko izvršenik u ostavljenom roku iz zaključka o dozvoli izvršenja ne izvrši naloženu radnju izvršenja“. 10. Usaglasiti odredbe čl. 66 i 70 st. 3 Zakona o inspekcijama u Republici Srpskoj kojima je propisano da „Nakon što inspektor utvrdi da izvršenik nije izvršio mjere izrečene u rješenju ili ih je izvršio samo djelimično, obavještava izvršenika da je rješenje postalo izvršno i navodi način prinudnog izvršenja rješenja, u zavisnosti od prirode izvršenikove obaveze“, sa odredbama glave XIII i XVII ZUP-a Republike Srpske. 11. Odredbe ZUP-a Republike Srpske potrebno je dopuniti odredbama posebnog poglavlja koje propisuje obaveze organa i službenih lica koje se odnose na mjere za sprovođenje ovog opšteg procesnog zakona, kao i odredbe o nadzoru, i kaznene odredbe kojima se propisuju sankcije za nepridržavanje odredbi ovog zakona. Svi prijedlozi koji su dati u ovom radu izneseni su sa namjerom kako bi se došlo do što ujednačenijih propisa koji se odnose na javnu upravu, kao i poboljšanje kvaliteta upravnog odlučivanja.

Public Administration Reform in Bosnia and Herzegovina - goals and achievements

Reforma javne uprave u Bosni i Hercegovini - ciljevi i ostvarenja

Author(s): Enver Išerić / Language(s): Bosnian

Keywords: Public law; public administration; reform; BiH; goals; achievements; legal framework; constitution; EU accession;

Govoriti o reformi javne uprave u Bosni i Hercegovini zahtijeva i kratak osvrt na sam pojam „javna uprava“ iz sljedećih razloga: Prvo, osnovni, odnosno polazni dokument koji se odnosi na ovo pitanje, a koji je Bosna i Hercegovina prihvatila, bio je dokument pod nazivom „Reforma javne uprave - Naš program“ . Program je donešen na zasjedanju Vijeća za implementaciju – 28. marta 2003. godine. Ovim je Bosna i Hercegovina preuzela obavezu provođenja reforme, što je jedan od uslova za njeno priključenje Evropskoj uniji. Nakon toga Parlamentarna skupština Bosne i Hercegovine usvojila je Zakon o državnoj službi u institucijama BiH, Narodna skupština Republike Srpske usvojila je Zakon o administrativnoj službi u upravi Republike Srpske 2002. godine, Parlament Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine usvojio je Zakon o državnoj službi u FBIH 26. juna 2003. godine, a Skupština Brčko distrikta usvojila je Zakon o državnoj službi u organima uprave Brčko distrikta BiH...

Legal status of civil servants in BiH de lege lata and de lege ferenda

Pravni položaj javnih službenika u BiH de lege lata i de lege ferenda

Author(s): Sead Maslo / Language(s): Bosnian

Keywords: Public law; constitution; public administration; civil servants; status; BiH; normative framework; legislation; recommendations;

In this paper the author analyses the legal position of public administration employees, with special regards to civil service in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Public administrative structures are (de lege lata) legally and in the practice devided and fragmented on different administrative levels into the state structures. Those so called subsystems are incompatible and disconnected, because of the fact that they are not based on similar principles. The aim of this resarch is to address the main problems and gaps in current public administrative reform in Bosnia and Herzegovina and propose strategic and instrumental solutions which may guarantee common principles and standards for the public administration and civil service system in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Those common principles and standards should provide in the future (de lege ferenda) a starting point for new compatible legal solutions for public administration employees including all administrative levels of the state structure and local level in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In addition, the author emphasises importance of new legislation that should have the task to regulate specific points in the field of Human Resources Management (HRM), defined as priorities in the Revised Action Plan 1 for implementation of the Strategy of Public Administaration Reform in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Conclusions of the HJPC Symposium

Zaključci simpozija o VSTV

Author(s): Edin Šarčević / Language(s): Bosnian

Keywords: conference report;symposium; VSTV; HJPC; BiH; Croatia; Serbia; Montenegro; conclusions; prosecutors; judges; council; selection; ethnicity; legislation; constitution; judiciary; judicial power;

