Keywords: European Union; presidential elections; Vojislav Koštunica; Stabilisation and Association Process; trial; Vojislav Šešelj; war crime; Suva Reka; Kosovo; NATO; genocide;
Transcript of Hourglass / Pescanik, radio program from 01/02/2008
More...Keywords: Republic of Croatia; Croatian War of Independence; Yugoslav People's Army (JNA); Bjelovar
The author describes the conditions and developments that led to the capture of the Yugoslav People's Army Barracks "Božidar Adžija" as well as other military installations, in Bjelovar in the second half of 1991. The article will pay special attention to the development of political and security issues in the Bjelovar area during 1991, and show how the local civil and military authorities reacted to the growing crisis between the newly elected political leaders in Croatia and the pro-Serbian leadership of the Yugoslav People's Army.
More...
Keywords: Second World War; Homeland Commission for war crimes; Bjelovar; Hungarians
Crimes committed during the Second World War initiated the question of their processing through criminal law courts at the end of the war. On this basis of this a United Nations Commission for war crimes was established as well as State Commission (with Homeland Commissions subordinate to it) for determining the war crimes of the occupying powers and their collaborators on the territory of Yugoslavia. Hungary was among the defeated powers, so this article analyzes the fate of members of the Hungarian national minority in Yugoslavia, with an emphasis on the area around Bjelovar, who according to the decisions of the Commission were declared to be war criminals or enemies of the people. Generally, their acceptance of all political and military authorities, motivated by the desire to protect their property, largely determined attitude during the war. The relatively mild pressure is evident from numerous indicators which were used by the State Commission, while the same principle is carried over to the area of Bjelovar, where the actions of the Hungarian national minority are shown to be quite positive, not ascribing to it collective responsibility or condemning it for a rather passive stance during the national liberation struggle. Nevertheless, a significant number of decisions put together by the State Commission were not accepted on the part of the United Nations Commission, which clearly indicates a strong pressure on the part of the new Yugoslav government, but points to the fact that in the immediate postwar period there was a desire to overcome wartime memories. The purpose of the work of the Commission was to “bring” justice, but instead it succeeded in ensuring national sense of justice which after the numerous deaths and wanton destruction of the Second World War seemed like an assurance for new and brighter future.
More...
Keywords: Bosnia; Islam; Ljutočka dolina; identity
The paper deals with population of Bosniaks from Ljutočka dolina, micro-unity, its cultural, archeological and biological peculiarity. This area, known as The valley of heroes and Epic Border-land, today’s part of Una National park is the scene of many historical events and homeland of personalities such as Oraščanin Tale, Mujo Hrnjica and Captain Kulin. They are not the only ones. In town Kulen Vakuf was born the first Reis-ul-Ulema (Islamic superior) Mustafa Hilmi ef. Hadžiomerović. Ljutočka dolina was the scene one of the biggest mass crimes against Bosniaks, before the crime in Srebrenica, when Serbian nationalists killed about 2,500 Bosniaks from 6th to 8th September 1941, 50% of Ljutočka dolina population. This crime is rarely analyzed in official historiography, although this was one of the largest single acts of violence against Bosniaks before Srebrenica in 1995 and it was introduction in subsequent Chetniks war activities. People from Ljutočka dolina through generations transmitted their identity from parents to children as Bosniaks and religious Muslims expressing collective and individual self-awareness. Frontier guards and soldiers for generations, people from Ljutočka dolina, as well as generation during recent war, confirmed the sentence of epic hero Mustajbeg Lički that they are: The best that Bosnia has.
More...Keywords: Army of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia; Yugoslavia; Casualties; WWII
Heretofore, historiography collected few data about casualties of the Army of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. This paper has been written on the basis of the results of the War Casualties Census 1941–1945, organized in 1964.The analysis of that census shows that Royal Yugoslav Army has lost 10.386 members. That is 1,74% of all registered casualties on Yugoslav territory. Out of all its casualties Royal Army 46,44% (4.823)lost lives in military operations during April 1941,while the 53,56% (5563) lost lives as the prisoners of war. The most of these victims came from the central Serbia:44,01% (4571)of all, although there lived only 25,60% of Yugoslav inhabitants. As for the national structure, 72,28% (7507)these victims were Serbs, while the percentage of Serbs in population was 41,14%. The Serbs made 66,10% of casualties in the April war, and 77,62% of killed POW. he analysis of the way of dying shows that during April war 91,31% died in action, while 4,91% were executed. Among prisoners, 52,51% died,while 26,64% were executed. It was estimated that this census encompassed around56 to 59% of total casualties. According to this estimation, the total number of Royal Army casualties was somewhere between 8157 and 8.613 in the April war and between 9.429 and 9.934 in prisoner’s camps, totally between 17.604 and 18.547.
