On the History of the Patents of Toleration in the Sudeten Territories
Zur Geschichte der Toleranzpatente in den Sudetenländern
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More...Keywords: Bosnia; medieval age; Bogumil; myth; hegemony; pretension; counterfeit; history; Nikola Modruški; Muhamed Filipović;
“Historiografi su uvijek bili tumači određenih interesa ustanova i moćnika, no u novom svijetu građanskog načina života i mišljenja povijest, pod utjecajem filozofa, postaje crpilište svih postojećih ideologija, jer se manipulacijom izvorima može povijesno opravdati svaki interes.” (Mirjana GROSS, Suvremena historiografija. Korijeni, postignuća, traganja, Zavod za hrvatsku povijest Filozofskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, Zagreb, 1996., 117. – 118.) Kada je Organizacijski odbor znanstvenog skupa posvećenog arheologu i povjesničaru Pavi Anđeliću tijekom 2005. pravio listu tema i predavača, u optjecaju su bile i tri recepcije bosanskog srednjovjekovlja: srpska, hrvatska i bošnjačka. Meni je prvotno bila namijenjena problematika hrvatske historiografske recepcije, dok je za srpsku i bošnjačku tek trebalo naći autore, što je ipak bilo lakše zamisliti nego ostvariti. Referat o bosanskom srednjovjekovlju u opusu Krunoslava Draganovića tek je djelomično mogao zadovoljiti ambiciju organizatora kada je riječ o hrvatskoj historiografskoj recepciji, dok je srpska ostala nepokrivena. Od mogućnosti da u jednom okviru ja obradim ove tri teme odustao sam, uvjeren da svaku od njih najprije treba obraditi pojedinačno. Vođen spoznajom da sustavno mitologiziranje (bogumiliziranje) bosanskog srednjovjekovlja aktualizirano od 1991./92. i na njemu zasnovani hegemonijalni politički koncepti zavređuju širi osvrt, odlučio sam se za ovaj naslov.
More...The time has come to suggest some serious changes in roma civil society. this paper is written as a response to the compelling need for a language that goes beyond political correctness and challenges the assumptions of liberal human rights discourse. recent polemics over roma integration are mingled with a reluctance to address ‘touchy’ or ‘risky’ issues – sometimes even ‘taboos’ – by those who strive to defend the rights of roma or by roma themselves. We need to forge a new language, based on a frank and critical revision of previous approaches, to understand the origins of this crisis and move forward.
More...The main purpose of this whole endeavour has been to stimulate dialogue between activists, intellectuals and commentators. encouraging this dialogue has been in the forefront of the initiators’ minds from the very start. For this reason it was decided to extend the discussion beyond the initial debate between the authors of the three essays through the medium of print as far as possible. Consequently a number of activists and intellectuals were invited to offer a short response to the essays in preparation for fuller discussion at a follow-up workshop. brief extracts from these comments are included as text boxes accompanying the edited transcript of the workshop proceedings. Roma and non-roma with similar interests in developing the current level of discourse surrounding roma took part in a workshop held near bucharest in the autumn of 2011. The first day allowed participants to clarify points with the authors and engage in preliminary discussions, while the second day’s proceedings – which were recorded and subsequently transcribed – were devoted to more focused debate on what had been identified as key topics.
More...Keywords: Western Balkans; Stabilization and Accession Process; EU integration; European financial assistance; national governments; peace; stability; development; EU policy towards Balkans;
Today, western Balkans states are a long way from where they were at the beginning of the decade. The Stabilization and Association process, which has just started in 2000, is almost completed as all the states have negotiated and signed the Stabilization and Association Agreements with the EU, the EU is negotiating visa liberalization agreements and all states are entitled to the new pre-accession financial assistance IPA, designed to address the strategic needs of the region. This progress, apart from the persistent efforts of the national governments and the EU administration, is also partly due to the visionary policy reports and recommendations of people and organizations working on the Balkans. We are convinced that their commitment to the region and the ability to look beyond the limitations of the immediate political context for lasting solutions makes them an irreplaceable item on every reading-list of both those who wish to study the Balkan region and those who aim to produce similar such reports addressing the present dilemmas and challenges for the western Balkan states. “The Enlargement of the EU to Balkans” is a compilation of four reports on the Balkans published since 2000. They all concern the Balkan region and its prospects for the future – away from violent legacies towards peace, stability and European integration. As such, they are a valuable source for all those interested in and studying the recent political developments in this region, for these reports give an overview of the challenges that Balkans states faced on the start of their journey to European integration. We hope this collection of reports will become part of the curricula of schools and departments where Balkan politics, history and EU integration are taught. From the multitude of reports, books and other works written on the Balkans, the reports that follow were not chosen accidentally. Rather, we aimed to include the most influential reports, those which had the greatest impact on the EU and international community’s approach towards the Balkans, those with the most valuable recommendations concerning the features of EU’s policy towards the Balkans. The results of in-depth field research and analysis of diplomatic relations in the region, these reports provided the most credible assistance to the European and other policy-makers when faced with the dilemma ‘how to deal with postconflict post-Milosevic Balkans?’ By publishing their reports again, we also like to pay tribute to those people and organizations that made their most for Balkans to be found in EU integration map.