Na simpoziju o Visokom sudskom i tužilačkom vijeću u pravnom sistemu BiH (srijeda 28. 05. 2014) u pisustvu 59 učesnika iz zemlje i regije (Srbija, Crna Gora i Hrvatska) raspravljen je niz pitanja vezanih za reviziju zakona o VSTV BiH. Uvide u regionalna rješenja omogućili su referati o hrvatskom (Jakovina), srbijanskom (Škuljić), austrijskom (Karahodžić) i njemačkom (Kuči) modelu. U trosatnoj diskusiji učesnici su se upoznali sa prednostima i nedostacima pojedinih modela za izbor sudija i tužilaca u ovim zemljama. Učesnici su pokazali poseban interes za rješenja u Hrvatskoj. Drugi dio simpozija je bio posvećen nacionalnom rješenju BiH. Dvadeset i dvoje sudija, dvoje predstavnika ministarstva BiH (Ministarstva pravde i Ministarstva finansija i trezora), pet učesnika iz akademskih tijela (pravnih fakulteta u Beogradu, Sarajevu i Leipzigu), po jedan advokat i predstavnik Javne ustanove za edukaciju sudija i tužilaca u F BiH (CEST F BiH) zajedno sa članovima FCJP razmotrili su funkciju sadašnjeg VSTV-a, njegovu organizaciju, pozitivne i negativne uplive na nezavisnost pravosudne vlasti u BiH. Trosatna rasprava o nacionalnom modelu može se rezimirati sljedećim stavovima…

The role of the State Prosecutor in the Serbian legal system

Uloga Državnog veća tužilaca u pravnom sistemu Srbije

Author(s): Milan Škulić / Language(s): Serbian

Keywords: Public law; constitution; State Prosecutor's Council; Republic of Serbia; public prosecutor; ZKP; bias;

Položaj i uloga Državnog veća tužilaca u pravnom sistemu Republike Srbije se ne mogu analizirati samo u striktno pravno-organizacionom smislu, a bez obraćanja pažnje i na bitno promenjenu ulogu javnog tužilaštva u krivičnoprocesnom sistemu Srbije. Sada kada je javni tužilac dobio istražnu nadležnost i to još uz omogućavanje da se manje-više svi dokazi koje je on prikupio u sopstvenoj istrazi, mogu relativno lako (skoro isto kao što je ranije bilo moguće sa dokazima poteklim iz sudske istrage), koristiti na glavnom pretresu, kao izuzetak u odnosu na načelo neposrednosti, neophodno je da se pravni, kako u zakonskom, tako i u ustavnom smislu, položaj nosilaca javnotužilačke funkcije, tj. javnih tužilaca i zamenika javnih tužilaca, maksimalno približi položaj koji imaju sudije u pravnom sistemu. Iako načelno javni tužilac ne može biti poistovećen sa sudijom, jer procesne uloge javnog tužioca i sudije se bitno razlikuju i javni tužilac mora da poseduje praktično istovetni nivo nezavisnosti, a manje je važno da li će on i formalno, tj. u smislu ustavnih i zakonskih propisa biti nezavistan ili „samo“ samostalan, što bi se praktično, moralo svesti na funkcionalnu nezavisnost. Garant takve nezavisnosti bi moralo da bude Državno veće tužilaca, ali da bi se to realno moglo ostvariti, potrebno je da preduzmu suštinske i opsežne promene u odnosu na položaj i ulogu tog organa u pravnom sistemu. Dosadašnje iskustvo pokazuje da strogo hijerarhijski organizovano javno tužilaštvo, na čijem je čelu Republički javni tužilac, koji je istovremeno po funkciji i predsednik Državnog veća tužilaca, u stvari, donekle samo „simulira“ slobodno odlučivanje izbornih članova Državnog veća tužilaca iz redova nosilaca javnotužilačke funkcije. Naime, lako se može utvrditi da su u više od 99,99 % slučajeva, ti članovi Državnog veća tužilaca uvek glasali isto kao i njihov „šef“ – Republički javni tužilac, koji je istovremeno i predsednik Državnog veća tužilaca. Ovo, kao i problemi uočeni tokom tzv. opšteg izbora ili „reizbora“ svih nosilaca javnotužilačke funkcije, tokom 2009. godine ali i nakon toga, kada se rešavalo o prigovorima na neizbor, su uticali na to da sami javni tužioci i zamenici javnih tužilaca ispoljavaju visok stepen nepoverenja u Državno veće tužilaca, od kojeg bi se formalno, što je paradoksalno, trebalo očekivati da bude garant njihove samostalnosti, odnosno funkcionalne nezavisnosti. Svaka nova reforma, nastavak reforme ili „reforma reforme“ srpskog pravosuđa uopšte, kao i kada je u pitanju reformisanje javnotužilačke organizacije, što podrazumeva i ozbiljnu reformu Državnog veća tužilaca, mora da kao svoj osnovni ratio ima vraćanje poverenja u to pravosudno telo.

