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„Kolęda, Nowe Lato i Szczodry Dzień” — geneza, rozwój i schyłek gatunku w XVII wieku

Author(s): Michał Kuran / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2014

The article is proving that works arisen from the tradition of wishing carol, in which titles appeared a formula „Carol, The New Year and the Generous Day”, constitute a separate literary genre. What is more, works, which belong to it could exist in two forms: unified and cyclical. The genesis of the genre is regarded to appear in combining into one group the motives and symbols of the Christian holidays (from the Christmas through the Circumcision / the New Year to the Epiphany). These types of lyrics were printed from the very beginning to the half of the 17th century. The article therefore is creating the profile of dozen texts saved to our times.

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„Kto skosztuje, wie, co to za smaki duchowne są”. Obrazowanie o charakterze sensualnym w podręczniku medytacji na przykładzie „Elementarzyka ćwiczenia duchownego” Mikołaja z Mościsk

Author(s): Katarzyna Kaczor-Scheitler / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2014

The purpose of this article is to present, based on the second part of the „Manual of Spiritual Exercise” (Elementarzyk ćwiczenia duchownego, Kraków 1626) by Mikołaj of Mościska (1559–1632), the role of stylistic literary devices in the description of meditative mechanisms and the results of this experience — the inner transformation of Man, and the experience of closeness to and unification with God. The author will also draw attention to the significance of senses in the cognitive process, and consequently imagination, enabling one to picture the images contained in metaphors. The category of perceptibility, which is accentuated in the text, served to present objects and phenomena in a “realistic” manner. Thus, focus will be placed on the imaging tools through which the 17th century author attempted to draw metaphysical matters closer to the reader’s senses.

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„Lubić to, czego nie ma”. Pani Barbara Niechcicowa – studium rozczarowania

Author(s): Dorota Samborska-Kukuć / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2018

The psychological conditions of the protagonist of Noce i dnie as depicted in literary criticism are in line with bovarysme. An instance of this similitude is the state of disillusionment, caused by a clash of imagery and reality, as well as fallacies and facts. Mrs Niechcic’s multifaceted frustration with her love life and with her daily grind varies in intensity. The protagonist’s unhappy love casts an irrational shadow on her (poor substitute of) marriage, while the rural milieu, acting as a barrier from “real life” is juxtaposed with the city. Barbara Niechcic is disappointed in everything, as she cannot strike a viable balance between the world of dreams and the challenges of reality; however, her life path is different from that of Flaubert’s protagonist. After a period of erring and throwing tantrums, she mellows down and appreciates the mechanisms guiding her actions; as the novel comes to an end, she is content to merely carry on with her life. The stages of her existence make for the readers’ selfreflections on the complexity of human nature.

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„Modlitwa za Ojczyznę ks. piotra Skargi” — w poszukiwaniu autora i gatunku

Author(s): Jan Okoń / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2013

„Prayer for the Fatherland” based on Piotr Skarga’s writings and rightfully associated with his name, is perhaps the most known prayer text within its genre in Poland. It is said in public, aired on the radio and quoted numerously on the Internet. It played a special role on Sunday, 29 March 1981 in the height of the social tension in Poland, minutes before the general strike called by the Solidarity. Cardinal Franciszek Macharski ordered the Prayer to be said in all the churches of the Archdiocese of Krakow and the strike was cancelled. The Prayer was well known to John Paul II who often drew from it in his sermons. Nevertheless, the dating of the Prayer is unclear and its editor remains unknown. The present article addresses the questions of the prayer’s dating and authorship. It points to Piotr Skarga’s Sermons Preached to the Diet (Kazania sejmowe) as the Prayer’s text source, analyzes its structure and content. The article also uncovers an early 1936 version of the Prayer.

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„Nabożne westchnienia” Mikołaja Mieleszki wobec piśmiennictwa ascetyczno-mistycznego

Author(s): Katarzyna Kaczor-Scheitler / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2015

The article points to a relationship between Mikołaj Mieleszko’s "Pious Sighs" ("Nabożne westchnienia"; 1657) and the ascetic-mystical literature of the 17th century. This work particularly shows the meditative character of Mieleszko’s emblems. It also presents the division of the work into three books introduced by Mieleszko, which can be viewed in the context of the model of the three-stage mystical way to God (via purgativa, via illuminativa, via unitiva), employed by St. Ignatius of Loyola but known already by Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite and fully expressed by St. Bonaventure. The article also discusses the participation of human faculties in the emblems: memory, intellect, will, imagination, and feelings, which are so important in the act of meditation. Referring to the method of applying senses (applicatio sensuum), originating from the Church tradition (Origen, St. Bonaventure) and taken over by St. Ignatius of Loyola, the work emphasizes Mieleszko’s need to apply it in his emblems. Moreover, the article focuses on the influence of Kasper Drużbicki’s and St. Teresa of Ávila’s works visible in Mieleszko’s poems. The themes, allegories, symbols and metaphors of the ascetic-mystical literature reverberate in the emblems of the Baroque poet.

