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Dvije škole pod jednim krovom u Bosni i Hercegovini: (ne)razumijevanje problema i moguća rješenja

Author(s): Alina Trkulja / Language(s): Bosnian

The focus of the work are the so-called "Two schools under one roof", currently 34 such in two cantons of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (hereinafter FBiH), Herzegovina-Neretva (HNK) and Central Bosnia (SBK), according to which students attend classes in two schools within one school building, separated by ethno-national affiliation, often with a ban on "mixing". Here, segregation and even discrimination in schools are more clearly seen, but in areas of BiH with a dominant ethnic majority, although it should be noted that the latter are not immune to them either. Because, as simplistic as it may sound, Bosnia and Herzegovina essentially has three types of schools3 and three school systems or “three schools under one roof”. // The aim of this analysis is to map current practices in education in BiH from the perspective of language and identity, as well as to identify dominant concepts and models for solving the problem of divided education operated in political and expert platforms and initiatives in this area, and critically evaluate them. in accordance with the principles, values and goals of education established by the international human rights framework and the state legal framework. About this practice, with emphasis on the attitudes of teachers, parents and students, several major studies have been done so far, the conclusions of which are the starting point and basis for the analysis of proposed models of education.5 Relevant international standards and laws were used as primary sources. and strategic documents in BiH. From secondary sources, books, academic and media articles and reports, as well as media appearances of relevant actors and experts in the field of education were consulted. Through interviews with experts and decision-makers at various levels, primarily representatives of the OSCE and relevant ministries of education, but also through a number of sources on shared education, the currently dominant model proposals for overcoming identified problems and achieving fairer, inclusive and intercultural education were identified and analyzed.

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Javni organi i proaktivno objavljivanje informacija u Bosni i Hercegovini: Kako izuzetke pretvoriti u pravilo

Author(s): Dino Jahić / Language(s): Bosnian

The analysis that follows shows how the five state institutions in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) have managed to develop proactive transparency, despite the lack of uniform legislation and an organized systemic approach to this issue. In addition to international standards and comparative practices in this area, as well as the legal framework governing proactive publishing in BiH, most of the analysis is based on interviews with representatives of five institutions identified by the Center for Social Research Analytics conducted in mid-2014. as the most successful examples of proactive transparency. The institutions with the highest degree of proactive transparency are: the BiH Parliamentary Assembly, the BiH Civil Service Agency, the BiH Ministry of Finance and Treasury, the BiH Agency for Development of Higher Education and Quality Assurance, and the BiH Agency for Identification Documents, Records and Data Exchange (IDDEEA) . Semi-structured interviews were conducted with representatives of these five public bodies in December 2014, on the basis of which the central part of this analysis was prepared.

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Kako do adekvatne strategije za prevenciju i borbu protiv diskriminacije? Moguće lekcije za Bosnu i Hercegovinu

Author(s): Vesna Pirija / Language(s): Bosnian

Bosnia and Herzegovina has built a legal framework to combat discrimination in the past. The prohibition of discrimination proclaimed by the constitutions was elaborated in detail by the Law on Prohibition of Discrimination (ZZD), which at the time of its enactment was a progressive legal solution. By adopting the amendments to the CPA during 2016, significant shortcomings related to incompleteness and terminological inconsistency of the grounds and forms of discrimination were eliminated, and the procedural aspects of the procedure for protection against discrimination before the court were improved. // However, discrimination remains an acute problem of BiH society, which is confirmed year by year by relevant reports. Time has shown that the authorities responsible for the implementation of the ZZD do not have the capacity to provide the necessary level of protection to citizens. The competencies and procedures of protection before the Institution of the Human Rights Ombudsman of BiH require fundamental changes, while the case law, despite some progress made in recent years, still "does not follow the significant prevalence of discrimination in BiH society". In addition, the lack of political will to eliminate systemic discrimination established by final court rulings is openly expressed. This situation is discouraging given that declarative constitutional and legal guarantees are not supported by an effective enforcement mechanism.

