Search results for: Divinatio in All Content

MICRO-HISTORY AS A TRACE

МИКРО-ИСТОРИЯТА КАТО СЛЕДА

Author(s): Liliana Deyanova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 11/2001

Keywords: social science; micro-history; biography

Reviewing the approach of and the debate about the more and more influential research perspective of “micro-history” the author is interested in the methodological problems of the so-called understanding sciences in the aspect of what Weber calls microscopic dividing line between science and faith, and a third way between the guild of factologists and the guild of the adherents of meaning. The text tries to restore its controversial history and its doubtless contributions to a renovation (and not to false innovations as Bourdieu puts it) of the social sciences. That means the critique of the “totalizations and reifications of the concepts” in the “old” social history, of the anthropology of Geertz's type, etc.; the “playing with scales”, i.e. the alteration of the levels of observation; the understanding of the contextuality of experience and of the temporality of the social action; of the so-called strategies; the role of the detail in the sign (indice) paradigm. C. Ginzburg's arguments about the “non- Galilean character” of the historical science are discussed. Through an analysis of Max Weber's methodological writings and more precisely of what he understands as “objective possibility”, as causal ascribing in multi-causal contexts the author shows in what sense not only micro-history can be a critique of sociology but sociology can be a critique of micro-history.

The Critical Reading of Zoranić's Planine (I)

Kritičko čitanje Zoranićevih Planina (I)

Author(s): Josip Vončina / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 4/1983

In einem einzigen Exemplar hat sich der 1569 in Venedig erfolgte Druck von Petar Zoranićs Werk Planine erhalten; die literaturgeschichte betrachtet das Werk als ersten, ailegorisch die zeitgenössische einheimische Wirklichkeit des Autors darstellenden Roman der kroatischen literatur. Dieser erste Druck erscheint überreich an Druckfehlern, die häufig den Sinn von Zoranićs Sätzen verunstalten. Eine 1888 in der von der Südslawischen Akademie herausgegebenen Serie Stari pisci hrvatski (Alte kroatische Schriftsteller) von Pero Budmani veranstaltete kritische Ausgabe des Werkes konnte keinen erfolgreich emendierten Text darbieten. Budmanis Text wurde weitgehed gebessert in den Ausgaben von Vjekoslav Stefanić (Zagreb 1942) und Franjo Svelec (1964), so daß das Werk durch erhöhte Lesbarkeit dem heutigen Leser nahegebracht wurde, vor allem durch gehaltvolle Kommentare und Glossare von Archaismen.

Dante’s Mystic Vision in the Imaginarium of Camillo’s L’idea del theatro (The Idea of the Theatre)

Danteova mistična vizija u imaginariju Camillove Ideje teatra

Author(s): Francesca Maria Gabrielli / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 3-4/2012

After some introductory remarks on the philosophical grounds of Camillo’s memory theatre, this essay will offer a close reading of L’idea del theatro, one that seems to unlock, by way of scrutinizing the dialogue between the aforementioned text by Giulio Camillo Delminio and Dante Alighieri’s Divine Comedy, one of the possible doors that lead to the unravelling of the theatre’s mnemonic enigma. The presence, in Camillo’s work, of textual and intertextual signals that can be read as bringing about the visualization of Christ’s cross as a cryptic image, corroborates the thesis according to which the anamnesis of the divine, a desired end of the mnemonic process, is to be interpreted as potentially activating the deification of the reader and/or observer of Camillo’s theatre.

