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Book Reviews

Kritike, prikazi, osvrti

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 3/2003

Povijesni izvori Slavonije, Baranje i Srijema, sv. I, prir. Ive Mažuran, Osijek, 2002. (Zoran Ladić), War in the Early Modern World, 1450-1815, ur. Jeremy Black, London, 1999. (Damir Matanović), Ljudevit Krmpotić, Car Franjo I. u Hrvatskoj 1818., sv. I-II, Hannover-Čakovec, 2002. (Zlata Živaković-Kerže), William Brooks Tomljanovich, Biskup Josip Juraj Strossmayer, Nacionalizam i moderni katolicizam u Hrvatskoj, Zagreb, 2001. (Dinko Župan), Tomislav Markus, Predstavke županija i gradova Banske Hrvatske 1861.-1867. Izabrani dokumenti, Zagreb, 2002. (Mario Kevo), Ivan Peršić, Kroničarski spisi, Zagreb, 2002. (Mato Artuković), Mladen Obad Šćitaroci i Bojana Bojanić Obad Šćitaroci, Dvorci i perivoji u Slavoniji – od Zagreba do Iloka, Zagreb, 1998. (Milan Vrbanus), Branko Zakošek, Brod na Savi – Slavonski Brod. Kulturno-zabavni i sportski život između dva svjetska rata, Rijeka, 2002. (Josip Kljajić), Duško Kliček, Grad Lipik - Fotomonografija: Pozdrav iz Lipika, Lipik, 2002. (Vijoleta Herman-Kaurić), Dragica Gucunski, Osječki perivoji i drvoredi, Osijek, 2002. (Borislav Bijelić), Miroslav Bauer, Nogomet u Strizivojni 1927.-2002., Strizivojna-Ðakovo, 2002. (Zlata Živaković-Kerže) Povijesni prilozi, sv. 22, Zagreb, 2002. (Mario Kevo), Časopis za suvremenu povijest, sv. 34, Zagreb, 2002. (Ivica Miškulin).

Selected Bibliography (From January 1998 to April 1998)

Selected Bibliography (From January 1998 to April 1998)

Author(s): Davorka Pšenica / Language(s): English / Issue: 1-2/1998

Selected Bibliography (From January 1998 to April 1998)

Folk Songs of the Croatian minority in Austria - Burgenland

Volkslieder der kroatischen Volksgruppe in Ōsterreich - Burgenland

Author(s): Ina Jun Broda / Language(s): German / Issue: 1-2/1979

Romance loanwords in the dialect of Baške Oštarije

Romanizmi u govoru Baških Oštarija

Author(s): Kristina Miočić / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 1/2011

Keywords: Romance loanwords; Baške Oštarije; etymologies; language borrowing; Štokavian ikavica

The goal of this paper is to define the contribution of the Romance loanwords to the dialect of Baške Oštarije, a village placed where three geographic borderlines meet: first, between Middle and South Velebit; secondly, between the Adriatic coast and the continental region of Lika, and thirdly, between Gospić and Karlobag. The Romance loanwords entered into the local dialect by means of intense trading activities in the past three centuries. Most of these loanwords belong to the semantic field of cuisine and home supplies. They have been gathered in contact with the local people and their descendants living in a number of Croatian cities. The author finds it necessary to preserve this linguistic treasure before it is replaced with Croatian standard.

Der Islam zwischen der Ströme Sava, Drava und Donau

Islam između Save, Drave i Dunava

Author(s): Nenad Moačanin / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 41/1991

Die Stadte sowie ein Anzahl von Dörfern in Slavonien und Syrmien haben zum ersten Mal um 1560 islamische Merkmale erhalten, dann aber wieder um 1620, damals in noch höherem Grad. Die lslamisierung der Menschen und deren Umwelt war zwar verhaltnismassig umfangreich, aber nicht besonders tief. Muslimische Zuwanderung hat eine grössere Rolle gespielt als örtliche Bekehrungen. Dabei waren Massnahmen der Staatspolitik wichtig, jedoch manchmal von geringeren Auswirkungen als der Einfluss wirtschaftlicher Faktoren.

Spanish flu in Osijek in 1918

Španjolska gripa u Osijeku 1918.

