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Parrésia Vs. phronesis: Foucault and political today

Parrésia vs. phronesis: Foucault i političko danas

Author(s): Žarko Paić / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 18/2013

Kada se govori o zadaći filozofije u suvremeno doba često se pod time podrazumijeva nešto drugo od njezina povijesno uspostavljenoga sklopa: da nije, naime, riječ tek o smislu ili svrsi (telos) mišljenja o bitku kao takvome, već o događaju kojim mišljenje nadilazi bitak ili ga već uvijek mijenja u obzorju vremenitosti. Zadaća filozofije nije nešto izvanjsko samoj filozofiji. U jedinstvu mišljenja i djelovanja ne radi se o prvenstvu jednog nad drugim. Parmenidov znameniti izrijek da bitak jest i da bez mišljenja koje iskazuje ono što jest bitak sam ne može biti ono što jest pretpostavlja već uvijek dvoje. Prvo, filozofija misli svijet iz događaja primarne otvorenosti bitka samoga da bi uopće mogla biti imenovana filozofijom. Drugo, kazivanje o bitku nije nikad tek logičko podudaranje riječi i stvari. Ponajprije je riječ o istini događaja. Riječi postaju stvarima zahvaljujući događaju. Stvari se, pak, u kazivanju nalaze u odnosu. Tek iz odnosa zadobivaju svoje značenje. Povijesni odnos između riječi i stvari, štoviše, ne može poći od nečeg što je već unaprijed dano u svojoj faktičnosti kao „izvor“, „iskon“ ili „priroda stvari“. Ono što jest višestruko se pojavljuje u svojoj događajnosti kao forma odnosa između bitka i mišljenja. Višestrukost načina bitka upućuje na mnogostrukost ekspresije bića. Odnos ne može biti tek odnosom između nečeg što već postoji kao konstelacija snaga. U pitanju je ono što taj odnos uopće omogućuje. Zadaća filozofije, prema tome, nikad se ne može svesti na puki opis ili neutralnu dijagnozu „stanja stvari“ u aktualnosti.

Foucault about parrhesia and parrhesia in Christianity

Foucault o pareziji i parezija u kršćanstvu

Author(s): Jadranka Brnčić / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 2/2014

Keywords: parrhesia; Christianity; truth; everyday practice; hypocrisy

In this article the basic Foucault’s thesis about parrhesia is presented. It is then analysed regarding how it is verified when it comes to Christianity, and especially the New Testament. The focus is Jesus's parrhesia as an everyday practice (speech and life harmonised as opposed to hypocrisy). Next, questions regarding the interpretation of parrhesia in theology and in the institutional Church, where parrhesia sometimes is absent in everyday practice as the production of truth, is opened.

The semiotic phenomenology of Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Michel Foucault

The semiotic phenomenology of Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Michel Foucault

Author(s): Richard L. Lanigan / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2005

Postmodern methodology in the human sciences and philosophy reverses the Aristotelian laws of thought such that (1) non-contradiction, (2) excluded middle, (3) contradiction, and (4) identity become the ground for analysis. The illustration of the postmodern logic is Peirce’s (1) interpretant, (2) symbol, (3) index, and (4) icon. The thesis is illustrated using the work of Merleau-Ponty and Foucault and the le même et l’autre discourse sign where the ratio [Self:Same :: Other:Different] explicates the communicology of Roman Jakobson in the conjunctions and disjunctions, appositions and oppositions of discours, parole, langue, and langage.

Foucault, M.: Society Must Be Defended

Foucault, M.: Je třeba bránit společnost

Author(s): Tatiana Sedová / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 5/2006

Foucault and the Frankfurt School. A Discourse on Nietzsche, Power and Knowledge

Foucault and the Frankfurt School. A Discourse on Nietzsche, Power and Knowledge

Author(s): David B. Ingram / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/1986

Keywords: Adorno; Horkheimer; Nietzsche; Michel Foucault;

The essay attempts to explore some of the affinities between Foucault and the Frankfurt School. Part I examines the Nietzschean roots of Adorno and Horkheimer‘s critique of the Enlightenment. While the psychological strands of Nietzsche’s philosophy imply an identification of rational self-determination with domination, his theory of the Übermensch develops a model of emancipation which appeals to the creative, mimetic spontaneity of the aesthetic imagination. The author argues that, by accepting Nietzsche’s identification of reason (knowledge) and power, Adorno and Horkheimer could not rationally justify their own stance without entering into contradiction. Part II shows that the above contradiction led Foucault to retrieve a different aspect of Nietzsche’s thought, the theory of social conflict and power underlying genealogical historiography. Part III concludes with a discussion of Habermas’ criticism of Foucault.