The temptations of national identities and literary studies of the argument

Изкушенията на националните идентификации и литературознание на аргумента

Author(s): Raya Kuncheva / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 2/2016

Keywords: Lieux de mémoire; cultural heritage; Bogomilism

Memory, heritage and identity are concepts that enjoy overuse and popularity very few other concepts do recently. At world, European and national level, they determine the framework of cultural policies and research projects.The name Cultural and Historical Heritage and National Identity was given to the field the institutes of the humanities work in during the reform of the Bulgarian Academy of Science in 2011. Thus, the Bulgarian Academy of Science is in unison with the contemporary situation, which many historians define as the age of heritage. How does science respond to the worldwide advance of cultural heritage? The concept “memory of places”, introduced by Pierre Nora, as well as the problems connected with the collective memory, have given an impetus to a series of concrete studies. Memory is selective, it mutates, it feeds myths and consolidates identities, and it builds differences. It is the historisation of memory that gives us the chance to show ideologically charged historical knowledge as deliberate construction of memory. Historians, sociologists and philosophers such as Pierre Nora, Anthony Smith, Benedict Anderson, Dominique Schnapper and Jürgen Habermas base this article on conceptions of the nation. The second part of the article studies the methodological contribution of Grażyna Szwat-Gyłybow to Bulgarian humanities with her view of Bogomilism as a place of memory. The definition of the West as the “significant other” in forming the national cultural consciousness of the Bulgarians is a serious refutation of the stereotypes in the way Bulgarian identity is thought of. Grażyna Szwat’s study shows that Bogomilism, the spirit of denunciation, the eternal heretic who never tolerates the power of institutions, is not an inherent Bulgarian trait, but a construct, which receives different meaning depending on what ideological suggestions are sought.

On the Critical Edition of Walter Burley’s Parva Naturalia Commentaries

O edycji komentarzy Waltera Burleya do "Parva naturalia"

Author(s): Marek Gensler,Robert Podkoński / Language(s): Polish,Latin / Issue: XXII/2016

Keywords: filozofia średniowieczna; Arystotelizm; filozofia przyrody; Medieval philosophy; Aristotelianism; Philosophy of nature

Walter Burley was an English philosopher and theologian active in the first half of the fourteenth century. He is best known for his contributions to logic and the philosophy of nature. His five commentaries on the Parva naturalia: De sensu et sensato, De memoria et reminiscentia, De longitudine et brevitate vitae and De somno (comprising all three of Aristotle’s works on the issue), are, most probably, the fruits of his long regency at the Arts Faculty in Oxford. Until recently, they have not attracted much interest among historians of philosophy. A preliminary study of these works, however, shows that they deserve attention for a number of reasons. They document an early stage in the development of Burley’s views on natural philosophy. They are also a display of a valuable variety of approaches to the texts usually commented upon for teaching purposes in the Oxford schools of that time.

Neue Phänomenologie des Leibes. Der Leib zwischen dem Zeichen und der Medialität der Wahrnehmung

Nova fenomenologija tijela. Tijelo između znaka i medijalnosti opažanja

Author(s): Davor Lazić / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 03/147/2017

Keywords: Phänomenologie; Neue Phänomenologie; Leib; Sinne; Zeichen; Wahrnehmung; Hermann Schmitz;

In dieser Arbeit wird versucht, ein klassisches philosophisches Problem – das Verhältnis zwischen Sein und Denken – unter der Voraussetzung des zeitgenössischen Philosophierens zu denken. Die Voraussetzung der zeitgenössischen Philosophie wird als linguistische Wende und deren nachfolgende Ausformungen aufgefasst. In dieser Optik wird der Begriff des Leibes in der Neuen Phänomenologie in den Grundlinien dargelegt und zudem wird versucht, die Bedeutung dieses Begriffs für die zeitgenössische Philosophie zu bezeugen.

Epistemic Frameworks and the Problem of Intertheoretical Incommensurability — Part 1

Epistemiczne układy odniesienia a problem interteoretycznej niewspółmierności — część 1

Author(s): Krzysztof J. Kilian / Language(s): English,Polish / Issue: 14/2017

Keywords: epistemic frameworks; intertheoretical incommensurability; levels of intertheoretical incommensurability