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Ključni problemi u procesuiranju korupcije u Bosni i Hercegovini: materijalnopravni aspekti

Author(s): Adela Bejtović-Janušić / Language(s): Bosnian

Corruption is undoubtedly ubiquitous in Bosnia and Herzegovina, in all pores of society and on an increasing scale. By simply searching journalistic texts, it is possible to notice that citizens perceive corruption as one of the ways to exercise their rights and interests, primarily in health and education, but also in the police and judiciary. // A 2013 study of the national integrity system by Transparency International states that “despite years of reforms, international community engagement and donor assistance, widespread corruption remains the most significant problem in BiH and undermines any substantive reforms that would lead to until the establishment of a functional and self-sustaining country. ” Many foreign investors cite a high degree of corruption, which causes enormous moral and material damage to society, as a reason for non-investment or limited capital investment in Bosnia and Herzegovina, in addition to complicated state structure and political instability. // The reasons for the poor performance of the judiciary in prosecuting corrupt crimes range from the very nature of the phenomenon of corruption, which is shrouded in secrecy due to the interests of participants, making it difficult to detect, to insufficiently good institutional and legal solutions. This paper will address some of these reasons, while special attention will be paid to the substantive aspect of the problem, ie obstacles to the effective prosecution of corruption in BiH, which concern the very definition of corrupt crimes.

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Krivično djelo zloupotrebe položaja i ovlasti: Ključni problemi iz perspektive njegovog procesuiranja u BiH

Author(s): Sabina Sarajlija / Language(s): Bosnian

This analysis offers an overview of the historical development of the crime of abuse of power, the characteristics of the crime, legislative and practical specifics and problems in its detection and proof, and provides an overview of case law in this area in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). Comparative legal solutions taken for comparison are the countries of the region - Serbia and Croatia. The analysis was performed on the basis of a comparison of legal solutions, analysis of court decisions and everyday, practical experiences of prosecutors. The analysis also includes ideas in the professional community on changing the provisions on this criminal offense and the reasons that guided some comparative legislation to separate this criminal offense into two, according to the criterion of whether the specific criminal offense is committed by an official or responsible person.

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Kvalitet optužnica i presuda u Bosni i Hercegovini kao faktor efikasnog procesuiranja krivičnih djela korupcije

Author(s): Ljiljana Filipović / Language(s): Bosnian

The Recommendation on Judges of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe to member states (CM / Rec (2010) 12) defines efficiency as making quality decisions within a reasonable time after impartial consideration of all issues. A quality court decision and an impartial consideration of all issues (factual and legal) are integral parts of the efficiency thus understood. After all, only such court decisions can achieve the purpose of criminal proceedings - the protection of society from crime, but also the protection of basic human rights of persons suspected or accused of criminal offenses. Only such court decisions can contribute to the rule of law and legal certainty in terms of the predictability of the consequences of criminal law violations. // Similar understandings of the efficiency or effectiveness of criminal proceedings can be found in criminal law theory. Krapac considers that “effective ... is a fairly conducted criminal proceedings whose duration is appropriate to the circumstances of the case and in which the competent court correctly distinguished innocence from the guilt of the accused and imposed a legal criminal sanction on the latter”. Efficiency, therefore, implies not only respect for all procedural guarantees that guarantee the right to a fair trial, but also the adoption of a correct court decision, ie. the one in which the court correctly ruled on the guilt of the accused. In other words, “achieving efficiency must be within the framework of legal and fair procedure” // Therefore, it is necessary to deal with other components of the efficiency of the judiciary and criminal proceedings in order to raise its level. The quality of prosecutorial and court decisions is certainly one of those components.