Kafka and Foucault: From the Absurd to Prison

F. KAFKA IR M. FOUCAULT: NUO ABSURDO IKI KALĖJIMO

Author(s): Juozas Žilionis / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 43/2005

Keywords: education; punishment; absurd; prison; totalitarian system; justice

The ideas of Kafka and Foucault concerning educational institutions and mechanisms are analysed in this article. Both thinkers write about the contradictions of human life which are insoluble to a person because of subjective and objective reasons. In many cases, the person is just a cog in the powerful machine of a totalitarian system, which is controlled by nobody. Sometimes he becomes its victim, who is not aware of his own crime and does not find any way of exculpation. In The Trial Kafka inquires into the nature and functioning of the anonymous, unlimited, brutal, and totally depersonalising power of a bureaucratic court of law. Foucault's analysis of the penitentiary system exposes the strategy of punitive power. Prison is the darkest part of society, within which the punitive power creates the space for the total appropriation of the human body and soul by the method of permanent watching. Within this space, punishment is applied as the means of treatment, and power predominates over man.

Moral Identity and Private Autonomy: The Case of Foucault

Moralni identitet i osobna autonomija: slučaj Foucault

Author(s): Richard Rorty / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 07+09/2013

Vincent Descombes istaknuo je da su nam pokušaji usvajanja Foucaultova djela dali jednog američkog i jednog francuskog Foucaulta. Američki je Foucault, kaže on, »nastojao odrediti autonomiju čisto ljudskim pojmovima«, bez kantovskog pojma univerzalnog zakona. Ovaj se Foucault može čitati, što je mišljenje koje sam i ja zastupao, kao suvremena verzija Johna Deweya. Poput Deweya, ovaj nam Foucault govori da bi liberalne demokracije mogle bolje funkcionirati ukoliko bi prestale pokušavati pružati univerzalistička samo–opravdanja, prestale se pozivati na pojmove poput »racionalnosti« i »ljudske prirode«, i umjesto toga sebe jednostavno promatrale kao obećavajuće društvene eksperimente.

Michel Foucault’s return to the history ([and] literature)

Michela Foucault powrót do historii ([i] literatury)

Author(s): Elżbieta Bielecka / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1 (1)/2011

The article is devoted to the functioning of the notion of „history” in Michel Foucault’s methodological project. The subject of interest is the author of Discipline and Punish as a theoretician of the historiography, literature and textual self-creation. In other words, the article discusses Foucault’s three projects: 1) a revision of history as a research subject – from understanding it in categories of continuity and identity to perceiving it in categories of non‑continuity and differences, 2) interpretative and inter‑textual literature – and its history of the same type, 3) „the aesthetization of existence”.

The Body Politic: The Embodiment of Praxis in Foucault and Habermas

The Body Politic: The Embodiment of Praxis in Foucault and Habermas

Author(s): David M. Levin / Language(s): English / Issue: 1+2/1989

PREMISES OF THE ETHICAL RESPONSABILITY IN MICHEL FOUCAULT'S WORKS

Premize ale responsabilităţii etice la Michel Foucault

Author(s): Victor Ioan Chira / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1/2014

Keywords: Michel Foucault; Ethics; Responsibility; Care of the self; Subject; Truth;

The ethical responsibility it's not, at a first view, a major issue in Michel Foucault's philosophy but reading his writings, with a bigger attention for details and the research of an interpretation key for his work, on the whole, determine us to accept the thesis that his work contains significant ethical approaches. Reading his work by this interpretation key we shall discover a moral meaning, more precisely ethical aspects of the moral. In this article we had been proposing to present the way the speech about truth and relationships of power participate to the construction of moral subject but also to indicate the necessary premises of the ethical responsibilization of the individuals. Which are the necessary conditions to allow us to talk about a responsible subject, regarded from an ethical perspective?

Moral Identity and PrivateAutonomy: The Case of Foucault

Moralni identitet i osobna autonomija: slučaj Foucault

Author(s): Richard Rorty / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 1-2/2013

Vincent Descombes je istaknuo da su nam pokušaji usvajanja Foucaultova djela dali jednog američkog i jednog francuskog Foucaulta. Američki je Foucault, kaže on, “nastojao odrediti autonomiju čisto ljudskim pojmovima”, bez kantovskog pojma univerzalnog zakona. Ovaj se Foucault može čitati, što je mišljenje koje sam i ja zastupao, kao suvremena verzija Johna Deweya1. Poput Deweya, ovaj nam Foucault govori da bi liberalne demokracije mogle bolje funkcionirati ukoliko bi prestale pokušavati pružati univerzalistička samo-opravdanja, prestale se pozivati na pojmove poput “racionalnosti” i “ljudske prirode”, i umjesto toga sebe jednostavno promatrale kao obećavajuće društvene eksperimente.

