Die vorliegende Chronik enthält - neben einem zusammenfassenden Überblick über die Gesamtentwicklung in Osteuropa diesseits der Sowjetgrenzen. Einzelbeiträge über Polen, die Tschechoslowakei, Ungarn und Rumänien. Die Entwicklung in Bulgarien, Jugoslawien und Albanien wird im nächsten Heft behandelt.
More...Keywords: Poland 1968;
More...The article provides a summary of evidence on the development of poverty in the Czech Republic since 1989. First, the new sources of poverty after 1989 and the new measures introduced to prevent or combat it are described. Second, the relative ease with which it is possible to leave the labour force and the impact of departures on household income is considered. Third, a variety of measurements that reveal different faces of poverty, comparing so-called objective and subjective indicators, are presented. Fourth, the working poor are examined and compared with the non-working poor. As a comparison of Microcensus data demonstrates, more change occurred in the composition than in the amount of poverty. Before 1989, poverty was caused mainly by demographic factors. In contrast, unemployment became the strongest factor of poverty under the market economy. This largely manifested itself after 1997, when there was a rapid increase in unemployment in the Czech Republic and the numbers for long-term unemployed grew even faster. Simultaneously, the problem of ‘the working poor’ appeared, but it is far less acute in the Czech Republic than in other EU countries. In conclusion, drawing sociology more into poverty research is stressed as a necessity.
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Keywords: Royal Prussia;noblemen;dietines;Lebork-Bytów Land;genealogy;
The article addresses the subject matter of the Czapski family of the coat of arms of Leliwa – in particular one of its lines, whose name comes from the name of the village Swarożyn in Royal Prussia. Unlike their relatives from Smętów and Bąków, representatives of the Swarożyn line did not make any spectacular political careers. The outline presents the correct genealogy of the family, which in historiography was often shown erroneously. It should be underlined that no complex study of this family has ever been made despite the fact that the family was quite significant in the 18th century. The Swarożyn line of the family remained in the shadow owing to its Protestant denomination and weaker biological potential. Still, despite problems, several representatives of the Swarożyn line of the Czapski family reached a high social status in the Prussian province.
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Keywords: olympics; discursive change; Hungary; seriality; actors
The article deals with the discourse about the application of the Hungarian capital Budapest for the 2024 Summer Olympics. Due to the country’s long sporting traditions and its many Olympic suc- cesses, Hungary has long had the idea that the country deserves the opportunity to host the Olympic games. This idea received eminent support from the conservative government of Viktor Orbán, thus Hungary’s Olympic bid practically began its preparation in 2015. Opposing this idea, a counter- movement has been formed, which suggested that Hungary’s nancial resources and current social support were not strong enough for an application. The confrontation of positions quickly led to a change in the discourse that resulted the withdrawal of the application. The article focuses on the course of this debate and its linguistic analysis.
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Keywords: Levels of Meaning; Reconstructed Old Quarter; Wroclaw;
This work defines the old quarter on three levels. The first is the architectural configuration, which is dominated by preindustrial structures. The second is the discourse concerning the cultural heritage. The third is the spatial perception of the everyday users of the town. The old quarter of Wroclaw was rebuilt after 1945 and for that reason the fundamental question arises how far the original old quarter is reflected in the reconstruction. The search for an answer first involves an examination of the architecture. I come to the conclusion that the reconstruction represents a continuation of the picturesque architecture of the pre-war era. The urban landscape which thus came about divides into zones depending on the extent to which the structures which had been destroyed have been rebuilt. In the past years it was determined that the image of the old quarter produced by the media, such as guides and picture-books, removes socialist buildings from view. Not least among the findings of this work is that the eye-catching “historical” facades contribute a positive message in today’s consumer society and an increasingly Europeanised world. The level of examination of day to day life is based on the collection of data among 63 students using the method of mental mapping. The students present a spatial concept with an overabundance of historical buildings, but in a context which also has regard to present-day orientations such as pedestrian precincts and shopping centres. The overall thesis is that today’s old quarter of Wroclaw would be significantly smaller than before the war. But partly for this very reason “historic”, i.e. reconstructed, buildings and structures play a disproportionate role in today’s city life.