Revision of the HJPC Law

Revizija Zakona o VSTV- u

Author(s): Sana Čengić / Language(s): Bosnian

Keywords: Public law; constitution; VSTV; HJPC; High Judicial and Prosecutorial Council; HJPC law; BiH; composition of the council; organisation; jurisdiction; judges; prosecutors; appointment;

This article provides comparative preview of the proposals made by Ministry of Justice of BiH (MoJ) and High Judicial and Prosecutorial Council of BiH (HJPC/Council), on new or amended legislation regulating the work of the HJPC. Relevant international documents and regional practice are taken into consideration together with recent Venice Commission Opinion on Draft Law on HJPC. Due attention has been given to the proposed composition of the Council and election of its members as issues of the decisive importance for the role of the HJPC and its capacity to act as judicial independence safeguard. MoJ’s proposal, empowering the Parliamentary Assembly of BiH to elect Council’s members, radically changes current system, undermines the autonomous position of the HJPC and derogates the practical value all other segments of the Law and functioning of the Council. The appointment of the chief prosecutors and their deputies and the reduction of the HJPCs competencies in this regard are also identified as a risk carrying proposals that would lead to the politicization of the appointment process, offering no effective answer for the issues such proposals are trying to respond. Concluding remarks of the preview are focused on the need to ensure that revision of the Law on the HJPC is in line with the standards accepted in judicial reform so far and directed to the improvement of such standards and their consistent implementation.

High Judicial and Prosecutorial Council of BiH - de lege lata and de lege ferenda

Visoko sudsko i tužilačko vijeće BiH - de lege lata i de lege ferenda

Author(s): Ranka Račić / Language(s): Serbian

Keywords: Public law; constitution; Constitutional court; VSTV; HJPC; High Judicial and Prosecutorial Council; BiH; composition; legal framework; judges; prosecutors; appointment;

In the last ten years the High Judicial and Prosecutorial Council of Bosnia and Herzegovina (HJPC BH) has been trying to solve the basic task – to ensure independent, impartial and professional judiciary. It is a process which does not allow rash actions. However, in spite of the best willingness and results that cannot and must not be underestimated, the HJPC BH has failed to impose itself as an independent authority on the way of building a system where it would shape independent judiciary, in its full capacity and in a responsible way. There are several reasons for that. They can be classified into two groups, as regards the work of the HJPC BH. The reasons are those of objective nature and those of subjective character. The reasons of objective nature are related to the very errors that exist in the Law. There are systemic errors in the Law on HJPC BH. The election of the members of the HJPC BH is insufficiently transparent and does not guarantee that in the HJPC BH there will be those members that are the best representatives of the authority they come from. They should be featured by knowledge, high ethical credibility, reputation and ability to achieve the set objectives. Also, this body consists of not only judges but also prosecutors who are parties to the proceedings, and thus there are justified reasons for objectivity in work. If we add to this that the HJPC BH composition also includes lawyers – as representatives of parties, and previous experience with the election of the members of the HJPC BH by the Parliamentary Assembly of BH and the Council of Ministers, that by rule elected were the members that were close to the ruling parties, then it is more than evident that the credibility and reputation of the HJPC are seriously and reasonably questioned. The second reason, which is outside the HJPC BH is non-existence of consensus of the representatives of the executive power regarding the way how to enforce reform processes. If in this endeavour there are centrifugal and centripetal forces, the failure is guaranteed. As regards the coming and announced amendments the representatives of the judicial community, executive power and academic community should work together to amend the Law on HJPC BH, so the HJPC BH would enable each citizen of Bosnia and Herzegovina to be entitled to an independent, dignified, objective and professional judge, and the judiciary to gain reputation, authority and dignity, where a judge will see his independence as a duty to provide the requested legal protection to each citizen.