This paper looks at relations between issues of intertheoretical incommensurability and the cumulativism-anticumulativism controversy. It also explains what is meant by the incommensurability of scientific theories, and shows that the term “incommensurability” has a vague meaning in the philosophy of science. Issues of intertheoretical incommensurability have been the subject of many research papers. This article explores just one such approach, which deals with the vagueness of the term “incommensurability” by distinguishing five levels of incommensurability with respect to scientific theories. This intellectual tool also facilitates the grasping of differences between the epistemic frameworks being analysed. The issues involved are far-reaching, and their detailed consideration exceeds the scope of single article. Therefore, I have decided to present them in two separate papers. In this one, I explore only the methodological level of incommensurability of epistemic frameworks. While exploring that level, I focus on different standards of what counts as scientific, and on criteria for evaluating research outcomes of the sort advocated by followers of the different epistemic frameworks.

Lenten and Eastern Customs in Posušje

Korizmeno-uskrsni običaji u Posušju

Author(s): Josipa Kelava / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 50/2019

Keywords: Lent; prayer songs; fasting; Holy Week; Easter;

The paper presents contemporary field notes about customs, ceremonies, processions, beliefs, prayer songs and prayers related to the period of Lent and Easter. The greater number of prayer songs and prayers were written in 2010 and 2011, while the notes of customs, ceremonies, processions and beliefs were written in 2017 and 2018. The notes were taken at the area of Posušje. Lent begins with the holiday of Ash Wednesday. This day represents introduction to the period of preparation for the greatest Christian holiday. Christians prepare for Easter by praying, fasting and doing good deeds. That can specially be seen at the holiday of Great Friday when it was not allowed to do anything in filed unless it was to help the people in need. Numerous written notes of prayer songs and prayers testify to the great importance of religion for the people in Posušje, as well as to the rich oral tradition at this area.

Greek Theology in the Scipionic Circle

Görög teológia a Scipio-körben

Author(s): Gergely Mohay / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 2/2016

Some members of the Scipionic circle have a common theological theme: it concerns the features of chance or luck and the correct behaviour towards it. There is a marked difference between how members of the Scipionic circle and Romans before the 2nd century BC conceived of casus/ fortuna/tyche. It is possible that this important Greek theme found its way to Rome through the Scipionic circle. In order to confirm this hypothesis, I first reconstructed all the theologically relevant notions of the two Greek members of the circle, i.e. Panaetius and Polybius. Then I investigated the theological concepts of the Roman members of the circle.

Canaanite Abominations as Presented in the Book of Deuteronomy. A Theological Evaluation

A kánaáni utálatosságok teológiai megítélése a Deuteronomium könyvében

Author(s): Gábor Bancea / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1/2007

Keywords: Deuteronomy; Canaanites;

Canaanite Abominations as Presented in the Book of Deuteronomy. A Theological Evaluation. Before entering in the Promised Land the people of Israel were told not to follow the forbidden practices of the polytheistic nations (Deut 18, 9–14), to avoid all kinds of magical and superstitious practices designed to discover the will of gods, or even to compel the gods to action in certain ways. The occult, superstitions, divinisation, sorcery, spiritualism were abominations all to Yahweh and brought about His judgment. Yahweh made His will known through revelation, by the aid of His prophets, whose words would be clearly understandable to the people in contrast with the ambiguous and mysterious spells of those who worked with magic and divinisation. Israel must be blameless in regard to every form of divinisation, magic or spiritism. In our day when we can see the rise of a „new paganism”, moreover when spiritualism, astrology, teacup reading and the like are widely practised, these injuctions given to ancient Israel have a particular relevance. This presentation is trying to understand the present will of God with the guidance of the Holy Spirit, to tell the difference between religion and revelation. A short survey is being made to define the aspects of Israelite religion, a product of revelation through the prophets of Jahweh in contrast to the religions and magic void of revelation. The exegesis of the biblical passage from Deut 18,9–14 enables us to search to the different forbidden Canaanite practices. Some attempts are being made towards a possible new translation of the words denoting forbidden practices. The will of God was to be discovered by a prophet and not by a magic worker, a diviner or a spiritist. Israel has to observe the guidance of Yahweh, who will provide a succession of prophets until the day when He will send them the Messiah, the eschatological Prophet Jesus Christ, His Son – who will save His people from damnation. He has the words of eternal life. Jesus asked the twelve: You do not want to leave too, do you? Simon Peter answered him: Lord, to whom shall we go? You have the words of eternal life. (John 6,67–68)