More...
Keywords: Second World War; Croatia; NDH; occupation; collaboration; human losses; Concentration camps; Jasenovac
The aftermath of the Second World War on the territory of Croatia, and Yugoslavia, included massive material damage, while the death toll was likewise staggering. On the basis of the most significant archival sources, historiographical and other literature, as well as statistical/demographic and victimological works, this article discusses the human losses visited upon Croatia during the course of the Second World War by the “occupiers and their accomplices”. The article begins by presenting the initial calculations made, most often arbitrary estimates and conjectures concerning demographic losses, followed by a presentation of far more reliable statistical/demographic estimates, and finally concludes by presenting singular and enumerated indexes of specific categories of human losses substantiated by systematic research.
More...The author presents a lot of 85 Roman coins (13 Republican denars and 72 Imperial ones) from the custody of the National Museum of Union Alba Iulia, recuperated from a citizen from Orastioara de Sus commune, Hunedoara county. They have been discovered in the area of the Orastie Mountains but neither the discovery conditions nor the place where they have been found are known for sure. The Roman Republican denars are framed between 169-158 B. C. (an emission of Furius Purpurio) and 32-31 B. C. (two pieces for legions of Marcus Antonius). The Imperial Roman pieces date between 69-71 A. D. (a denar issued by Vespasian) and 138-161 A. D. (a denar which is not dated from Faustina II, of RIC type, III, no. 502 (a), issued under Antoninus Pius. Their repartion on the issuers is the following: Vespasian – 17 (among which one for Titus, three for Domitian), Domitian – 18, Traian – 24, Hadrian – 7 and Antoninus Pius – 6 (among which one piece for Faustina I and another for Faustina II). There are commented the weight of the pieces, the monetary workshops, the three variants confronted by the RIC catalogue (pieces no. 30, 32 and 85) and the conservation state of the coins. On the basis of analyzing the other discoveries of Roman coins, known from speciality literature, from this area, the author supposes that a part of the presented coins could be a fragment from a bigger hoard discovered in the Orastie Mountains.
More...
Keywords: Yugoslav Radiation Protection Association; nuclear policy;
The development of nuclear policy in Yugoslavia was burdened with overlapping jurisdictions, which were shifting from one institution to another, many of which hastily created and quickly disappearing. Lawmaking in the area of radiation protection was in the process of constant renewal and change, but this did not affect the incompleteness of norms and regulations. Yugoslav Radiation Protection Association failed to constitute itself for many years, but has won itself a say in lawmaking process. The association was facing megalomania in nuclear energy policy of state leadership, frequently steered by the individuals from institutes for development of the nuclear program. The ignorance of wider public, which had no awareness about the risks of usage of technology of radiation, was one of the obstacles in the development of nuclear policy which was ignored by the politicians.
More...
Keywords: desintegration; economic; social and national problems; free and democratic elections; nationalism; idea of brotherhood and unity
Yugoslavia at the crossroads. The republican elections in 1990 Since the death of Josip Broz Tito in 1980 the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia has gradually disintegrated. Growing economic, social and national problems violently weakened relationships between republics, which in the course of time transformed into an open hostility. The more and more divergent interests made sustaining uniform federal state difficult. The first free and democratic elections were a milestone that sped up the process of breakdown. The elections took place between spring and autumn 1990. In consequence, the power was taken by politicians, whose main aim was to protect interests of particular nations. Nationalism became a fundamental value, and the idea of “brotherhood and unity” propagated by Tito became a history.
More...