Selection of judges and prosecutors in Austria

Izbor sudija i tužilaca u Austriji

Author(s): Mirha Karahodžić / Language(s): Bosnian

Keywords: Public law; judiciary; judges; prosecutors; Austria; selection; appointment; criterion; preconditions; education; court practices; Gerichtsjahr;

U Austriji trenutno radi oko 1700 redovnih sudija. Oni se biraju na osnovu Ustava Republike Austrije i Saveznog zakona o sudijama, tužiocima i sudskim pripravnicima. Put do imenovanja sudije i tužioca uključuje tri faze, koje uspješan kandidat mora proći: završetak sudske prakse, sudska pripravnička služba i faza imenovanja.

Draft Law on the High Judicial and Prosecutorial Council of BiH

Nacrt Zakona o Visokom sudskom i tužilačkom vijeću BiH

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bosnian

Keywords: Drawt law; High Judicial and Prosecutorial Council; BiH;

Proposal of the High Judicial and Prosecutorial Council of BiH for Amendments to the Law on HJPC BiH

Prijedlog Visokog sudskog i tužilačkog vijeća BiH za izmjene i dopune Zakona o VSTV-u BiH

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bosnian

Keywords: VSTV; HJPC; BiH; law; suggestions; high judicial and prosecutorial council;

Relevant international instruments that are considered in the process of revision of the Law on HJPC BiH

Relevantni međunarodni instrumenti koji su uzeti u obzir u procesu revizije Zakona o VSTV BiH

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bosnian

Keywords: Public law; HJPC law; revision; VSTV; BiH; international instruments; international law; international standards;

U toku revizije Zakona o Visokom sudskom i tužilačkom vijeću BiH (u daljem tekstu: Zakon o VSTV-u BiH), Vijeće se rukovodilo najvišim međunarodnim standardima iz različitih međunarodnih instrumenata, od kojih su neki obavezujući za Bosnu i Hercegovinu. Slijedi kratak pregled osnovnih podataka i značaja dokumenata u kojima su utvrđeni različiti relevantni standardi koji su uzeti u obzir u procesu revizije.

Conclusions of the Venetian Commission's Opinion on Draft Law on High Judicial and Prosecutorial Council of BiH

Zaključci Mišljenja Venecijanske komisije o Nacrtu Zakona o Visokom sudskom i tužilačkom vijeću BiH

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bosnian

Keywords: Draft law; VSTV; HJPC; HJPC law; Venetian Commission; conclusions;

High Council of Justice as a Guarantor of Judicial Independence in the Republic of Serbia (In the light of the National Strategy for Judicial Reform - NSRP)

Visoki savet sudstva kao garant nezavisnosti pravosuđa u Republici Srbiji (U svetlu Nacionalne strategije za reformu pravosuđa –NSRP)

Author(s): Ljiljana Blagojević / Language(s): Serbian

Keywords: Public law; judiciary; independence; VSS; NSRP; High Council of Justice; development; reform; strategy; VSS law; constitution;