A Perfect Old Bulgarian Catechism: The Prologue to ПАМѦТЪ И ЖИТИѤ БЛАЖЕНАГО ОТЪЦѦ НАШЕГО И УЧИТЕЛѦ МЕТОДИꙖ, АРХИЕПИСКОПА МОРАВЬСКА

Един изряден старобългарски катехизис: Прологът на ПАМѦТЪ И ЖИТИѤ БЛАЖЕНАГО ОТЪЦѦ НАШЕГО И УЧИТЕЛѦ МЕТОДИꙖ, АРХИЕПИСКОПА МОРАВЬСКА

Author(s): Alda Giambelluca Kossova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 17/2007

The results of the analytical exegesis of the biblical quotations and references (more than 40) found by the author in the introductory chapter of the Vita enable her to determine this unusually long part of the monument (over one quarter of the entire text) as an extremely valuable and doctrinally sound Old Bulgarian catechism. Unfolding in complete harmony with the sublime work of Methodius, who was chosen to be a terrestrial instrument of God and predestined to implement through God's grace the plan of salvation, the text builds up the laudation of the Slav apostle adhering most strictly to the main literary norm of the Christian Middle Ages, a norm that required jubilant glorification of God. Parallel with that the salvational gift destined by the Most High for Slavdom finds its most telling expression in the apostolic dignity awarded to the work of Methodius, a dignity like that of the apostle Paul. And so that nobody may fail to note the exceptional significance of this high recognition the author of the Vita twice and at key points (in the end of the Prologue-catechism and in the conclusion of the Vita itself) adduces the words with which Paul discloses in 1 Cor. 9:22 his selfless service for the benefit of the flock. In the first quotation these words justify the praise, admiration and gratitude that issue forth from the text of the Prologue, words that are always subordinated to the didactic purpose of the catechism. When, however, the quotation is repeated at the end of the monument they express the satisfaction with the perfect implementation by Methodius of the mission entrusted to him by God. For the first time the paper gives results of the scholarly edition in Italian of the long vitae of Cyril and Methodius and of the two panegyrics. The edition is accompanied by a commentary, which the author is preparing with the help of the University of Palermo.

Inventing Livonia: The Name and Fame of a New Christian Colony on the Medieval Baltic Frontier

Inventing Livonia: The Name and Fame of a New Christian Colony on the Medieval Baltic Frontier

Author(s): Marek Tamm / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2011

Keywords: Inventing Livonia; New Christian Colony; Medieval Baltic Frontier;