More...Keywords: extremism; social evil; anti-fascism; Serbia; woman; politics; crime; hatred; law; minority; radicalization; hooliganism; social norms;
Pojava ekstremne desnice i desničarske ideologije u Srbiji posledica su strukturalnih promena nakon razgradnje socijalističke države. Ratovi devedestih vođenih sa idejom o prekomponovanju Balkana, odnosno s idejom o Velikoj Srbiji (Memorandumu Srpske akademije nauka i umetnosti, 1986), samo su jedan od ideoloških osnova na kojima još uvek opstaje desna misao. Njene osnovne karakteristike jesu: etnička homogenizacija, težnja za stapanjem državnih i etničkih granica, antikomunizam i negiranje antifašizma, jačanje tradicionalizma i autoritarnosti, pravoslavlje tretirano kao superiorna religija u odnosu na ostale etničke i religijske grupe (posebno Hrvate, Muslimane i Albance), otpor idejama multikulturalizma i kosmopolitizma i netrpeljivost prema “novim” (LGBT popuacija) i tradicionalnim manjinama (Romi). Zajedničko svim desničarskim pokretima koji se pozivaju na ekstremni srpski nacionalizam i fundamentalističke interpretacije pravoslavlja, odnosno svetosavlja, jeste i izrazita islamofobija i neprijateljski stav prema svemu što je islamsko.
More...Keywords: Great Serbia project; Vojislav Šešelj; nationalism; nationalist propaganda; mass media;
Kako propaganda masovnih medija utiče na prihvatanje kolektivnog nasilja od strane običnih ljudi i njihovo učestvovanje u njemu i kako je Šešeljeva nacionalistička propaganda zagovarala i opravdavala prisilu i nasilje Srba protiv nesrba. Izveštaj veštaka pripremljen za Međunarodni krivični sud Ujedinjenih nacija za bivšu Jugoslaviju. Autor: dr Anthony Oberschall, počasni profesor sociologije na Univerzitetu Severna Karolina, Chapel Hill, Severna Karolina, SAD.
More...Keywords: North-Eastern Black Sea Region; Golden Horde; nomads; military affairs; armament; combat headgear; shields
The article introduces two new and previously unpublished burial places for nomadic warriors from the burial mound “Molokanova Shchel” (near the village of Praskoveevka — Gelendzhik, Krasnodar Krai). Both burials of 35—45 year-old men were accompanied by certain sets of weapons — quiver kits, sabers and a spearhead. One of them contained a helmet composed of 4 parts and an ax; the other one contained the remains of a wooden shield with metal parts. Determining the dating of both complexes in the framework of the Golden Horde time, the authors dwell in detail on the attribution of the helmet and the remnants of the shield, linking their appearance in the Northeast Black Sea Coast with the resettlement here of the black hoods from the Southern Russia in 1260s. This raises the question of the need to take into account the contribution of the “pre-Mongol” Eastern European nomads, trapped inside the Golden Horde along with much of their traditional material culture, in modern disputes about the sources of armament of the population of the Golden Horde.