Author(s): Maja Vonić / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 14/2014

Keywords: Spanish flu; epidemic; Osijek; World War I; 1918

Influenza pandemic of 1918-1919, remembered as “Spanish flu” in world’s collective memory, shook the world exhausted by World War I and claimed much more lives than this great military conflict. By the end of the summer of 1918 the flu virus reached Croatia, as well as Osijek, where it claimed its first victims in the fall of the same year. Town authorities tried to fight the pandemic with numerous safety regulations, but because of the specific period in which influenza struck, the town population did not observe these regulations and virtually ignored the danger. Namely, in October and November, when the pandemic peaked in Osijek, the map of Europe was signifi cantly changing as a result of World War I. The Croatian public was, as it could be expected, eager to see what will happen to Croatia after the collapse of Austria-Hungary. The townsmen gathered on the streets greeting the soldiers returning from war and celebrating the proclamation of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, completely forgetting about the danger from the Spanish flu. The pandemic continued its course and no safety measures or medical activities could keep it at bay. It disappeared naturally, suddenly and abruptly, the same way as it appeared.

Values and importance of side programmes at the 45th annual festival of Varaždin Baroque Evenings (1971-2015)

Vrijednosti i značaj popratnih programa 45 festivalskih godišta Varaždinskih Baroknih Večeri (1971.-2015.)

Author(s): Eduard Vargović,Vladimir Huzjan / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 27/2016

Keywords: Varaždin; Varaždin Baroque Evenings; side programmes;

Contents of side events of the Varaždin Baroque Evenings have immensely contributed to the development of the town of Varaždin in the last 45 years, proving the richness of the town’s cultural heritage enticed, in this particular case, by the music inheritance of this region and organisation of the baroque music festival. The plentiful contents of the side events which take place during the ten-day festival have also contributed to the successful organisation of the Baroque Evenings and become a traditional and unsurpassed peculiarity of the life in the town of Varaždin, organized every year at the end of September and beginning of October for the last 45 years. The Varaždin Baroque Evenings, including other side events, were developed thanks to the centuries-long musical heritage and cultural values of the Varaždin region. The side events include: exhibitions (more than 160), scientifc conferences (23), lectures, seminars (15), theatrical performances (26), representations and promotions(30), gastronomy gatherings (21) and other happenings noted in the Table 1. If one takes only a glance at the number of various contents connected to the festival and its side programmes, one can easily conclude that it took a great effort and creativity to organised the events involving numerous authors and other people necessary to organised such an event. We are, for example, impressed by the number of exhibitions, followed by conferences, theatrical performances etc. If we take into consideration that all the happenings took place during the Baroque evenings in just ten to fifteen days, and if we bear in mind that Varaždin had hosted similar, but also entirely different events throughout the year, only then can we realise how rich in diversities of cultural, scientifc and educational contents Varaždin is. This is possible because Varaždin has a critical mass of creative, capable, highly motivated, and also enthusiastic individuals and groups of people who participated, not only because of their inner urge but also to contribute to their town. We could only imagine the length of the list if we included all the annual activities in the last 45 years! Due to the above-mentioned facts, the Varaždin Baroque Evenings are a strong proof that a local event, thanks to the greatness of its own centuries-long values, actually has a universal feature. This is the reason why the Baroque Evenings, on the way to their musical and creative proceed, simply “demanded” that also other creative forces become active in other spheres of the town’s cultural and social life in order to show themselves in their true light. To the Baroque Evenings we owe the gratitude for such a wide range of moments of true creativity involving numerous participants of different kind and age. All the side contents in various art and culture spheres, numerous participants, and many other towns and places involved in the festival confirm that the Baroque Evenings created a special atmosphere in Varaždin proving to Europe it is, throughout the year, the town of culture, baroque, music and flowers.

STATUTA VALACHORUM – LEGAL ASPECTS OF THE CREATION OF THE MILITARY BORDER - KRAJINA

STATUTA VALACHORUM – PRAVNA OSNOVA NASTANKA VOJNE GRANICE - KRAJINE

Author(s): Boris Kršev / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 02/2011

Keywords: Military border - Krajina; martolozi - krajisnici; Vlachs; Ferdinand II of Habsburg; Statuta Valachorum

The paper analyzes the historical circumstances that led to the formation of the Military border - Krajina, particularly migration and other Serbian Vlach population of the Balkan Peninsula, the area of Slavonia and Croatia, as well as their privileges they had under the Turkish “occupation zone”, and after defection in the works under Austrian rule. In considering the legal status of this population of special significance is the so-called. “Vlach law” (Statuta Valachorum), which was in force in the area of Military border - Krajina and thus allow the territory a sort of legal autonomy.