Das 13. Jahrhundert wurde Zeuge, wie eine neue Region – Livland – auf der geistigen Landkarte des lateinischen Christentums entstand. Wenn auch die frühesten schriftlichen Berichte über eine Region namens Livland aus dem letzten Jahrzehnt des 12. Jahrhunderts stammen, erhielt das Gebiet an der Ostküste der Ostsee, mit den ersten umfassenden Untersuchungen, die in Westeuropa über die neue christliche Kolonie entstanden, doch erst Mitte des 13. Jahrhunderts seine vorläufigen Ausprägungen und Charakteristika. In dem vorliegenden Artikel werden alle diese frühesten lateinischen Zeugnisse (Chroniken, Papstbriefe, Enzyklopädien, geografische Abhandlungen) aus dem späten 12. und frühen 13. Jahrhundert analysiert, um aufzuzeigen, wie die neue christliche Kolonie von christlichen Autoren des 13. Jahrhunderts „erfunden“ wurde. Zweifelsohne entwarfen diese frühen Texte kein einheitliches Bild der neuen christlichen Kolonie an der mittelalterlichen Ostseegrenze, jedoch lassen sich mittels einer vergleichenden Analyse einige zentrale Motive (wie beispielsweise Fruchtbarkeit und Heidentum) herauskristallisieren, die sich schrittweise in den Livland betreffenden Schriften der ersten Jahrzehnte des 13. Jahrhunderts etablierten. Der vorliegende Artikel nimmt diesen Prozess in den Blick, da die frühen Abhandlungen den Namen und die Umrisse von Livland auf der geistigen Landkarte des lateinischen Christentums fest verankerten und das Livland-Konzept in den Köpfen der Gelehrten späterer Generationen maßgeblich beeinflussten. Die Erfindung Livlands bezeichnet jedoch keine von den lateinischen Autoren erträumte neue Region an der Ostküste der Ostsee, sondern vielmehr ein neues Bild, das sich in den Schriften dieser Zeit entwickelt hat und in den christlichen Diskurs integriert werden musste. Der vorliegende Artikel konzentriert sich auf drei Aspekte dieses Entwicklungsprozesses, die das Bild Livlands maßgeblich prägten: Wie entstand die neue Bezeichnung der Region Livland? Wie wurde die Region in frühen lateinischen Texten beschrieben? Wie wurden Livland betreffende Informationen in die bereits bestehende religiöse und geografische Gedankenwelt integriert?

Copper Mining in the Bihar County in the 16th and 17th Centuries

KUPFERGEWINNUNG IM KOMITAT BIHAR IM 16.–17. JAHRHUNDERT

Author(s): Petra Mátyás-Rausch / Language(s): German / Issue: 63/2020

Keywords: copper-mining; administration; settlement; mining domains; jurisdiction; market town;

The topic of this study is an era in the history of mining in Transylvania hitherto neglected by historiography, studies and general survey monographs on this era of mining have only discussed it in few sentences. The present study (and my previous monography) also wishes to follow the works penned by Oszkár Paulinyi in the early 20th century. The Transylvanian mining region consisted of several smaller mining regions, thus, it was not a homogenous territorial, economic or social entity. Copper mining in Bihar was different from the other Transylvanian mining regions, first of all, it was situated in the Partium, and secondly there was first of all copper-exploitation. From the settlements in the valley of Fekete-Körös (Crișul Negru) excelled the market town Belényes (Beiuș), it performed double functions in these centuries, because it was at the same time centre of domain and centre of copper-mining too. In Belényes was only the centre of mining-administration, while the centre of exploitation was to be found in Kisbánya (Băița). Despite of the poor condition of the sources, I tried to present a system of copper mining in the time of the Principality of Transilvania. It might have had an effect on this region’s development the fact that Gábor Bethlen settled German miners near by the Körös, but we can suppose that he couldn’t realize his ambitious plans. For lack of so many dates, we couldn’t paint a complete “portrait” of the real circumstances of the early modern Transylvanian copper mining, but it could be declared that the productions made by these factories played a very important role in the supply of the fortress Várad (so it was called a gate of Transylvania). An organic part of the history of this mining region is the definition of mining domain, the characterisation of its role in mining. Mining domains played an important role in the mining culture of these centuries, both in administration and excavation. The population of villages and estates that belonged to the domain made up a significant part of miners and factory workers (selection, calcination); production could not have been continued without this workforce.

Against the Force of Stars and the Art of Astronomers: A Byzantine Narrative of the Ottoman Attack on Constantinople in 1422

Împotriva forței stelelor și artei astronomilor: o narațiune bizantină despre atacul otoman împotriva Constantinopolului din 1422

Author(s): Octavian-Adrian Negoiță / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 7-9/2020

Keywords: Panaghia; John Kananos; Ottoman attack 1422; Mersaites;divination;