An independent judiciary is an ideal, which all the state of modern democracy tend to develop. Principles like Judicial Tenure, appointment and dismissal of judges, their immunity and status are accepted by a large number of states to promote the independence of judiciary. In the last decades of the 20th century, there has been an increasing number of states that are introducing the specialized bodies, which are independent of the other branches of authority. Those specialized bodies are the judicial councils. They guarantee the independence of the judiciary, and they are composed primarily of judges. They are in charge for organizing the courts functioning as well as for financial issues, the training of judges, and their selection, promotion and accountability. In Serbia, the permanency of the judicial function was guaranteed even before the adoption of the Constitution in 2006, but there has been great influence of both the legislative and executive authorities of government. The National Assembly was electing and dismissing judges and the changes in this area started the first years of the 21th century, by introducing of the High Personnel Council and the Supervisory Board of the Supreme Court of Serbia, and the High Council of Justice. That was the beginning of the creation of an independent body that would guarantee the independence of judges and their accountability. However, the past two decades in Serbia were marked by frequent changes in organizational law, which are next to the wars in the region, as well as the economic crisis, contributed to the overall uncertainty of the justice system and substantially dependent on the political situation in such circumstances. The High Judicial Council was established in the Constitution of the Republic of Serbia that was adopted in 2006 as an independent body, which guarantees the independence of the judges. Law on the High Judicial Council was adopted in 2008. The Council consisted of 11 members. Members of the Council were minister of justice, president of Supreme Court of Serbia, president of Committee on the Judiciary, lawyer, law school professor and 6 judges elected by their colleagues. However, at the end of the 2008 in the Republic of Serbia so called Reelection or general election of judges were conducted, when almost one-third of the judges was left out of the justice system, although the Judicial Tenure is guaranteed by the Constitution. This process is carried out by the first composition of the High Judicial Council which was elected on the non transparent way, also was non transparent, and the judges who were not selected did not get a reasoned decision. Judges who did not passed the general election have filed an appeal and after three years the Constitutional Court of Serbia finally reacted and annulled the decision of the High Judicial Council, after which the judges were returned to the judicial function. The whole process was met with great conviction national and international attention and has been characterized as politically charged. A change occurred with the change of government in the Republic of Serbia. The National Judicial Reform Strategy and Action Plan for its implementation was adopted in 2013. The High Judicial Council has important place in this strategy and it is expected to be a quality change in the direction of greater independence of this body, and as well the independence of the judiciary. In addition to changes to the Law on the High Judicial Council, is the long- planned amend of Constitution of the Republic of Serbia, and changes in the composition of the High Judicial Council and its role in the judiciary. These amendments will among other things execute harmonization with EU standards on the independence of the judiciary, as well as other laws that are in the process of changes. It can be concluded that the direction of change was a good start and to greater judicial independence and accountability of judges which are anticipated unlike now the evident decline in the quality of justice and the reputation of the judicial profession. This responsibility will be in full, in accordance with the criteria prescribed by the High Judicial Council and the appointment, promotion and dismissal of judges will conduct High Judicial Council. Full independence is expected on field an independent budget for the courts. In this way the independence of the judiciary, in addition to all other warranties can reach the desired level.

Choice of judges in comparative and in the Republic of Serbia - Proposals for Changing the Constitution

Izbor sudija uporedno i u Republici Srbiji – predlozi za promenu Ustava

Author(s): Vladan Petrov / Language(s): Serbian

Keywords: Public law; constitution; history; reform;suggestions; judges; election; appointment; Republic of Serbia; comparative law;

The adequate system of judicial appointments is one of the most important institutional guarantee of the real and personal independence of judiciary. In the first part of the article, the author briefly describes the main models of judicial appointments in comparative law. A lot of European states have introduced a special body (judicial council) with a competence to elect judges or to propose judicial candidates appointed by other organs (i. e. Parliament). However, there is no single non-political model of judicial appointments which could perfectly comply with the principle of the independence of judiciary, on the one hand, and the principle of the responsibility of judiciary, on the other. In the second part, the author analizes the most important features of the systems of judicial appointments in the states of the Region (the former Yugoslav republics). In all of them (except Slovenia), judicial councils elect judges. Those bodies consist of judicial and non-judical members. However, the judical element prevails. In almost all of them, there have been constitutional changes in the last few years whith a same goal to make a system of judicial appointments more objective. In the third part, the author, firstly, analizes the main characteristics of the system of judicial appointments under the Constitution of Serbia of 1990. The election of judges by the Parliament was the model with a lot of objections. The High Council of Judiciary was introduced in 2001 by the law not by the Constitution. The Constitution of Serbia of 2006 has made two important changes in the election of judiciary. Firstly, the Constitution has introduced the probationary period (three years) for a person who is elected a judge for the first time. Secondly, the Constitution constitutes The High Judicial Council as „an independent and autonomous body which shall provide for and guarantee independence and autonomy of courts and judges“. The author emphasizes the bad constitutional solutions from the inadequate definition of the principle of the separation of powers to the competences and the composition of the High Judicial Council.