IN THE POWER OF DISCOURSE. MICHEL FOUCAULT AS THE THEORIST OF TELEVISION

WE WŁADZY DYSKURSU. MICHEL FOUCAULT JAKO TEORETYK TELEWIZJI

Author(s): Agnieszka Ogonowska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 01/2005

Keywords: Michel Foucault; telewizja;

Although Michel Foucault is not considered a television critic, his social theory can be applied in the theory of television. The author of the article attempts to show relations between such terms as Panopticon, discourse, episteme, power/knowledge or political technology of the body with selected television analyses. The article draws a lot of attention to the issue of the viewer, his relations with television as a viewing machine and to the influence of TV texts on reality and to the creating process of the cognitive representation of the world of its users.

Norms and ethical virtues in Michel Foucault’s writings

Normă și virtute etică la Michel Foucault

Author(s): Victor Ioan Chira / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1-2/2015

Keywords: Ethical norms; Ethical virtues; Michel Foucault; Morality; Fictional characters;

In the following study, we propose an approach to the problematic of ethical norms, ethical virtues and also to the relationship beneath them, as they are presented in Michel Foucault’s works. Even though at a first analysis it may seem that the interest of Foucault is another (sexuality in History of sexuality) we will search the clues indicating his major interest in the study of morality. This study will also contain a description of the main attributes of an ethical virtue but also of the role that these can or cannot play in the evolution of what is called ethical norms. One of the question we will try to offer an answer is the following: Does an ethical virtue (of a fictional character or a contemporary ‘’hero’’) can influence the evolution of an ethical norm to be imposed to the entire society?

Isaiah Berlin, Michel Foucault and the Politics of Neoliberal Freedom

Isaiah Berlin, Michel Foucault and the Politics of Neoliberal Freedom

Author(s): Tom Driver / Language(s): English / Issue: 40 (01)/2017

Keywords: Isaiah Berlin; Michel Foucault; freedom; power; neoliberalism; homo economicus;

Starting with a historical inquiry into the notion of freedom as a political concept, in this article I argue that neoliberal freedom has attempted to satisfy demands associated with two quite distinct forms of freedom, representing a new understanding of the concept. Drawing on Isaiah Berlin’s lecture on the two conceptions of liberty – positive freedom to and negative freedom from – I consider their apparent heterogeneity, stemming from alternate relations towards individuals, and forming the basis of opposing political systems. Against this opposition, the neoliberal notion of freedom, as developed in the early works of liberal economists and their vision of a social market economy, is marked by a synthesis of politics and the economy, one that enables social regulation in conformity with market demands. Reflecting Foucault’s argument that power operates through both productive and repressive practices, neoliberal freedom poses a new understanding of subjectivity, where individuals become ‘entrepreneurs of the self’. By connecting personal freedom to rational action in the competitive marketplace, neoliberal culture can claim to grant both negative freedoms from the state and enabling freedoms to be a rational subject. With brief reference to contemporary political events, I point out some of the problems and implications of this form of freedom.

Paul Veyne: Foucault, His Thinking, His Personality

Paul Veyne: Foucault, jeho myšlení, jeho osobnost

Author(s): Michal Trčka / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 01/2018

The ‘Foucault Effect’ on the Models of Academic Governance

‘Efectul Foucault’ asupra modelelor guvernării academice

Author(s): Oana Șerban / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1/2017

Keywords: the ‘Foucault Effect’; educational policies; academic management; Panopticon; educational governance and governmentality; Durkheim; Foucault;

This article aims to explore the so-called ‘Foucauldian effect’ on different contemporary models of academic governance. In these models, educational institutions are defined as parts of a large apparatus of social observation and they are integrated in blocs of power that act within a disciplinary society. My thesis is that academic environments function as normalizing institutions in which the educational management is regarded as the result of the discursive production of power, inspired by “the art of (self) government”, following Foucault’s argument. In the first three sections of my article, I will investigate the relationship between governance and governmentality in educational terms. My analysis focuses on the role of social constraints in determining the ideological construction of these two concepts, in the light of Foucault’s and Durkheim’s critiques. In the last four sections, I will focus on the Foucauldian critical on three models of encapsulating the educational management at micro-institutional level through bureaucracy, Fordian, and Taylorian mechanisms of economic and social discipline. I will argue that each model depends on the cultural capital they involve, a premise that might be applied in the contemporary attempts of reforming educational policies.