This study briefly analyzes a fifteenth-century Byzantine work written by John Kananos, which describes the Ottoman attack of Constantinople led by Sultan Murat II that took place in 1422. This text is the main source for this historical event, as the author himself was an eyewitness of the Ottoman assault. Concerning the reasons for writing his account, Kananos is very clear from the beginning of the treatise. He planned to narrate the defeat of the Ottoman armies by the Byzantine defensive, which was aided by the Panagia to a decisive end. In this regard, the text can also be read as an encomion dedicated to the Most Holy Virgin, as Kananos considered her to be the saviour of Constantinople. The connection between Virgin Mary and the Byzantine capital stretches from the moment of the foundation of the imperial city by Constantine the Great until the end of Byzantium. Hence, since its inauguration Constantinople was dedicated to the Mother of God, and later the Byzantine religious tradition placed Panagia at the center of the City’s numerous salvations from the foreign attacks.In his text, John Kananos describes how the Ottoman armies fled from Constantinople after Panagia showed herself on the fortifications of the City, aiding the poor Byzantine defensive. To create a contrast between the vast and fiercely power of the Ottoman armies and the weak Byzantine troops, the author introduces vast descriptions concerning the assault machines brought by the Ottomans to conquer Constantinople. Moreover, in order to parallel the divine aid received from the Theotokos with the prophetical predictions made by the Persian scholars and the Turkish ‘patriarch’ Mersaites on the fall of Constantinople, Kananos vividly describes the outcome of the armed conflict, which brought together divine and earthly powers, on the one hand, and many nations, both Christian and Muslim, on the other. In general lines, Kananos’ narration is a vibrant description of a medieval siege, an important Byzantine source for the history of late Byzantium, an anti-Ottoman work infused with late Byzantine perceptions on Islam, as well as a miracle tale dedicated to the Most Holy Mother of God. The study is followed by the first translation into Romanian of this Byzantine work, which had been annotated, offering to the reader historical and philological explanations, as well as bibliographical references.

THE SELF-PRESENTATION OF PAUL IN GALATIANS IN THE LIGHT OF ANCIENT RHETORICAL AND EPISTOLOGRAPHICAL PRACTICE

DIE SELBSTPRÄSENTATION DES PAULUS IM GALATERBRIEF IM VERGLEICH MIT ANTIKER RHETORISCHER UND EPISTOLOGRAPHISCHER PRAXIS

Author(s): Martin MEISER / Language(s): German / Issue: 1/2020

Keywords: Paul; Galatians; Cicero; Conflict; Ancient Rhetoric; Ancient Epistolography.

Recent rhetoric research on Paul no longer only discusses descriptive aspects, but also evaluative aspects. The present contribution compares Paul and Cicero with regard to their self-presentation in order to better understand the polemics of the Epistle to the Galatians and the ethos of the apostle, also in detail. For this purpose, it draws not only on some ancient textbooks of rhetoric, but also on speeches actually delivered by Cicero, which Cicero probably revised later.

Opting out of Socialism: For-Profit Mobility from Communist Poland

Opting out of Socialism: For-Profit Mobility from Communist Poland

Author(s): Dariusz Stola / Language(s): English / Issue: 04/2021

Keywords: Poland; international migration; communist regime; second economy; international mobility;

This article presents the history of for-profit mobility from communist Poland, that is, transnational labor migrations and the movement of cross-border petty traders. On the basis of primary research in archives and new scholarship on the history of communist Poland, it presents the scale and dynamics of cross-border movements since the partial opening of the borders in the mid-1950s to the final erosion of the communist regime in 1989. It analyzes the main factors and patterns of the expansion of mobility in both its legal and irregular streams, including the relevant policies of the Polish government and the governments of migrants’ destination countries, the mechanisms of the gray and black markets, especially of hard currencies, and the development and diffusion of social practices of migration. It argues that for-profit mobility was a large part of the second economy as well as a form of disengagement from the communist state and its first economy, a way of selective opting out of socialism. Analyzing the relations between its expansion and the evolution of the communist regime, the article claims that for-profit mobility produced un-communist social spaces and was an important factor eroding the regime’s legitimacy and control over its subjects, thus paving the way to the post-1989 stage of Poland’s transformation.