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„Najciekawsza wydaje mi się właśnie osobność” (Charles Reznikoff i przekłady Piotra Sommera)

Author(s): Joanna Orska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2017

The focus of this paper is the Polish translation of Charles Reznikoff poetry. Firstly, there goes an overall characteristic of the work by the American writer, whose conceptions became a core of the objectivist group-program of young poets connected to the Jewish diaspora in the 1930’s. Later, the main focus shifts to the conditions and presumable reasons for certain choices made by Piotr Sommer, Reznikoff’s Polish translator. Sommer’s choice – focusing predominantly on Reznikoff’s poetic miniatures – sheds light on the translator’s artistic preferences. Those poems by Reznikoff that have been translated into Polish do not carry as rich a historical, social, and cultural context – so important for an artist of the Jewish background – as his longer works, saturated with the religious allusions. However, Sommer’s translator’s craft – full of care and responsive to detail – allows his translations to frequently signal the strangeness and liminality of the passer-by subject, roaming the streets of New York.

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„Niebo bez ptaków”. O jednym z toposów literatury lagrowej (i jego obrzeżach)

Author(s): Piotr Krupiński / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2017

The main purpose of this article is to draw attention to one of the motifs which appear regularly in literature concerning the Nazi concentration camps. In many memoirs of ex-convicts the concentration camp is represented as a place “where birds did not sing” – an area domed by an empty, silent sky, “a sky without birds”. The author of this paper examines this phenomenon from many perspectives, drawing on various types of sources. The voices of the imprisoned are surprisingly juxtaposed with ornithological research conducted by Günther Niethammer, a scientist and, simultaneously, one of the SS guards in the Auschwitz concentration camp. This article is part of ever-growing contemporary research on the topoi of concentration camp literature and Holocaust literature. Ecocriticism and environmentalism constitute an important inspiration for his text, and a post-anthropocentric perspective allows the author to extend the scope of historicity to include the non-human beings, such as animals, plants and the landscape.

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„Pan Hrabia jak Diogenes z latarnią szuka człowieka” – miejsce i rola ciała w kształtowaniu tożsamości bohaterów dramatu „Horsztyński” Juliusza Słowackiego

Author(s): Magdalena Ciechańska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2015

The article is an attempt to interpret one of the most fascinating works of Juliusz Słowacki – “Horsztyński” drama. The basis of the interpretation is carnality. The main issue of the article is the designation of the role of carnality in the construction of subjectivity of the drama’s characters. The article is divided into four sections, whose titles are quotes from the drama. Each of them concerns some issues related to the category of carnality: connection of jesters’ appearance with their spiritual degeneration, presence and soothing touch, physical suffering, and the relation body-soulspirit. Considerations in the article aim to answer the question of the continuity of existence and the relation of awareness to the body.

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„Pociągający” urok odległego świata – wybrane motywy w powieściach Córka pastora i Żona pastora fińskiego prozaika Juhaniego Aho

Author(s): Bolesław Mroziewicz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2018

This article shows the issues of the place and the social role of the women in Finland of on the basis of the two Finnish classical, realistic 19th century novels: Pastor’s daughter and Pastor’s wife. Juhani Aho joins the discussion through his literary output. Being a pastor’s son, he chooses the characters for his deep analysis from his social group. In the latter one, Aho is referring to psychological trend emerging in Finland. The plot of both novels is set in the group of Finnish intelligence that, on the one hand, is represented by pastors from the small village parishes and, on the other hand, by the theology student from Helsinki. His stay in pastor’s house in the country and his unconventional behaviour can ruin the social order, which used to be accepted as the norm. The author focuses on the figure of a woman – the daughter, who is the eponymous character, and afterwards on the pastor’s wife, who is restricted by etiquette, feels the deep sorrow of her existence and attempts to compensate for her life in the pastor’s house by building her deeply hidden inner world. This world of idealized romantic dreams and unfulfilled desire to live in spiritually richer dimension causes – due to the reality around her – her permanent state of depression and frustration – in both emotional and social aspects. She is unable to change anything in her life, though the fate in the form of a student seems to offer her the chance.