Theresian and Josephine reform efforts in the regulation of the socioeconomic position of Roma in Croatia and Slavonia

Theresian and Josephine reform efforts in the regulation of the socioeconomic position of Roma in Croatia and Slavonia

Author(s): Neven Kovačev,Danijel Vojak / Language(s): English / Issue: 55/2018

Keywords: Roma; Croatia and Slavonia; Enlightenment; reforms; Maria Theresa; Joseph II;

The history of the Roma population on the Croatian area was marked by the periods in which the Roma faced the impact of the repressive and assimilatory policy of the state and local authorities towards them. The period of the reign of Maria Theresa and Joseph II was marked by such a policy, as they issued numerous decrees on Roma. The main goal of this policy was to reform the status of the Roma population by ordering them the forced sedentarization, the prohibition of their identity, e.g. their name, the use of their language and customs, doing their traditional professions and so on. As the result of such a policy, the Roma should have become the integrated part of the Habsburg society. The similar enlightened policy toward the Roma was conducted by the other European rulers as well. This paper is based on the research of the archival fonds of the Croatian State Archives, as well as the analysis of the relevant literature.

Traditional Life of the Hungarians and the Germans in Retfala, a Part of Osijek

Tradicijski život Mađara i Nijemaca u Retfali, dijelu Osijeka

Author(s): Vlasta Šabić / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 25/2002

Keywords: minority communities; Hungarians; Germans; Osijek;

A revision of some historical facts points to a firmer connection of the city of Osijek and its neighboring villages in the past. Namely, there have been some rural elements that have been incorporated in the city and have survived for quite a while, and at the same time the urban environment has influenced the surrounding villages. The way of life in Retfala was determined by the economy, which was based on the agriculture, the crafts, and, after the World Wars, on the employment in the city of Osijek and its factories. One of the determining elements was certainly the immanent connection with the city of Osijek, which gave Retfala a specific tone The everyday life in Retfala, its material and spiritual culture was defined by two groups of its inhabitants - the Hungarians and the Germans. The petrification of the traditional elements was up to recently caused by the fact that these two communities are somewhat closed national minority units. Retfala used to be a village until it was united with Osijek in 1947. The elements of the traditional way of life from the beginning and the first half of the twentieth century witness to this fact: economy; rural architecture, largely characterized by the Pannonian, that is, the Slavonian architecture, such as the typical houses called trščare built of what used to be called naboj of ćerpić; some elements of traditional costume, that is, the specific features of clothing; calendar customs, which are commonly recognizable by their Central European roots; customs that accompanied work, as well as the social life seen from the prism of leisure time.

AN OVERVIEW OF HISTORIOGRAPHICAL EDITIONS PUBLISHED BY MATICA HRVATSKA (1918-1996)

AN OVERVIEW OF HISTORIOGRAPHICAL EDITIONS PUBLISHED BY MATICA HRVATSKA (1918-1996)

Author(s): Stipe Kljaić / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2019

Keywords: Matica Hrvatska; historiography; publishing; 20th century;