An Ethnographic Catalogue in George the Monk’s Chronicle

An Ethnographic Catalogue in George the Monk’s Chronicle

Author(s): Chiara Di Serio / Language(s): English / Issue: 11/2021

Keywords: George the Monk; universal chronicle; Brahmans; barbarian populations

In Book I of George the Monk’s Chronicle we read a long chapter dedicated to Alexander the Great, which includes an extensive section on his encounter with the Brahmans and the description of their customs. In particular, George the Monk follows the first part of the treatise De Gentibus Indiae et Bragmanibus by Palladius, of which he provides almost verbatim excerpts. Thereafter, we find an ethnographic section devoted to the customs of the Seres, the Bactrians, the Chaldeans, the Gelae, the Britons, and the Amazons. The aim of this study, therefore, is to explore the reception of Greek ethnographic literature in the erudite compilation of George the Monk.

A Newly Discovered Autograph by Tomasz Treter: A Notebook with a Design of a Book of Emblems

Nowo odnaleziony autograf Tomasza Tretera. Notatnik z projektem księgi emblematów

Author(s): Alicja Bielak / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3 (60)/2021

Keywords: Tomasz Treter; emblem; notebook; imprese; autograph; Claude Paradin; Lorenzo Lotto

The goal of the paper is to present the attribution and codicological analysis of a manu- script currently stored at Biblioteca civica Angelo Mai in Bergamo (sign. MM 378). The paper describes the manuscript codicologically, also hypothesizing as to its presence in the Bergamo library. Based on a manuscript annotation on the codex’s upper pastedown, I argue that it was intended as a gift for one of the Załuski family. On the basis of the printed correspondence between Józef Andrzej Załuski and Angelo Maria Querini, it may be assumed that Codex MM 378 was among the parcels containing manuscripts from the circle of Stanisław Hosius that the Italian librarian intended to send to Załuski. The boxes with the codices never reached the Polish librarian due to the tardiness of the messenger, Jacques David Frédéric Perard. It is claimed here that both the inscriptions and images in the code are authored by Tomasz Treter. The manuscript’s attribution was based on palaeographic analysis (comparing the handwriting with Treter’s epistolography stored in the archives in Kraków and Olsztyn). According to the dates included in the code, the inscriptions were made between 20 June 1569 and 2 March 1575. The manu- script thus represents the earliest known evidence of Treter’s artistic activity. The auto- graph contains some previously unknown emblems by Treter, and a preliminary design of the emblem work Symbolica vitae Christi meditatio (published 1612). As many as 51 sketches in the manuscript overlap with the emblematic icons of the 1612 printing, all of which are more symbolic (hieroglyphic) representations of Christian virtues known from Treter’s printing, while there are no sketches of icons in the printed book refer- ring to specific biblical scenes. Therefore, there is still uncertainty about the authorship of these compositions, which also differ in the quality of rendition from the previously mentioned ones. Comparing the autograph with the artist’s later published work offers insight into his technique. The drawings in the manuscript show very clear inspiration of Claude Paradin, Gabriel Syméon, Aneau Barthélemy and Andrea Alciato, which is not always conspicuous in the printed version. The analysis includes the final note, mention- ing imprese with the painter Lorenzo Lotto, which explains correspondences between this artist’s work and the emblems from Symbolica vitae Christi meditatio.A Newly Discovered Autograph by Tomasz Treter: A Notebook with a Design of a Book of EmblemsThe goal of the paper is to present the attribution and codicological analysis of a manuscript currently stored at Biblioteca civica Angelo Mai in Bergamo (sign. MM 378). The paper describes the manuscript codicologically, also hypothesizing as to its presence in the Bergamo library. Based on a manuscript annotation on the codex’s upper pastedown, I argue that it was intended as a gift for one of the Załuski family. On the basis of the printed correspondence between Józef Andrzej Załuski and Angelo Maria Querini, it may be assumed that Codex MM 378 was among the parcels containing manuscripts from the circle of Stanisław Hosius that the Italian librarian intended to send to Załuski. The boxes with the codices never reached the Polish librarian due to the tardiness of the messenger, Jacques David Frédéric Perard. It is claimed here that both the inscriptions and images in the code are authored by Tomasz Treter. The manuscript’s attribution was based on palaeographic analysis (comparing the handwriting with Treter’s epistolography stored in the archives in Kraków and Olsztyn). According to the dates included in the code, the inscriptions were made between 20 June 1569 and 2 March 1575. The manuscript thus represents the earliest known evidence of Treter’s artistic activity. The autograph contains some previously unknown emblems by Treter, and a preliminary design of the emblem work Symbolica vitae Christi meditatio (published 1612). As many as 51 sketches in the manuscript overlap with the emblematic icons of the 1612 printing, all of which are more symbolic (hieroglyphic) representations of Christian virtues known from Treter’s printing, while there are no sketches of icons in the printed book referring to specific biblical scenes. Therefore, there is still uncertainty about the authorship of these compositions, which also differ in the quality of rendition from the previously mentioned ones. Comparing the autograph with the artist’s later published work offers insight into his technique. The drawings in the manuscript show very clear inspiration of Claude Paradin, Gabriel Syméon, Aneau Barthélemy and Andrea Alciato, which is not always conspicuous in the printed version. The analysis includes the final note, mentioning imprese with the painter Lorenzo Lotto, which explains correspondences between this artist’s work and the emblems from Symbolica vitae Christi meditatio.