More...Keywords: Crimea; Golden Horde architecture; cult architecture; mosque; minaret; madrasah; dürbe; Christian church; E. D. Zilivinskaya
In her monograph Golden Horde Architecture. Part I. Cult Architecture (Kazan: Otechestvo, 2014), E. D. Zilivinskaya focuses on the Crimean sites. Along with a presentation of buildings from the main regions of Jochi’s Ulus, there searcher also communicates some separate data about mosques, minarets, madrasah, mausoleums and Christian churches on the peninsula, which are often obsolete, distorted or unreliable. The Crimean content of the monograph is based on some scarce sources, while numerous relevant archival materials and publications seem to be unknown to the author. Frequent mistakes in comments to illustrations and an attempt to offer for scientific discussion some blueprints with false graphic information about plans and orientation of the buildings should be treated as some serious shortcomings of this work. In spite of the obvious relevance of this research, an overview of the cult architecture of the Golden Horde Crimea, which is offered in this monograph, should be examined rather critically and requires a review of almost all published data.
More...Keywords: ICTY; Serbia; media reporting; 2003; November; Večernje Novosti; Politika; Blic; Glas Javnosti; Nacional; Kurir; Balkan; Blic News; Danas; Vreme; NIN; Reporter; Ekonomist; arrests; extradictions; defence; investigations; indictiments; state cooperation;
Period: November 2003; Papers: Večernje Novosti, Politika, Blic, Glas Javnosti, Nacional, Kurir, Balkan, Blic News, Danas, Vreme, NIN, Reporter, Ekonomist; Topics: Arrests, Extradictions, Defence, Investigations, Indictiments, State cooperation, Trial, Sentences, Witnesses, etc...
More...Keywords: bibliografie specializată; oraşul Bălţi;BŞ USARB;
More...Keywords: medieval history; church history; Christianity in the Middle Ages; religious culture; Poland during the Piast dynasty
Among the culturally active spouses of the members of the Piast dynasty, two descendants of the Přemyslids: Helen of Znojmo, the wife of Casimir the Just, and Anne of Bohemia, the wife of Henry the Pious, occupy undeniably important positions. Both duchesses on the one hand transplanted onto Polish ground new cultural traditions, especially from their native country, and on the other hand – on their own or together with their spouses – they continued the work of their predecessors. Helen of Znojmo actively participated in her husband’s foundations, and she also supported the development of new religious orders (Norbertine nouns in Zwierzyniec). In addition, she helped in the adoption of architectural and painting models (as indicated by the floor of the Birth of the Blessed Virgin Mary church in Wiślica, and perhaps tetraconch architecture in Zawichost), and also initiated women’s coinage in Polish territories. The activity of Anne of Bohemia was linked to the cultural models propagated on Bohemian ground even to a greater extent. Her foundations not only imitated the activities of her sister, Agnes of Bohemia, the Clarissine, but they also constituted branches of the Prague institutions (Franciscans, Poor Clares, Knights of the Cross with the Red Star); this is where some of the architectural solutions of the newly erected sacred buildings originated from. Her activity was also noticeable in the field of writing. Through the documents that she issued with her own seal she participated in the creation of a new legal culture of Silesia. Probably, the duchess also founded (based on the Prague model) a scriptorium with an illumination workshop in the Poor Clares convent. The activity of both women is also marked by a concern for the memory of the family and the ideology of ducal rule.
More...Keywords: medieval history; church history; Christianity in the Middle Ages; religious culture; Poland during the Piast dynasty
The first Polish Poor Clare communities appear on the initiative of the Piast dynasty in Lesser Poland and in Silesia, but they are of a different character. Unlike the Wrocław convent, the foundations established in Bolesław the Chaste’s circle are envisioned as dynastic foundations of traditional form almost from the very beginning. The convent in Zawichost to a large extent draws on the Prague model; however, after the convent is moved to Skała, Salomea obtains an exemption from the rule of poverty from the pope, and she soon receives more possessions from the ruling family, and later bequeaths all her goods to “her convent.” Meanwhile, the Stary Sącz convent, founded by Kinga after the death of her husband, from the very beginning is treated as a traditional, lavishly endowed family foundation, and it constitutes the centre of the widowed duchess’s dominion, playing an important role in her political conflicts with Leszek the Black. The attitude of the female members of the dynasty towards the Poor Clare ideals is also unusual. Both Salomea and Kinga join the nuns of the convents founded by them. They do not perform the function of abbesses, calling themselves “sisters” instead. This did not, however, mean that they had to renounce their material goods, and sometimes it seems to have strengthened their position in relation to other members of the family. It is an exceptional example, befitting Ottonian realities of canonical foundations rather than times of triumphant mendicant ideals.