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„Przygody ciała” – podmiotowość i groteska w powieści „Matuga idzie” Mariana Pankowskiego

Author(s): Kajetan Mojsak / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2008

The text is devoted to an analysis of the model of subjectivity implied by the grotesque means of expression in Marian Pankowski’s novel “Here Comes Matuga”. The fundament of the grotesque world view emerging from the prose are the negation of common myths and stereotypes, and a positively valued corporality. The anthropological model of Pankowki’s writing fails to be fully described with Mikhail Bakhtin’s categories as it is closer to “anti- humanistic naturalism”. Important contexts of the issues in question are the prose’s connections with the picaresque tradition, and a marked influence of Witold Gombrowicz’s writings. The ultimate part of the paper shows that the way Pankowski operates with the grotesque decides about the originality of his writings, and at the same time hides the intellectual and artistic constraints of his prose and of the personality model present in it.

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„Przyszła powódź i zgubiła”. O sposobach przedstawiania Męki Pańskiej w kazaniu wielkopiątkowym Mikołaja Szomowskiego

Author(s): Magdalena Kuran / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2014

The article refers to the Good Friday sermon („Raj niebieski na ziemi, potopem złości i okrucieństwa żydowskiego zniesiony […]”, 1655) of baroque preacher, Mikołaj Szomowski. The paper shows the methods of the descriptions the Passion. Two crucial issues are a „conceptus” and an „amplificatio”. The idea is taken from principal biblical metaphor — flood. It dominates the whole sermon. Amplification (mainly „congeries” oraz „incrementum”) takes place on the two planes —„res” and „verba”.

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„Saksofon to świat” – językowy obraz instrumentów w Traktacie o łuskaniu fasoli Wiesława Myśliwskiego

Author(s): Ewa Biłas-Pleszak / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 16/2017

In the article, the author investigates the artistic text in order to check what linguistic shapes the music fragments which appear in it assume, and which elements of cultural images of musical instruments have been reinforced in the descriptions of the treatise.The analyses conducted within the cultural linguistic framework open up new dimensions of interpretation, and demonstrate that the fragments of the novel which have been devoted to instruments are not merely linguistic pictures, but important elements of text structure that have had a significant influence on its plot. It is noteworthy that the main protagonist of Traktat o łuskaniu fasoli (The Treatise on Shelling Beans) is intermediately characterised by the instruments that appear in his life. Every instrument he comes across determines his personal development, strengthens the feeling of existential sense, and sometimes unites him with his predecessors.

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„Słów kilka w obronie szlachetnego rycerza z La Manchy” – Don Kichot w wyobrażeniach młodopolan

Author(s): Magdalena Sadlik / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2016

The text is devoted to selected aspects of the reception of the figure of Don Quixote in Polish literature of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The first part presents the history of dispute on the Spanish hidalgo, and in the two subsequent sections focus on literary incarnations of the Spanish hero penned by Jerzy Żulawski, Gabriela Zapolska and Cezary Jellenty.

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„Ster” – pierwsze w Polsce radykalne czasopismo feministyczne przełomu XIX i XX wieku

Author(s): Daria A. Domarańczyk / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2014

The article tells the story of “Ster”, the first radical feminist magazine in Poland. It was first published in 1895–1896 in Lviv under the title “Ster. A magazine about the work and education of women”, and examined socio-cultural matters from the point of view of emancipated women. The editor-in-chief was Paulina Kuczalska-Reinschmit, and its writers included Eliza Orzeszkowa, Maria Konopnicka, Maria Dulębianka and Stefan Żeromski. After Kuczalska-Reinschmit moved to Warsaw, she reactivated the magazine as a bulletin for the Association of Emancipated Polish Women. It was then published from 1907 until the outbreak of World War I. The magazine presented the radical programme of Polish feminists. Among its later writers were P. Kuczalska-Reinschmit, Józefa Bojanowska and Romana Pachucka.

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„Tam, gdzie dramat się staje” – „Balladyna” Tadeusza Kantora

Author(s): Magdalena Skrzypczak / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2015

During World War II, in Cracow, Tadeusz Kantor co-founded the Clandestine Independent Theatre. At the same time, he became a leader of a group of the young artists. Because of Nazi occupation it was a truly harsh time for art. But still artists organised meetings, during which they discussed cultural news, popular ideas, avant-garde art trends etc. Hectic rehearsals took place in private apartments. At that time, Kantor decided to re-read carefully and direct “Balladyna” – a great work of Romanticism written by Juliusz Słowacki. Even though in the 1940s Kantor was under the influence of avant-garde. Abstract art, Russian and German constructivism, Romantic ideas and symbolism were still important for him. Therefore he had to find his own artistic expression and that was the right moment for the challenge – he rediscovered “Balladyna” and regenerated a Romantic essence in the abstract “entourage”.