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O čemu bi sve trebalo razmišljati pri reformisanju Predsjedništva BiH

Author(s): Svjetlana Nedimović / Language(s): Bosnian

This paper is an attempt to recall neglected aspects of the issue of representation and equality, and to consider the various reform proposals of the BiH Presidency, precisely and analytically systematized in a recently published study by E. Hodžić and N. Stojanović, in the light of these aspects. on changes to the Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina possibly developed in a completely new direction determined by a more refined understanding of political equality and representation, which modern democracy, achieved and / or emerging, requires.

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Perspektive kriminalizacije nezakonitog bogaćenja javnih funkcionera kroz krivične zakone u Bosni i Hercegovini

Author(s): Srđan Vujović / Language(s): Bosnian

Borbu protiv korupcijskog kriminaliteta u svijetu, na kraju XX i početku XXI vijeka, obilježili su slučajevi korupcije na visokoj razini, u kojima su glavni akteri često bili javni funkcioneri, a koji su korištenjem svojih pozicija stekli značajno bogatstvo. Narušavanjem principa pravilnog i zakonitog obavljanja službene i odgovorne dužnosti, takvi slučajevi su uzrokovali velike štete društvenoj zajednici, pojedinačnim institucijama, ali i samoj državi. Da bi se očuvao pravni poredak, slučajevi korupcije među javnim funkcionerima trebaju biti otkriveni, izvršioci kažnjavani, a nezakonito stečena imovina oduzeta i vraćena zajednici. Ipak, to nije lak zadatak. Naime, otkrivanje i dokazivanje krivičnih djela korupcije javnih službenika predstavlja izuzetno velik izazov za profesionalce, pa počinioci često ostaju neotkriveni ili nekažnjeni. Prema relevantnim procjenama, dok u evropskim zemljama po svakom otkrivenom krivičnom djelu korupcije bude između 10 i 50 neotkrivenih, procjene za Bosnu i Hercegovinu (BiH) ukazuju na to da se broj neotkrivenih djela u odnosu na jedno otkriveno kreće i do 200. Iako bazirana na percepciji građana, referentna mjerenja o prisutnosti korupcije po državama, godinama unazad, pokazuju da je BiH, uz Albaniju, zemlja koja je najviše pogođena korupcijom. Međutim, vjerovatno veća zabrinutost treba biti izostanak očekivane reakcije organa formalne socijalne kontrole, što pokazuje izrazito mali broj optužnica, pa onda i osuđujućih presuda za korupciju, među kojima predmeti visoke korupcije predstavljaju izuzetke. U mnogim zemljama koje su se susretale sa sličnim problemima, a sa ciljem da se efikasnije i efektivnije odgovori na korupcijski kriminalitet, u krivične zakone je uvedeno krivično djelo nezakonito bogaćenje. Sama kriminalizacija i primjena novog krivičnog djela dali su značajan doprinos tome da se neke od tih zemalja danas pominju kao dobri primjeri u borbi protiv korupcije. Potpisivanjem UNove Konvencije protiv korupcije (UNCAC), BiH se, pored ostalog, obavezala da će ozbiljno razmotriti kriminalizaciju nezakonitog bogaćenja, što je propisano članom 20 ove konvencije. Međutim, treba imati na umu da je pitanje kriminalizacije nezakonitog bogaćenja izazvalo intenzivne diskusije, kako u naučnim i stručnim tako i u krugovima donosilaca odluka. Dok jedni u tome vide značajne prednosti i efektivan mehanizam zaštite pravnog poretka, drugi upućuju značajne prigovore, među kojima se najteži odnose na kršenje osnovnih ljudskih prava i fundamentalnih principa krivičnog prava. Cilj ovoga teksta je da ponudi prikaz prednosti kriminalizacije nezakonitog bogaćenja, ali i najvećih prigovora uvođenju tog krivičnog djela, pritom se osvrćući na izazove za zakonodavca i izazove za profesionalce. Uz svijest o tome da je u ovom momentu teško ponuditi najbolje rješenje, ovaj tekst bi trebalo da posluži kao početni korak za buduće diskusije i analize, koje će polučiti konkretne smjernice za daljnje djelovanje. Upravo u tom duhu, dokumenat koji prati UNCAC – “Legislativne smjernice za implementaciju UNCAC-a” – predlaže da države trebaju da razmotre donošenje odnosnih pravnih mjera, a kako bi ustanovile da li su te mjere u skladu s konkretnim pravnim sistemom. Tako, ostaje izuzetan izazov da se pronađe pravi balans između pravnog principa prema kojem nezakonito stečena imovina ne može da bude zadržana, ponajmanje od strane javnih funkcionera, i pravnih principa koji garantuju zaštitu ljudskih prava i fundamentalnih pravila krivičnog postupka.