Keywords: lexikalische Information; Struktur des Wörterbuchartikels; lexikographische Definitionen; grammatische; historische und andere Angaben im Wörterbuch
Wörterbücher lassen sich in ihrem Aufbau als Gefüge verschiedener, sich wechselseitig ergänzenden Informationskomplexe beschreiben, die man als Wörterbuchteile bezeichnet. Der zentrale Teil ist der Artikelteil, der das Wissen über Einzelwörter oder Wortgruppen bietet und den Informationsschwerpunkt bildet. Andere Wörterbuchteile – Einleitungen, Benutzungshinweise, Quellenverzeichnisse etc. – sind komplementäre Teile. Ihre wichtigste Funktion besteht darin, dass in den Wörterbuchartikeln wiederholt auftretende Informationen verkürzt angegeben und an einer zentralen Stelle vollständig geboten werden. Die einzelnen Wörterbuchartikel stellen die größten selbständigen Informationseinheiten dar. Um die zu einem bestimmten Stichwort gesuchten Informationen zu erfassen, reicht oft die Lektüre des betreffenden Einzelartikels. Es ist nicht erforderlich, größere Artikelreihen oder das gesamte Wörterbuch zu lesen. Neben den grammatischen Angaben, lexikographischen Definitionen und Kommentaren, Beispielen, Verweisen und anderen komplementären Angaben ist die Mikrostruktur des Wörterbuchartikels ebenfalls eine wichtige Informationsquelle. Sie manifestiert sich in der Interpunktion, in typographischen Formaten und anderen Gestaltungsmitteln sowie Absätzen und läßt sich als organisierte Abfolge verschiedener Informationsmodule beschreiben. Wenn man die hierzulande herausgegebenen kroatisch-deutschen Wörterbücher in die Hand nimmt, ist man vor Staunen, Schrecken und Ensetzen sprachlos bzw. man kann seinen eigenen Augen nicht trauen, dass so viele Fehler und Desinformationen auf allen Ebenen der Informationsstruktur heutzutage in einem Wörterbuch möglich sind. Man kann diesen Wörterbüchern z.B. die „Informationen“ entnehmen, dass krava muzara auf Deutsch melkende Kuh heißt, dass akademac (pitomac vojne akademije) im Deutschen Militärakademiker statt Student der Militärakademie heißt, dass es zwanzig Jahre nach dem Zerfall Jugoslawi ens noch immer im Wörterbuch Savezni sekretarijat za vanjske poslove (SSVP) – das Bundessekretariat für auswärtige Angelegenheiten und Savezno izvršno vijeće (SIV) – den Bundesvollzugsrat gibt, dass Međimurje „ein Gebiet in Jugoslawien zwischen Mur und Drau“ ist. Dazu gesellen sich unzählige falsche Definitionen und falsche grammatische, etymologische und enzyklopädische Angaben, die in unserem Beitrag analysiert und systematisiert werden.
More...
Keywords: the Museum 25th May; the Museum of Contemporary Art; the Museum of African Art; socialist Yugoslavia; identity
The article explores the position and role of the three museums conceptualized and built during the period of socialist Yugoslavia, which greatly influenced the process of collective identity making during the 1960s and 1970s.
More...
Keywords: Bosniaks; Republika Srpska; discrimination; Bosnia; ethno-religious division
Nowadays, Bosniaks in Bosnian and Herzegovinian entity Republika Srpska are probably the most obvious example of deprivation of rights of an autochthonous ethnic group in Europe. After a thousand years of continuity of multiethnic life, Bosnia and Herzegovina seems to be quite advanced on its way of break-up, or at least irreversible ethnic division. Decades of continuous policy of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s splitting, in order to realize the great state plans of nationalist policies of neighbouring countries and the creation of a Greater Serbia and Greater Croatia, as pure ethno-national creations - is near to be completed. Witnesses to that are Bosniaks who (still) live in entity Republika Srpska. Their survival and constantly “melting” in the places where they were the majority for centuries, in Banja Luka, Bijeljina, Prijedor, Višegrad, Srebrenica, continuous devastation of their history, culture, customs, open discrimination to which they are exposed and indifference of Bosniak political elites and state structure towards their fate, hitting the last nails in the coffin of the Bosnian ideas in this part of the country. Republika Srpska today is a fortress of the idea, ethno-clerical feud that provides a high degree of religious and political uniformity and continuation of Milošević and Karadžić war politics by other means. Redrawing and reckless falsification of history, constantly insulting the Bosniaks and the denial of their rights, glorification of crime and criminals, fostering the hate towards Bosnia and the idea of living together, connect with Serbia in all segments, with the tacit assisting foreign centres of power and closing the eyes of the Bosnian political elite, which all contributed that Bosnia lives here less and less. It is a matter of time when this will happen to Bosniaks too.
More...
Keywords: Bosniaks; Fuad Balić; Meho Baraković; Ahmed Čolić; Almaz Dautbegović; Faik Dizdarević; Ibrahim Festić; Nasko Frndić; Fadil Hadžić; Nedžad Ibrišimović; Ibrahim Karabegović; Nedžad Kurto; Muhamed Nuhić; Mahmud Nurkić; Asim Peco; Mustafa Resulović
Our contemporaries, prominent Bosniaks who died in 2011 are the theme of this paper. They left their traces by that we find behind them. We have been looking for them in literature, ethnology, natural sciences, museology, law, theatre, journalism, history, architecture, language, medicine, agricultural sciences and painting. Their life and work are presented in biographic-bibliographic way, and their characters, good or bad, are left to live in memories of their families, friends and acquaintances.