This article focuses on the historiographical editions published by Matica Hrvatska from 1918 to the first half of the 1990s, which influenced the formation of Croatia’s intellectual and cultural identity over a period of almost a century. Historiographical editions have been chronologically divided into three significant periods of their publication, which correspond to important historical and political epochs: the first period being from the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and the entry of the Croatian people into the first Yugoslav state in 1918 to the collapse of the Independent State of Croatia in 1945; the second from the establishment of the second Yugoslavia until its disintegration, from 1945 to 1989; and the third from the beginning of the democratic changes in 1990 and the creation of the present Croatian state. The article shows that the works published by Matica mirrored in many ways the political aspirations of each epoch, as has been amply documented in this article. The historiographical editions published by Matica Hrvatska during the 20th century undoubtedly reflect various political and social changes that influenced the publishing policy of this oldest Croatian cultural institution. Its publishing activity experienced a particular boom during the presidency of Filip Lukas between 1928 and 1945, which is certainly one of the most productive periods in the history of Matica in terms of publishing and of cultural promotion. Unlike the socialist period, when national themes were suppressed and avoided in a certain way, and there were almost no publications on local history, in the said period Matica not only focused on national history, but also printed numerous editions dealing with the local histories of individual Croatian cities and regions. The most serious crisis in Matica’s history came after World War II, when its publishing activities were suppressed, primarily because of its previous role in promoting Croatian nationalism. Its membership had given strong support to the establishment of the Croatian state in 1941, which in no way coincided with the overall direction of the cultural policy of the post-war communist regime. In this regard, the pinnacle was the eventual ban on Matica’s work, which came in 1972 because of its prominent role in the Croatian Spring during the 1960s, until the dismissal of the Croatian communist leadership in Karađorđevo in 1971. In such circumstances, Matica’s publishing activity barely managed to survive in the framework of Matica Hrvatska’s Publishing House. This institute pursued particularly extensive publishing activity in the years when the Yugoslav communist system began to disintegrate, in 1989-1990, when it also published the works of the former dissident and future Croatian President, Franjo Tuđman. In the aftermath of the establishment of a democratic Croatian state and with the renewal of Matica’s work, its publishing activity experienced a resurgence towards the end of the 20th century, when topics from national and local history were again in its focus, as well as the previously banned books of the emigration, now published in new, Croatian editions.

OSIJEK CITIZENRY IN THE REGISTRY OF CITIZENS FROM THE ACQUISITION OF THE FREE AND ROYAL STATUS TO THE FIRST CENSUS OF THE NON-NOBLE POPULATION (1809-1814)

OSJEČKO GRAĐANSTVO U UPISNIKU GRAĐANA OD STJECANJA SLOBODNOG I KRALJEVSKOG STATUSA DO PRVOG POPISA NEPLEMENITOG STANOVNIŠTVA (1809.-1814.)

Author(s): Eldina Lovaš / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 19/2019

Keywords: citizenry; Registry of Citizens; Osijek; free royal city; beginning of the 19th century;

This paper analyses the Osijek citizenry between 1809 and 1814 on the basis of data recorded in the Osijek Registry of Citizens. It provides a short description of sources that facilitate research into the citizens of Osijek; it adduces the civil rights granted by the Charter of the Free Royal City of Osijek from 1809 and the requirements for obtaining citizenship. The data analysis is based on the Registry because this source provides the highest number of individual data on each citizen. By applying statistical, comparative and descriptive methods, an endeavour is made to present the number, the religious and the “national” structure, the marital status and the scope of activities of Osijek citizens. The paper comprises the period from 1809, when Osijek acquired the free royal status, until 1814 when the Osijek non-noble population was recorded for the first time. Hence, this is the first census of commoners after Osijek was proclaimed a free royal city. The proclamation of Osijek as a free royal city created the preconditions for the Osijek population to acquire civic status which resulted in a series of privileges for individuals, including personal freedom, inalienability of properties and non-payment of certain levies. The obtained data on the Osijek citizenry in this paper are the result of the analysis of the Registry of Citizens; the following conclusions can be drawn: in the period between 1809 and 1814, 569 persons complying with the requirements necessary for taking a civic oath were registered.

The church in Velebit Podgorje in the past and the present

Crkva u Velebitskom Podgorju u prošlosti i sadašnjosti

Author(s): Mile Bogović / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 1/2018

Keywords: Podgorje; Velebit; parishes; monasteries; monks; Bunjevci;