Three concepts of discourse: Foucault, Laclau, Habermas

Three concepts of discourse: Foucault, Laclau, Habermas

Author(s): Lotar Rasiński / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2017

Keywords: Michel Foucault; Ernesto Laclau; Jürgen Habermas; discourse; theory of language; linguistic turn;

The aim of this article is to examine three currently dominant concepts of discourse, developed by Michel Foucault, Ernesto Laclau and Jürgen Habermas. I argue that these concepts of discourse constitute neither a coherent methodological agenda nor a coherent theoretical vision. That means that the reference to discourse will always imply engaging with a particular theoretical framework. I briefly discuss the theoretical traditions from which these concepts emerged and point to the essential elements which the respective concepts of discourse derived from these traditions. Concluding, I examine differences between and similarities in the discussed concepts, whereby I address, in particular, the relationship between discourse and everyday language, the notion of subjectivity and the concept of the social world.

Foucault in the Age of COVID-19: Permitting Contingency in Biopolitics

Foucault in the Age of COVID-19: Permitting Contingency in Biopolitics

Author(s): Mark Horvath,Ádám Lovász / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2020

Keywords: COVID-19, pandemic;

Power and Authority: Between Foucault and Girard

Potere e autorità. Tra Foucault e Girard

Author(s): Furio Pesci / Language(s): Italian / Issue: 4/2020

Keywords: Power; authority; Foucault and Girard; political debate; civil rights; contemporary deconstructionism; liberalism; biopolitics; biopower;

Contemporary deconstructionism, which today is not only among the strongest currents in the culture of our time, but also an inspiring source of the political debate regarding the so-called civil rights, proposes a negative vision of the whole tradition to which the Catholic social doctrine refers. Foucault’s work is a useful tool to unmask the ideological character of the ‘deconstructivist’ attitude, as well as potential dangers related to the policies based on it. In particular, Foucault’s theories allow us to analyze the ‘liberal’ tendencies widespread in the West as an example of a new kind of ‘biopolitics,’ which maintains the aims and practices typical of the ‘biopower’ described by the French thinker. René Girard proposes an analysis of certain intellectual currents in contemporary culture, in particular deconstructionism. According to Girard, modernity is characterized by breaking classical schemes, which rigorously structured human desire according to the Logos so as to prevent conflicts among the particular desires. In modernity, which brought the individualistic affirmation of the ego, Logos (in the sense of effective rationalization of desire) gradually disappeared replaced by an ever stronger individual freedom conceived as an end in itself.

SPACE IN LEFEBVRE AND FOUCAULT: A THEORETICAL DISCUSSION

LEFEBVRE VE FOUCAULT’DA MEKÂN: KURAMSAL BİR TARTIŞMA

Author(s): Mahmut KARAÇİZMELİ / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 52/2021

Keywords: space; spatial turn; space trilogy; representation; power; heterotopia;

In philosophy, in undermining the time's dominance over space, the share of Henri Lefebvre and Michel Foucault, two leading thinkers of the period of "spatial turn," is undeniably huge. The way these two thinkers handled the space made a splash even after themselves. The theories of Lefebvre and Foucault remain important today, with the structure of the place contemplating space, explaining the transformations of space and urban space over time, and presenting all these discussions in a manner associated with social and political practices. Lefebvre's considerations of the space, which extends to philosophy, history, physics, metaphysics, art, psychoanalysis, linguistics, and theology, are often regarded as a reference for subsequent studies. This study investigated the literature of the spatial turn period, explaining Lefebvre's concepts, which would become common in later periods as the "spatial trilogy." The study discussed the "perceived space" associated with everyday practices, the "designed place" where the power fictionalized, with virtual-actual extensions, and the "inhabited space," which Lefebvre called a "space of representation," which refers to differences and resistances associated with the concept of heterotopy. In the study, Lefebvre's these concepts are interpreted by comparing them to the concept of the heterotopia by Michel Foucault, another important thinker of the Period of Spatial Turn. In Foucault, heterotopic spaces with an emphasis on differences, out-of-the-norm, and ephemerality are exemplified by their physical extensions. The aim of this study is to contribute to the space literature by analyzing the differences, similarities, and concepts in which these two thinkers, who have expressed ideas about space in similar periods and inspired many academic studies in social sciences, philosophy, and architecture, have viewed the space.