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Keywords: Forced migration; Eastern Central Europe; "century of evictions";
Für viele überraschend und von manchen geflissentlich übersehen, sind die Zwangsmigrationen im Ostmitteleuropa der Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts seit den 1990er Jahren in Deutschland und seinen östlichen Nachbarländern zu einem zentralen Thema der zeithistorischen Forschung geworden.
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The article deals with the comparison of German and Polish culinary language. 664 German and Polish pairs of lexemes were dissected. These lexems are alike or close to alike in both languages according to graphemic structure. The aim of the semantic analysis was to identify the level of equivalence of the lexemes. The results of the analysis confirm the high level of equivalence and adequacy of the special culinary terms. In spite of this result, it can be pointed out that there are a few examples of false friends and there are differences in usage of the particular representatives of a lexeme pair.
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The article begins with a definition of the evidentiality as a semantic category and a short overwiew of linguistic expressions which can be seen as evidentiality markers in German. Then, with reference to SMIRNOVA (2006), a semantic view on the construction würde+infinitive is proposed, in which its meaning contains both modal and evidential (quotative as well as inferential) components, which, however, are not activated at the same time by the context of its use.
More...Keywords: gender studies; literary studies; second wave feminism; Ludwik Fleck; analysis criteria
Posited in the context of Second-Wave-Feminism and Women Studies, in this text, Gender Studies are introduced with reference to literary sciences. Methods, fields of research, results and new tendencies are discussed by means of examples from Germany and Poland. All these reflections are based on the assumption – inspired by Ludwik Fleck – that ‚gender‘ is both a scientific fact and an analytical category which could customise most of scientific disciplines to the relevance of difference.Gender studies werden hier vor allem in Bezug auf die Literaturwissenschaft dargestellt und im politischen Kontext der zweiten Frauenbewegung und Frauenforschung verortet. Mit Beispielen aus Deutschland und Polen werden ihre Methoden, Forschungsbereiche, Forschungsergebnisse und Entwicklungstendenzen besprochen. Diese Reflexionen bauen auf der These auf, dass ‚gender‘ eine wissenschaftliche Tatsache im Sinne Ludwik Flecks ist und gleichzeitig eine wissenschaftliche Analysekategorie, die die meisten Wissenschaftsdisziplinen auf die Bedeutung der Differenz hin öffnet.
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Keywords: weapons of mass destruction (WMD);chemical weapon (CW);material and discursive remains of CW;World War I;Eastern Front;1915;central Poland;gasscape;war cemeteries;archaeology;memory;attentive travel
The article includes a theoretical and practical proposal for perceiving and treating material and discursive remains of using chemical weapons – wherever they still exist – as stimuli for reflection on weapons of mass destruction and as warnings. Based on the specific example of the outcomes of the archaeological and historical research conducted in the historic battlefield – the section of the Eastern Front between Sochaczew in the north and Skierniewice in the south, the following more general appeals have been formulated: – for inalienability of collecting, systematizing and interpreting source information and studies that could together make up a real and digital repository of knowledge on material and discursive remains of historical uses of chemical weapons (CW) and potentially further on of weapons of mass destruction (WMD); – for documenting, digitalising and protecting in situ remains of the past that, despite representing a challenge for contemporary people, constitute a part of important, however difficult, transnational painful heritage; – for undertaking more intense, systematic and coordinated activities to disseminate knowledge about past use of CW and about the mission and activities of individuals and organisations involved in the process of minimizing the threats of weapons of mass destruction in the modern world (such as the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons – OPCW). It is worth exploration, as well as documentation and protection (with the aid of archaeology, history, memory studies, ethnology, landscape studies, educational studies – especially on Peace Education, tourism studies etc.) e.g. by means of transdyscyplinary research and working on establishing real and virtual repositories of knowledge on CW, OPCW, outreach, education on transnational painful heritage, reflective cultural tourism, attentive travel etc. The historical gasscapes (landscape marked with gas attacks) – such as an element of the landscape of today’s central Poland, sketched in this article, that bore witness to the very first mass use of gas shells in January 1915, as well as wave attacks with poisonous chlorine (possibly combined with phosgene) in the battlefield, has been presented as particularly predestined to serve as a symbols of CW painful heritage, triggers for reflection on BMR and carriers of even though weaker and disappearing living memories. Additionally, the attention was drawn to the fact that certain activities aimed at documenting, consolidating, systematizing and disseminating knowledge about the experiences related to CW (or more broadly, WMD) should be undertaken immediately. Some disappearing material remains prove it. The area (in present days Poland) of a former battlefield, where the army of the German Empire repeatedly used chemical weapons in 1915, still conceals the bodies of – until recently – almost completely forgotten victims of CW. Hence the emphasis put on the significance of that area and other similar places as destinations for attentive travel (real and virtual) following evocative remains will not leave us indifferent and uninterested.