The first section is about the life and activity of the Church during history in this part of Podgorje which today belongs to the Gospić-Senj Diocese, i.e. from Sveti Juraj to, and including, Lukovo Šugarje. During history the region belonged to various dioceses. Podgorje is a region where during some periods one could live very well, however, in others periods it was impossible. The most difficult were the first centuries of the Middle Ages and the first centuries of the modern era. From these times little can be said even about the activity of the Church in this area. At the end of the 17th century, the region came under the administration of the bishop of Senj, whereas today it is part of the Gospić-Senj Diocese. Apart from Baške Oštarije, all the other parishes today belong to the Senj deanery. The region was depopulated several times and inhabited after a long time. In the paper, the most space is given to the generation of immigrants who arrived at the end of the 17th century and their descendants to date. Now there is a sudden depopulation of the area. Such a historical development has also influenced the life of the Church in this place. The second part speaks about each individual parish in this region. They are: Sveti Juraj, Lukovo Otočko, Starigrad, Jablanac, Prizna, Cesarica, Baške Oštarije, Karlobag and Lukovo Šugarje. These parishes exist today, and we have information about the existence of the parishes of Starigrad, Jablanac, Cesarica and Karlobag in the Middle Ages. Every church, parochial house, cemetery and chronological list of the parishes’ administrators are presented for each parish. In the Middle Ages there were also several monasteries or religious communities. In Sveti Juraj there were Benedictines, in Stinica probably Conventual Franciscans, whilst in Karlobag probably one female religious community (Dominicans). In the modern era we have only Capuchins in Karlobag. They were brought in for the mission in Lika, after liberation from the Turks. They were occupied with this in the 18th century. Today the whole pastoral care of Karlobag and the wider surroundings are their responsibility.

„Budući da je smrt csoveka istinita, csas pak smrti nepoznat…“ („As the Death of Men is Known, and the Time of Death, However, Unknown ...“) – Testators and Testamentary Legacies in the Wills

„Budući da je smrt csoveka istinita, csas pak smrti nepoznat…“ – oporučna ostavština u oporukama osječkoga stanovništva (1809. - 1850.)

Author(s): Edina Lovaš / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 20/2020

Keywords: wills; testator; testamentary legacy; Free and Royal City of Osijek; first half of the 19th century;

On the basis of preserved original wills and transcripts of wills, which can be found within the holdings of the City Government of the Free and Royal City of Osijek, this paper analyses wills, testators and testamentary legacies in unpublished wills of the Osijek population. The analysis comprises 86 wills written in Croatian in the period from 1809 and 1850. The focal point of the paper is the review of wills as source materials within the holdings of the City Government of the Free and Royal City of Osijek, the review of the structure of Osijek wills, the analysis of the numerical relation between male and female testators as well as the characteristics of the testators. As concerns the testamentary legacies, a list of those most represented in the wills is given, such as financial donations, real estate and material things.

THE PLACES OF PERISH AND BURIAL OF SOLDIERS AND CIVILIANS DURING AND AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR (1941 TO 1946) ON THE TERRITORY OF OLD COMMUNITIES VRATNIK, KRASNO AND ST. JURAJ. (SECOND PART)

MJESTA POGIBIJE I POKAPANJA VOJNIKA I CIVILA TIJEKOM DRUGOGA SVJETSKOG RATA I PORAĆA NA PODRUČJU STARIH OPĆINA VRATNIKA, KRASNA I SVETOG JURJA (II. DIO)

Author(s): Ante Glavičić / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 1/2000

Keywords: the second world war and after; the places of perish and burial; soldiers and civilians; old communities Vratnik; Krasno and St. Juraj;

The author here deals with military and political circumstances on the territory of Senj during WWII and some time after. Based on poor archival materials and literature and for the part on memory of the participants of those war events, the author speaks about sixty five places where mainly the soldiers of the Independent State of Croatia armed forces perished or killed and buried. So, according to the respective pieces of information, more than 112 Croatian soldiers, mainly from Lika, lost their lives on the territory of Vratnik, Krasno and mountainous part of St. Juraj. The total number according to different locations amounts to one hundred sixty eight. Among them were also the soldiers of partisan formations and civilians from territory. They were killed for the most part between 7-15 April 1945. Among them was a number of prisoners of war, but they were executed as well. These, however, are not the and definitive figures.

AN ABBEY AS A STRONGHOLD: A STRATEGIC ROLE OF CISTERCIAN ABBEY OF BLESSED VIRGIN MARY IN TOPUSKO (TOPLICA) IN ANTI-OTTOMAN DEFENSE EFFORTS DURING 16TH CENTURY

AN ABBEY AS A STRONGHOLD: A STRATEGIC ROLE OF CISTERCIAN ABBEY OF BLESSED VIRGIN MARY IN TOPUSKO (TOPLICA) IN ANTI-OTTOMAN DEFENSE EFFORTS DURING 16TH CENTURY

Author(s): Hrvoje Kekez / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2021

Keywords: The Topusko abbey; Ottoman raids; anti-Ottoman defense strategies; war strategies; 16th century; Croatia; Keglević family;