Judicial Independence in the Republic of Croatia

Sudačka neovisnost u Republici Hrvatskoj

Author(s): Boris Ljubanović / Language(s): Croatian

Keywords: Public law; constitution; judiciary; judges; independence; legislation; Republic of Croatia; evaluation; European court for human rights;

According to modern conception judiciary independence means that judges judge pursuant only to their legal knowledge and tied only by the constitution, statutes and other applicable legal regulations. It also menas that judiciary needs to be kept away from any outside influence (executive power, political power etc). Personal independece of the judiciary means that judges have a safe and permanent personal position in the execution of his duties (status). It also means that impartial judges will resolve cases. Judges whose objective and/or subjective reasons raise doubt about their impartiality must be exempted. This paper displays Judgements and Decisions of the European Court of Human Rights concerning judiciary independence. It also examines Croatian constitutional and legal provisions for enforcement of judiciary independence, with emphasis on rules that regulates appointment, dismissal and professional career advancement of the judges, and exposes about evaluation of judges and presidents of the courts in the Republic of Croatia. That evaluation is given, according to criteria conferred by law, by the specially formed courts chambers, and argues about stricter requirements for appointments of judges of the first instance courts and about judiciary independence in the practice of the Croatian system of justice.

Institutional guarantees of judicial (non) dependence in the Republic of Serbia

Institucionalna jemstva sudijske (ne)zavisnosti u Republici Srbiji

Author(s): Darko Simović / Language(s): Serbian

Keywords: Public law; constitution; judiciary; independence; institutions; institutional guarantees; legal framework; Republic of Serbia;