More...Keywords: molecular biology; genetics; gene; DNA; RNA; genome; protein; inheritance; medicine
Academic textbook presenting topics from the field of molecular biology. The author discusses fundamental concepts and processes from genetics, such as siRNA, genomic imprinting, structures of DNA, RNA, RNA as catalyst, etc. She presents the key methods and techniques of molecular biology. The textbook includes a description of human genetic diseases, which are caused by dysfunctions of particular processes taking place in the cells. The text is illustrated with numerous photographs, diagrams and figures.
More...Keywords: Balkans; Slavia; journey; literature of the second half of the 19th century; intimist writing; journalism
The study looks at the specific nature of reading the Balkans in the second half of the 19th century and harmonizes with the author’s text Towards Croatia, which was published in The Problems of Literature and Culture of Modernism in Central Europe (1867–1918), in Volume I, edited by E. Paczoska, I. Poniatowska, M. Chmurski, Warsaw 2017. In the article, the author shows why the understanding of Balkan issues in the second half of the 19th century, identified accurately by Krzysztof Stępnik and Monika Gabryś-Sławińska, as well as the Serbo-Croat questions and the interest in this geopolitical region are of such importance to Polish identity at the time. The author analyses: a memoir Three Months in Croatia. Reminiscences of A Journey in Austria and Hungary (as well as other examples of travel discourse showing Western interest in the Balkans); a several-episode critical review by Alexander Świętochowski, concerning two books on Serbia (here the author of the article also refers to other texts referring to Balkan issues); six letters from Bronisław Grabowski to Eliza Orzeszkowa: excerpts from Eliza Orzeszkowa’s letters to Teodor Tomasz Jeż; the correspondence between Wincenty Pol and Józef Ignacy Kraszewski; historical novels on Southern Slavia by Teodor Tomasz Jeż; The Doll by Bolesław Prus and his chronicles devoted to Balkan issues.
More...Keywords: Palmyra; Allat; Palmyrene religion; temple; Athena; hamana; inscriptions
In 1975, news of an exceptional discover in Palmyra rapidly made the rounds within the scholarly community. Digging the ruins of a small sanctuary, archaeologists from the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology University of Warsaw uncovered a very well preserved statue of the goddess Athena, identified in Palmyra with the tribal goddess Allat. This Arabian deity did not hold a leading position in the Palmyrene pantheon, yet was deeply worshipped by the local Arab tribes. The book by archaeologist Michał Gawlikowski, the excavator who made the discovery and lecturer at the University of Warsaw, eminent scholar and expert on Palmyra and its antiquities, brings an in-depth study of this statue, set in a detailed examination of the architectural evidence for the sanctuary itself, which existed from the 1st through the 4th century AD. The author reconstructs successive stages in the development of this cult place and the respective architectural decor. The volume, in French, is an excellent example of an interdisciplinary approach to the study of archaeological excavation data, compared and critically analyzed in the context of a discussion on epigraphic and numismatic sources, reaching also into the fields of art. history and religious studies.
More...Keywords: World War II 1939–1945; Holocaust; diaries 1939–1945; limit experiences
The author focuses on the Second World War, but draws attention to the deep genealogy of the phrase “wartime diaries”, treating them as a special form of recording limit situations in which a person is confronted with violence and death, which go beyond the ways of coping with these experiences, and the community is faced with the horror of mass extermination. Culture and civilization are in a state of catastrophe, destruction and collapse. Examples of records of such experiences in the past include plague logs and pogrom chronicles. The concept of “wartime diaries” has two basic features: 1. they are written in borderline situations and contain a record of borderline experiences; 2. the primary distinguishing criterion is the proximity of the record and the experience. The author presents the topography of diaristic records and the circles of experience they testify to. As for the topography of writing, the observation field was narrowed only to the area of the Warsaw, Łódź, Kraków, Vilnius and Kaunas ghettos. From the various experiences within the thematic spectrum of the diaries, the author presents two: the hunger in the ghetto and the siege of the city of Warsaw and Leningrad. The article proposes to expand the genological area of the diaries and draw attention to diaristic borderlands and genological hybrids. This broadened spectrum of forms would fit between the diary and the chronicle, and between the letters and the diary. There are also “texts in extremis”, which can be considered a unique“ ultimate diaristic record”. This separate group consists of various types of inscriptions on the walls of torture rooms and prisons, places where convicts are held. The act of writing and the moment of experience merge.
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