The main goal of this paper is to analyze the strategic role of Cistercian abbey of Blessed Virgin Mary in Topusko (medieval Toplica) in anti-Ottoman defense during 16th century, especially because it is rather exceptional of usage sacral complex in anti-Ottoman defense system in rather long period. In order to do so it is determined and analyzed strategic importance of the monastic complex in anti-Ottoman defense line and the change of it according to ever going Ottoman conquest of new territories, i.e. approaching of the bordering line. Furthermore, the organization of defense of the rather large estate of Topusko abbey as well as the changes of the monastic fortifications are addressed. Even more, the role of the commendatory abbots of the abbey, as well the serves of the abbey, in the larger efforts in composing and functioning of the anti-Ottoman defense line are analyzed. Finally, the proximate time and context of the final abandoning of the former Cistercian abbey is determined.

THE CENTRALIZATION OF THE STATE ADMINISTRATION THROUGH THE ESTABLISHMENT OF COUNTIES AND THE BUILDING OF RELATIONSHIPS WITH MANORIAL SELF-GOVERNANCE – THE EXAMPLE OF THE SYRMIA COUNTY AND THE ILOK MANOR IN THE 18TH CENTURY

CENTRALIZACIJA DRŽAVNE UPRAVE KROZ FORMIRANJE ŽUPANIJA I IZGRADNJA ODNOSA PREMA VLASTELINSKIM SAMOUPRAVAMA – PRIMJER SRIJEMSKE ŽUPANIJE I ILOČKOG VLASTELINSTVA U 18. STOLJEĆU

Author(s): Marta Ivkovic,Darko Vitek / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 21/2021

Keywords: Ilok manor; Syrmia County; absolutism; 18th century;

This paper analyses the relation between the newly established Syrmia County and the central state administration in the context of the absolutist court policy. The Habsburg Monarchy as a typical composite monarchy of the modern period pursued the policy of strengthening the power of the central state institutions which is in historiography mainly referred to as absolutism. Through this policy it developed relations with particular state formations and institutions, which can be discussed as the relation between the centre and the periphery. This policy in the Kingdom of Hungary-Croatia, a peripheral region of the Habsburg Monarchy, was expressed through numerous attempts to reduce the impact and the power of autonomous state institutions. In this sense it is necessary to conduct a historiographic valorisation of the process of the establishment of Ilok Manor and Syrmia County. Ilok Manor was established in the late 17th century in the circumstances of the exhausting war against the Ottoman Empire and as such it was an example of manorial arbitrariness and manorial weakness at the same time. By selling the manor and granting the family Odescalchi extensive powers, Leopold I, in the manner of an absolutist ruler, completely neglected the requirements of the Croatian strata and at the same time renounced considerable prerogatives of kingship in favour of the new owner of the manor. This confrontation proved to be an issue almost half a century later during the establishment of Syrmia County. The newly established Syrmia County with its organisational structure and financial system was an expression of the absolutist policy of Leopold’s granddaughter Maria Theresa. In order to fulfil its role in full, the County had, apart from the organisational structure, to resolve the issue of considerable manorial prerogatives and particularities. Accordingly, a long-lasting conflict between the county and the manorial representatives arose, the county people being intent on reducing the influence of the seigniors and their administrators. In conclusion, the analysis has, with reference to this, shown that one of the significant roles of the newly established counties, thus also of Syrmia County, was the implementation of absolutist directives of the Habsburg policy and the reduction of the autonomy of manorial prerogatives.

MEMORANDUM OF THE „DESPOT OF THE ILLYRIAN” ĐORĐE II. BRANKOVIĆ TO THE AUSTRIAN EMPEROR AND KING LEOPOLD I FROM 1688

MEMORANDUM „DESPOTA ILIRSKOG“ ĐORĐA II. BRANKOVIĆA AUSTRIJSKOM CARU I KRALJU LEOPOLDU I. IZ 1688. GODINE

Author(s): Željko Karaula / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 3/2018

Keywords: memorandum; «despot» Đorđe Branković; Illyrian Kingdom; Ottomans; Habsburg Monarchy;

This paper, along with a short introduction on the Habsburg anti-Ottoman offensive during the Great (Vienna) war (1683-1699), brings a translation of the memorandum of the Serbian diplomat and adventurer Đorđe Branković from 1688 addressed to the Habsburg king and emperor, Leopold I. In it, Branković offers his aid to the emperor in his conquests against the Ottomans and seeks the foundation of the «Illyrian Kingdom» in the area of South-Eastern Europe which was liberated from the Ottomans, under the dynasty of Branković. This kingdom would be, according to Branković, a friend to the Habsburg Monarchy and its faithful ally.