Zaštita nezavisnosti sudstva predstavlja ključni imperativ svakog koncepta vladavine prava. Uspostavljanje čvrstih de jure garancija nezavisnosti sudstva jeste samo prvi korak ka uspostavljanju prave, de facto nezavisnosti sudstva. U Republici Srbiji su primetna takva nastojanja, ali kao nužnost se nameće korigovanje postojećeg pravnog okvira. Paradoksalno je da se upravo u najvišem pravnom aktu nalaze sistematske i strukturalne prepreke nezavisnom položaju sudova. Naime, Ustav iz 2006. godine po nekim svojim rešenjima predstavlja akt kojim se narušavaju i devalviraju već dostignuti standardi nezavisnosti pravosuđa. I pored konstitucionalizacije posebnog organa koji treba da obezbedi nezavisnost i samostalnost sudija (Visoki savet sudstva), ustavotvorac nije u potpunosti uspeo da eliminiše uticaj predstavničkog organa, kao političkog tela, na izbor sudija. Dekonstitucionalizacija razloga za njihovo razrešenje čini sudije podložnijim uticajima zakonodavne i izvršne vlasti. Osim toga, reforma pravosuđa koja je podrazumevala reizbor svih sudija obesmislila je standard stalnosti sudijske funkcije i unela pravnu neizvesnost, čineći pravosudni sistem ranjivim i podređenim političkim organima. Analiza institucionalnog okvira navodi na zaključak da bi značajni pomaci de lege ferenda u Republici Srbiji mogli biti napravljeni. Kao prvo, da bi se obezbedila istinska stalnost sudijske funkcije trebalo bi isključiti probni izborni period koji je predviđen u trajanju od tri godine i ustanoviti jednu vrstu “probnog rada” uz sudiju profesionalca, ali bez stupanja na dužnost. Jer, ideja reizbora sudija je u logičkoj suprotnosti sa institutom stalnosti sudijske funkcije i principom nezavisnosti sudstva.U tom pravcu već su učinjenici koraci uspostavljanjem Pravosudne akademije. Međutim, ukoliko se istraje u nastojanju da postoji probni izborni period sudija, jer i takvo institucionalno rešenje ima određeno opravdanje, snažnije jemstvo nezavisnosti sudijske funkcije bi podrazumevalo produžavanje prvog mandata izbora sudija sa tri na pet ili šest godina. Takođe, o čemu je već pisano, sudije bi nakon isteka tog prvobitnog izbornog perioda mogli automatski da stiču stalnost sudijske funkcije, pri čemu bi se nezavisnom pravosudnom organu, Visokom savetu sudstva, prepustila mogućnost da u relativno kratkom vremenskom intervalu ukaže na postojanje unapred predviđenih razloga koji ukazuju da jedno lice nije dostojno obavljanja sudijske funkcije i da ga razreši dužnosti. Drugo, valjalo bi razmišljati i o promeni načina izbora izbornih članova Visokog saveta sudstva, kako bi se sprečili mogući posredni politički uticaji prilikom izbora sudija i prestanka funkcije sudija. Naime, pored Narodne skupštine bilo bi nužno uključiti bar još jedan državni organ u postupak izbora izbornih članova Visokog saveta sudstva. Treće, kako sudije ne bi konstantno bile izložene “vetrometini” nužno je restriktivnije postaviti razloge za njihovo razrešenje. Korišćenje pravnih standarda, poput “nesavesnog” postupanja, u ovako delikatnim pitanjima sigurno ne može biti garancija nezavisnosti sudstva. I na kraju, kao četvrto, da bi sudstvo zaista bilo nezavisno, nužno je obezbediti istinsku materijalnu nezavisnost sudija, možda stvaranjem jedne vrste fiksnog budžeta, koji će ostati izvan domašaja predstavničkog tela. Nesumnjivo je da osim institucionalnih jemstava nezavisnosti sudstva, možda i pretežniji značaj ima politička kultura. Reč je o nepisanom moralno-političkom principu koji mora ostati neprikosnoven u svim ustavnim reformama i reformama pravosuđa. U tom smislu, bez obzira na postojeća institucionalna rešenja, neophodno je razvijati političku kulturu i ustavni moral koji podrazumevaju bezizuzetno poštovanje neprikosnovenosti principa nezavisnosti sudstva. Kako je već naglašeno, treba stvoriti takav politički ambijent koji će dopustiti sudijama da se osećaju neprikosnoveno i nedodirljivo, da bi bili u stanju da budu lojalni sledbenici pravde i pravičnosti u svom pozivu. Jer, sloboda i nezavisnost se zadobijaju prvenstveno u ljudskoj duši, a institucionalna rešenja mogu biti samo podrška osvajanju jednog takvog osećaja.

Judicial power in the Serbian Constitution since 2006 - a critical view

Sudska vlast u Ustavu Srbije od 2006. – kritički pogled

Author(s): Marko Stanković / Language(s): Serbian

Keywords: Public law; constitution; constitutional court; judiciary; evaluation; judges; election; division of authority; judicial power; Law on judicial power;

Legal norms on the organization of judicial branch are very important segment of constitutional matter, since for the functioning of democracy is extremely important to be provided complete independence of the judiciary from so-called “political authorities” – legislative and executive branches. Independent position of judiciary can be provided only by the constitution itself, because provisions of the highest law are not subject of legislative and executive intervention, while the constitutional court has power to abolish any possible attempt to change the constitution by norms of less legal power. However, the writers of the Serbian Constitution of 2006 have taken a different stance on this issue, giving major responsibility regarding the arrangements for the substantive issues relating to the judiciary to the legislature, especially regarding the selection and dismissal of judges. Wide leeway left to the National Assembly may, unfortunately, lead to the politicization of the judiciary and threaten the position of the judiciary as an independent branch of government.