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Potencijal medijacije u slučajevima diskriminacije u Bosni i Hercegovini

Author(s): Kosana Beker / Language(s): Bosnian

Mediation is a structured procedure, regardless of the name of the procedure, by which two or more parties to a dispute seek to reach an agreement on their own, on a voluntary basis, on resolving the dispute with the help of a mediator. The mediation procedure can be initiated by the parties themselves, it can be proposed or ordered by a court or it can be prescribed by law. Having in mind this definition, it can be concluded that mediation has long been represented as a way of resolving conflicts around the world, because even without special regulations there was no obstacle for one person (mediator) to help other persons in dispute to, peacefully and without engagement of the state apparatus, resolve its dispute in a mutually satisfactory manner. Unlike court proceedings in which one always wins and one always loses, in the mediation procedure both parties will be satisfied with the way the dispute between them is resolved, that is, both parties will win the dispute, because they will have the opportunity to influence the procedure and to reach an agreement that will be acceptable to both parties.

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Reforma Doma Naroda Parlamentarne Skupštine BIH

Author(s): Florian Bieber / Language(s): Bosnian

The new House of Peoples, ie the Senate, which would represent the upper house of the BiH Parliamentary Assembly and could equally consider the interests of constituent peoples, constituent territorial units and national minorities, would eliminate discrimination present in the current system and reduce the link between territory and ethnic identity. Such a reform would not be a cure for all the problems of the political system of Bosnia and Herzegovina, because it cannot remove the blockades that can make decision-making difficult. In constitutional engineering, one should be aware of its limitations: it cannot create political will where it does not exist and it cannot eliminate the divisions that characterize the political reality in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The most that can be achieved by such a constitutional reform is to equalize the conditions for all so that the interests of only certain collectives are not important, and to provide mechanisms that will lead to disagreement over a particular law does not automatically lead to a blockade. Whether these funds will be used will depend on those in power: constitutional changes cannot create political will, but can only provide impetus.

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Transparentnost pravosuđa u Bosni i Hercegovini u domenu procesuiranja koruptivnih krivičnih djela

Author(s): Erna Mačkić / Language(s): Bosnian

U postkonfliktnoj Bosni i Hercegovini jedan od ključnih problema je korupcija. Prema brojnim istraživanjima i izvještajima, koruptivne aktivnosti najviše koče našu zemlju na putu ka euroatlantskim integracijama, onemogućavaju proces reformi, a ujedno i napredak za građane. U izvještaju Evropske komisije (EK) za 2016. godinu, naprimjer, navodi se da je Bosna i Hercegovina usvojila određene zakone i akcione planove za borbu protiv korupcije, iskazala političko opredjeljenje za rješavanje ovog problema, ali da nisu uslijedili konkretni rezultati. Bosna i Hercegovina, kako se navodi u izvještaju, dostigla je određeni nivo pripremljenosti za borbu protiv korupcije. Određeni napredak postignut je usvajanjem akcionih planova na različitim nivoima vlasti, ali, kako navode iz Evropske komisije, rascjepkanost negativno utječe na njihovu efikasnu provedbu. Korupcija ostaje rasprostranjena u mnogim oblastima te i dalje predstavlja ozbiljan problem, navodi se u izvještaju Evropske komisije. Percepciju o korupciji kao ključnoj pošasti našeg društva dijele i građani. Bosna i Hercegovina se, prema Indeksu percepcije korupcije Transparency Internationala , nalazi na 83. mjestu od ukupno 176 zemalja, ispod država regiona – Hrvatske, Crne Gore i Srbije. Bosna i Hercegovina je, npr., u 2016. godini dobila ocjenu 39, na skali od nula do 100, te dijeli poziciju s Albanijom. Prema podacima bosanskohercegovačke mreže nevladinih organizacija ACCOUNT3 , svake sekunde u BiH, na razne oblike podmićivanja, izgubi se 47 konvertibilnih maraka (KM). Kako navode, korupcija godišnje odnese oko 1,5 milijardi konvertibilnih maraka. Iz Transparency Internationala navode kako je najveći problem korupcija u pravosuđu, a stanje je najteže u tužilaštvima, koja osiguravaju vladavinu prava u demokratskim društvima. U Transparency Internationalu smatraju kako saniranje stanja u pravosudnom sistemu počinje većom transparentnošću.