Methodological Approach to German Language Teaching in High Schools of the City of Osijek (Croatia) until World War II

Ansätze zum Deutschlehren in Gymnasien der Stadt Osijek (Kroatien) bis zum 2. Weltkrieg

Author(s): Ljubica Kordić / Language(s): German / Issue: 1/2022

Keywords: the city of Osijek; multilingualism; German language; teaching approach; the Classical High School of Osijek; grammar schools

The goal of this paper is to explore the position of the German language in the history of the multilingual city of Osijek, Croatia, and to present the specific role of that language throughout the history of Croatian secondary school system. Historical overview of the position of German language with reference to other (foreign) languages that were instructed in the classical High School of Osijek and its two grammar schools (Realschulen) offers an insight into cultural and political contacts of Croatia with German speaking countries and peoples. This exploration is based on various historical sources and documents, primarily those available in the Museum of Slavonia and in the State Archives of Osijek. In both institutions, a huge contingent of original files and documents of the three schools from their foundation to World War II was investigated and analyzed. Apart from the language policy and the specific position of the German language, the author especially deals with the methodological approach to teaching discourse of German in the high schools of Osijek at specific historical periods. In that way the paper gives evidence on educational and political changes as well as on interference of different languages and cultures throughout the history in the multicultural city of Osijek.

Stefan Štiljanović – From a Castellan to a Despot and Saint (Part 1)

STEFAN ŠTILJANOVIĆ – OD KAŠTELANA DO DESPOTA I SVECA (prvi dio)

Author(s): Petar Seletković / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 22/2022

Keywords: Stefan Štiljanović; anti-Ottoman defense system; Ladislas Móré; Serbian elite; Kingdom of Hungary; Hungarian nobility; castellans; Middle Ages;

This paper has endeavoured to open a number of issues significant for the understanding of the period at the end of the Middle Ages in the territory of present-day Slavonia and Syrmia and further afield, the southern areas of Hungary along the border with the Ottoman Empire. Using the example of Stefan Štiljanović, who embarked on a significant career in the service of the magnate Ladislas Móré de Cula on his grand estates south of the Drava River and at the same time gained respect by serving on the border with the Ottomans and warring with the supporters of King Ivan Zapoljski, successfully performing important military and intelligence duties for the Hungarian anti-king of Ferdinand Habsburg, this paper has endeavoured to raise the question of the social mobility, that is to say the social advancement of individuals from the ranks of the middle and lower stratum of the Hungarian nobility and the members of immigrating Serbian and other Southern Slavic (military) elites, which, due to their military service on the border with the Ottomans entered the ranks of the Hungarian nobility. In contrast to earlier times, the circumstances of the Ottoman advancement and the conquest of certain parts of southern Hungary and at the same time the war between the supporters of the two Hungarian anti-kings increased the opportunities for individuals from the middle and lower strata of the Hungarian society to achieve fast social advancement by acquiring new estates; a large number of these estates had previously been taken from the opposite side. Thus, for example King Ferdinand Habsburg bestowed upon Stefan Štiljanović the estates of Miholjanec and Glogovnica in Križevci County, which had previously been taken from knez Petar Mrsinjski, a supporter of King John Zapolja. In 1535 Ferdinand made a deed of gift of the estate of Esztyén (presumably near the present-day village of Stejanovci in Serbia) in the Syrmia County to Štiljanović; this estate had previously been owned by knez Lovro Iločki and was at that particular time situated in the Ottoman territory. Stefan Štiljanović acquired noble status in 1527, and in the grant from 1535 he already bore the title of egregius, which means that he made further progress on the social scale and most likely became a member of the middle or county nobility. In addition to the opportunity for rapid ascent, in the circumstances of the Ottoman invasion and the war of counter-kings, the dangers of losing status, property, and even life for all layers of the Hungarian nobility and society increased significantly at the same time.