Conclusions of the Conference on Role and Perspectives of the Notary Service in BiH

Zaključci konferencije Uloga i perspektive notarske službe u BiH

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bosnian

Keywords: Public law; constitution; notary; notary service; BiH; role; perspective; conference report; conclusions;

Stručna konferencija Uloga i perspektive notarske službe u BiH održana je 14. 11. 2013. godine u Sarajevu. Konferenciju su organizirali Notarska komora Federacije BiH (NK FBiH), Notarska komora Republike Srpske (NK RS) i regionalna fondacija Centra za javno pravo (CJP). Uvodničari su bili Merdžana Škaljić, predsjednica NK FBiH, Irena Mojović, predsjednica NK RS, Slavica Ćurić, sutkinje Vrhovnog suda FBiH, Meliha Povlakić, profesorica na Pravnom fakultetu u Sarajevu i Rankica Benc, javni bilježnik iz Varaždina.

The liability of the notary for the damage caused in performing the notary service

Odgovornost notara za prouzrokovanu štetu u obavljanju notarske službe

Author(s): Meliha Povlakić / Language(s): Bosnian

Keywords: Public law; civil law; notary; liability; damage; legal framework; notary service; BiH;

In Bosnien und Herzegowina sind verschiedene und wichtige Kompetenzen, insbesondere im Bereich der freiwilligen Gerichtsbarkeit auf Notare übertragen worden. Diese Kompetenzübertragung wird durch eine freiberufliche Haftung sowie eine Haftpflichtversicherung begleitet. In einer Situation, in welcher sich die bosnisch-herzegowinische Doktrin mit dieser Frage noch nicht auseinandergesetzt hat, aber bereits erste Haftungsfälle vor den Gerichtshöfen verhandelt werden, stellt sich diese Arbeit der Aufgabe, die Umrisse dieses besonderen Haftungsrechts zu skizzieren. Die gesetzliche Regelung der Notarhaftung ist im bosnisch-herzegowinischen Notarrecht sehr bescheiden. Es wurde lediglich auf allgemeine Regeln des Schuldrechtes hingewiesen. Dort gibt es wiederum keine besonderen Regeln über freiberufliche Haftung. Die Arbeit geht von der Hypothese aus, dass eine Anpassung der allgemeinen Regeln des Schadenersatzrechtes auf einen spezifischen Haftungsfall, in dem sich privat- und öffentlichrechtliche Elemente vermischen, nicht unproblematisch ist, und mit einem eventuellen Anstieg der Haftungsfälle die Gerichte zusätzlich belasten kann. In der Arbeit wurden die Regeln über allgemeine Notarhaftungsvoraussetzungen mit dem Ergebnis analysiert, dass sie weder ausreichend noch auf diesen spezifischen Haftungsfall völlig anwendbar sind. Insbesondere wird die geschädigte Partei durch Beweislast in eine unterlegene Position gebracht. Aus diesem Grund spricht sich diese Arbeit für eine Beweislastumkehr bei freiberuflicher Haftung aus.

Achievements of Notaries in Croatia (Relieving the Courts in Legacy, Registrar and enforcement proceedings)

Dostignuća notarijata u Hrvatskoj (rasterećenje sudova u ostavinskim, registarskim i ovršnim postupcima)

Author(s): Rankica Benc / Language(s): Croatian

Keywords: Public law; civil law; notary; Republic of Croatia; achievements; evaluation;

Croatian notaries in civil law disburdened courts according the gradual enlargement of their competencies. During past 18 years, since this legal profession was reintroduced in Croatian legal system, notaries get the competency in inheritance procedures and enforcement law, especially in ordering the payment and enforcement based on the credible documents. Courts are disburdened indirectly too, through preventive legal function of notarial instruments. Inheritance procedures are accelerated; legal remedies and disputes among heirs are rare. Ordering the payment and enforcement based on the credible documents should be improved by implementation of IT. That would accelerate and standardize the procedure, and ensure the independent position of the notary who acts here as a judge sui generis. Notaries are important part of the court’s registry system; notarial documents are base for the most of entries and notaries do the primary control of applications. Here started the use of notarial e- signature and advanced e-communication between notary and court. The widespread net of notaries enables easier access to procedures in their range of competence for the citizens.