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„Tilly” czy „Miss Slowboy”? Idiolekt jako problem translatologiczny (na przykładzie The Cricket on the Hearth Dickensa w serii polskich przekładów)

Author(s): Aleksandra Budrewicz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 10/2017

The article is devoted to the problem of idiolect in literary translation on the basis of Charles Dickens’s Christmas story The Cricket on the Hearth (1845) and its six Polish translations. Special attention is given to the character of Tilly Slowboy and the individual features of the language she uses. The article emphasises stylistic and linguistic differences which can be observed in a detailed comparative analysis of Tilly’s idiolect in the Polish translation series.

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„Twardego snu pieczęcie”. Świat dziwów w „Zaklętym mieście” Edwarda Leszczyńskiego

Author(s): Grzegorz Igliński / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2016

The article offers an analysis and interpretation of the poem Zaklęte miasto [Enchanted city] from the volume Ballady i pieśni [Ballads and songs] by the Young Poland poet Edward Leszczyński. The poem is first analysed based on the oneiric convention. For this purpose the author refers to the philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer and explains the symbolism of the wheel, which indicates the sense of entrapment in the world, a situation with no way out. The dreaming-wandering from Leszczyński’s poem, the gaining and losing of faith, is then examined in the context of August Strindberg’s A Dream Play. The two works, ostensibly so different, address with a similar kind of poetic “dreaming.” In both cases, the life in question is inauthentic, asleep, affected by a curse, kept under a spell. The last stanza of the poem indicates the Dionysian tradition, and therefore makes it necessary to refer to the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche and his idea of eternal return. The examination lead to the conclusion that Leszczyński’s work refers to the dual meaning of circularity, or rather two attitudes towards life. In the first case Schopenhauerian determinism is revealed, according to which life is a monotonous, enchaining, ominous dream. In the second case we are dealing with the worship life of Nietzschean provenance – one may, therefore, conclude that a curse can be a blessing and being asleep can be being awake, if we accept the eternal return.

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„Tylem wytrwał, tyle wycierpiałem…” Werteriada Carla Ernsta Reitzensteina jako przedmiot odniesień w IV części „Dziadów" Adama Mickiewicza

Author(s): Bogna Paprocka-Podlasiak / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2015

The aim of the article is to complement the research on "Dziady, Part IV" by Adam Mickiewicz with a previously unexplored question of references to two stanzas from C.E. Reitzenstein’s "Lotte bei Werthers Grabe", a youthful work of the poet, which the author of the drama wrongly attributed to Goethe. Considering that the author of this Wertheriad, which was very popular at the turn of the 18th century, is not very well known in the Polish culture, it is necessary to include a few aspects related to his biography. The analysis is concerned with the aesthetics, meaning and idealistic rela-tions that connect Reitzenstein’s poem with "Dziady, Part IV". The paper also contains a comparison of the reception of the German poet’s elegy in German-speaking countries and functionalising it in Mickiewicz’s drama.

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„Tylko krasnoludków nie ma bo wyszły”. Cenzurowany obraz Armii Krajowej w poezji polskiej w latach 1956–1958

Author(s): Agnieszka Kloc / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2013

The paper focuses on censorship bureau’s approach to the subject of the Home Army in Polish within the period of the liberalization of culture, 1956-1958. The research mainly focusses on the identification of censorship relationship to the image of the Home Army created by authors. Moreover, it attempts to specify – on the basis of examples – the kind of content that was accepted, rejected or amended. The juxtaposition of the censor’s reviews, “preventive inspection reports” and the contents of published works allows for the examination of the depth of the censor’s interventions and their methods of manipulating historical facts concerning the Home Army. Research into the censor-author relationship enables the introduction of an analysis of the “Aesop’s language” strategy. The entire paper is based on historical context and related phenomena, including the amnesty and the so-called "rehabilitation".

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„W lesie słów się zgubiłam” – o ciszy w poezji Antonia Colinasa i Zbigniewa Herberta

Author(s): Maria Judyta Woźniak / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2015

The objective of this comparative article is to present the similarity of poetic concepts of Antonio Colinas and Zbigniew Herbert. The poets did not know each other, there are no traces of mutual influences to be found in their poetic output either, however, they both seemed to be equally connected with the Mediterranean culture. This article concentrates on the meaning of silence in their poetry seen as a necessary supplement to the art of words, hope for saving the sense from ambiguity and hubbub of words. Insufficiency of both the accessible language and silence inspires the poets to seek a form of expression that could satisfy human needs, “the unattainable language.” The search, between the word and silence, is manifested in the poetic works of Colinas and Herbert.

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