Reconstructing Leibniz’s Educational Theory. Contribution to the Study of an Unresearched Part of Leibniz’s Philosophy

Rekonstruiranje Leibnizove obrazovne teorije. Prilog izučavanju jednog neistraženog dijela Leibnizove filozofije

Author(s): Saša Popović / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 04/164/2021

Keywords: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz; education; educational reform; curricular reform; progress; perfectionism; the common good; respublica optima; theoria cum praxi;

In the introduction, I point out the exegetical problems involved in locating Leibniz’s “philosophy of education” within the broader corpus of his works and in uncovering an appropriate theoretical framework within which it is possible to contextualise and reconstruct Leibniz’s thought on education. It is then shown that this framework is provided by Leibniz’s practical philosophy, i.e. his ideas about the optimal state and the common good. I analyse the key theses of Leibniz’s ethics and political philosophy to uncover the background of the idea of the respublica optima and explain how education, in Leibniz’s view, should enable the perfection of the individual and society and contribute to the realisation of the common good. Finally, it is argued that in his educational project Leibniz articulated an idea of the Enlightenment that is far more progressive than the educational ideas of the philosophers we usually associate with the eighteenth-century Enlightenment.

The Reception of Fernando de Herrera (1534–1597) during the 20th Century

La recepción de Fernando de Herrera (1534–1597) durante el siglo XX

Author(s): Silvia-Alexandra Ştefan / Language(s): Spanish / Issue: 2 (36)/2022

Keywords: XX century; literary criticism; Spanish Humanism; Fernando de Herrera; critical reception;

Fernando de Herrera (1534-1597) was one of the most important Spanish humanists of the 16th century and his works embarked almost all genres available during his lifetime: from poetry to poetic theory, and historical prose to critical bibliography. Even if many of his productions were lost or destroyed after his death, and even if several polemical episodes aimed at ravaging his literary projections, he was much appreciated as a great erudite and scholar by many of his contemporaries and later, along the centuries, by various European men of letters. Nevertheless, his full consecration took place during the 20th century, beginning with the generation of French Hispanists and culminating with Sevillian philologists eager to pay his due homages. This paper is aiming at synthesizing and classifying this prodigious critical production concerning the writings of Fernando de Herrera and offers an overview of the main lines of investigation that scholars of Herrera approached during the 20th century, having thus secured a well-built foundation for the studies emerging in the new millennium.