More...
Keywords: bosnia and Herzegovina; statehood; ZAVNOBiH; People's Liberation war; politics;
Autor u svom prilogu obrazlaže sve bitne razloge i izlaže argumente na temelju kojih se odluka o obnovi državnosti Bosne i Hercegovine donijeta na Prvom zasjedanju ZAVNOBiH-a mora smatrati za najvažniju i najdalekosežniju odluku tog zasjedanja, kao što ukazuje i na njeno značenje u današnje vrijeme njenog ponovnog osporavanja.
More...
Keywords: Matija Bećković;
More...
Keywords: diocesan clergy; Partisans; communists; Diocese of Mostar-Duvno; Diocese of Trebinje;
S prvim prodorima partizanskih jedinica, a potom i uspostavom komunističke vlasti, položaj Katoličke Crkve u Hercegovini, u odnosu na prethodno razdoblje, znatno je izmijenjen. Naime, s državnoga aspekta, Crkvi je pripisivan ne samo vjerski, nego i “nacionalni grijeh”, odnosno njezina “naklonjenost” uspostavi neovisne hrvatske države. Rezime ovako postavljenog odnosa u ratnom i poslijeratnom razdoblju, kada je riječ o dijecezanskom svećenstvu hercegovačkih biskupija, očitovao se u brojci od 14 smrtno stradalih svećenika. Cilj rada je razmotriti društveno-političke okolnosti njihova stradanja, te rasvijetliti utemeljenost izrečenih im, ili pak, nikada nenapisanih presuda koje su uglavnom počivale na optužbama za suradnju s “državnim neprijateljem” ili nesklonosti ideji jugoslavenskoga “bratstva i jedinstva” koju je propagirao partizanski pokret, a potom i kasnija komunistička vlast.
More...
Keywords: Social change; resistence; social system;
The paper refers to the analysis of the public opinion attitudes to the present-day social system in Yugoslavia and its actual crisis, of which one chapter is presented dealing with the attitudes to social change and resistence. Attitudes here presented are selected from the daily newspapers (»Politika« and »Borba«) and six weekly journals in the period of 1980—1985 when a critical public opinion appears on the Yugoslav political scene.
More...
Keywords: repairing historical injustice; Chetniks; rehabilitation; revisionism; Draža Mihailović; interpretation of history;
This article covers how Serbia is dealing with redressing historical injustice in its specific post-communist and post-war context. It is deliberately limited to the most relevant and controversial cases of rehabilitation: the rehabilitation of the Chetnik movement and the rehabilitation of their leader, General Draža Mihailović, whose role in history is being argued about. My aim is to show in what way is repairing historical injustice in Serbia ambiguous and how it reflects its contemporary political context more than it redresses past wrongs, perpetuating old Second World War divisions and creating new struggles over interpretations of history. The scope of this article is deliberately focused on the analysis of the context in which the debates take place and is neither reproducing in details the polemics nor is confronting historical facts. This article illustrates the thesis that repairing historical injustice in Serbia is a highly politicized and ambiguous process which creates new paradoxes and controversies as well as new regional tensions.
More...Keywords: Black Market; Smuggling; Speculators; Smugglers; Black Marketeers; Malversation; Stari Ras; Germans; Italians; Border
The paper is about the emergence and development of the black market on the territory of Novi Pazar, Tutin, Raška, Sjenica, Nova Varoš, Priboj, Prijepolje, Pljevlja, and Bijelo Polje between 1941 and 1944, the profitability of numerous aspects of illegal trade, the massive participation of the local population of both religions in the various corrupt activities on the market, and the attitude of the occupational and collaborationist authorities as well as liberation movements, with regard to this phenomenon.
More...
Keywords: Pionírújság; Pioneer movement; identity formation; Yugoslav self-image; manipulation
This paper constitutes a part of my doctoral dissertation which I have defended at the Doctoral School of History of Eötvös Loránd University. My dissertation gives a comprehensive analysis of a children’s magazine called Pionírújság which was published in Yugoslavia between 1947 and 1958. This paper deals with the concept of being a pioneer, and also the structure and the functioning of the pioneer movement in Yugoslavia. It demonstrates how this children’s magazine was founded and presents its structure as well while showing how the concept of Yugoslavism was used in the magazine.
More...