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Uočene slabosti u procesuiranju korupcije u Bosni i Hercegovini – procesnopravni i organizacionopravni aspekti

Author(s): Hajrija Sijerčić-Čolić / Language(s): Bosnian

Vijeće ministara BiH je 7. maja 2015. godine usvojilo Strategiju za borbu protiv korupcije 2015-2019. i Akcijski plan za provedbu Strategije za borbu protiv korupcije 2015-2019. U tom dokumentu upozorava se na već poznate i mnogo puta spomenute i opisane posljedice koruptivnih krivičnih djela, na konstantno širenje korupcije u ekonomskoj i političkoj sferi (naročito u tranzicijskim zemljama), na njene pogubne posljedice po razvoj ekonomije “...time što uzrokuje nepredvidive troškove za investitore koji su obeshrabreni za buduća ulaganja, uzrokujući rast sive ekonomije i smanjenje prihoda države temeljem neplaćenih poreza, carina i drugih dažbina....”. Predstavnici Vijeća Evrope i Evropske unije zaduženi za zemlje zapadnog Balkana također vrlo često ističu da od država članica Evropske unije, zatim država koje se nalaze na putu pridruživanja, kao i onih koje tek trebaju otvoriti pregovore sa Evropskom unijom, treba tražiti konkretne dokaze o napretku u krivičnom pravosuđu, suzbijanju kriminaliteta i zaštiti ljudskih prava. Smatra se da postupak pregovaranja sa “zemljama kandidatima” treba otpočeti upravo tim pitanjima jer su za nacionalni pravni i pravosudni sistem i najveći izazov. Posebno su bitna, u tom smislu, pregovaračka poglavlja 23 i 24, koja se, podsjećanja radi, između ostalog, odnose na funkcionisanje pravne države, zaštitu ljudskih prava, reformu pravosuđa, saradnju pravosudnih, policijskih i carinskih organa u borbi protiv organizovanog kriminaliteta, zatim, na borbu protiv korupcije, oduzimanje imovine stečene krivičnim djelom, formiranje zajedničkih istražnih timova. Zato se u Strategiji za borbu protiv korupcije navodi da je borba protiv korupcije jedan od ključnih izazova vladavine prava u većini država koje su uključene u proces proširenja Evropske unije te da je ta borba povezana sa zaštitom osnovnih ljudskih prava i radom krivičnog pravosuđa. U tom smislu, dalje se u ovom dokumentu navodi: “Budući da se borbi protiv korupcije pridaje pozornost već u ranoj fazi procesa pristupanja Europskoj uniji, a da se otvaranje odgovarajućih poglavlja temelji na uvjerljivim rezultatima, BiH bi trebala pokazati odlučnost u poduzimanju konkretnih, sveobuhvatnih i održivih aktivnosti na suzbijanju koruptivnih praksi.”

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Series:Analitika - Osvrt