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Keywords: Oliwa; Abbatia nullius Dioecesis; apostolic vicariate of Gdańsk; Diocese of Warmia; apostolic delegate; general state laws for the Prussian States;
The article explains the implementation of a disposition of Pope Pius VII from the apostolic constitution De salute animarum of 16 July 1821, by which was designated a separate territory for the monastery of the Cistercian abbey at Oliva near Gdańsk, from the territory of the Apostolic Vicariate in Gdańsk (previously the former Archidiaconatus Pomeraniae of the Diocese of Kujavien-Pommerellen). Such a papal disposition is understood as a document to indicate the status of a territorial Abbey in that place (Abbatia nullius Dioecesis). The commendatory abbot of Oliva (who exercised his main residence and benefice) and prince- bishop of Warmia Joseph of Hohenzollern-Hechingen, as papal delegate for the implementation of the above constitution in the Kingdom of Prussia by his executives decrees of 18 December 1821 from Berlin has defined the territorium separatum as the territory of St. James Parish in Oliva and placed it under the law and jurisdiction of the bishopric of Warmia. The rest of the parishes that have still supported through the Cistercian fathers from the monastery in Oliva, are remained according of above-mentioned executive decrees under the jurisdiction of the apostolic vicar in Gdańsk, canon Stanisław Kostka Rosołkiewicz (ger. Rossolkiewicz), until 3 August 1824, when the new bishop of Kulm Ignatius Stanislaus Matthy was introduced in his office. The Parish of Oliva within the Diocese of Warmia remained deanery-free and after the death of the last Cistercian prior Johannes Bluhm, OCist, who held the parish office there, was administered by the diocesan priests. In the name of the prince-bishop of Warmia in the autumn of 1831 took place a general visitation of St. James Parish, which carried out a delegate. According to the above constitution, as in the case of vacancy of the abbot office, the territorial Abbey in Oliva will be declared abolished and its territory will be incorporated into the Diocese of Kulm. By the death of Joseph of Hohenzollern-Hechingen on 26 September 1836, the territory Abbey was canonically abolished by virtue of the papal disposition from the apostolic constitution De salute animarum, however the Prussian state authority has liquidated the Cistercian monastery as early as 1 October 1831.
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Keywords: crowdfunding; success factors; reward-based; start-up; entrepreneurial financing
The factors determining the success of crowdfunding projects is one of the central issues for crowdfunding researchers. Quantitative approaches recognise the number of funds targeted as an important control variable. However, little is known about the impact of the funding goal on other factors that impact crowdfunding success. We hypothesise that the effect of crowdfunding success factors varies contingent on the funding goal level. A dataset of 338 crowdfunding projects from the largest German crowdfunding platform StartNext in the years 2015 to 2016 is analysed by conducting regression analyses controlling for varying funding goal sizes. We use the dependent variables success, the degree of success and the number of project supporters and control whether the effect of independent variables such as comments, updates and social media depend on different funding goals. Our study indicates that the impact of the investigated success factors, in fact, strongly depends on the funding goal levels of crowdfunding projects. By grouping projects into clusters of varying funding goals, we find that the impact of individual success factors changes and that the funding goal plays a moderating role for factors impacting project success.Implications for Central European audience: Many crowdfunding studies focus on the most popular US-based platforms like Kickstarter or Indiegogo. We examined projects on the largest German reward-based crowdfunding platform StartNext. These results help both researchers and future entrepreneurs in Europe to better understand supporter behaviour. We suggest that future entrepreneurs should be aware that factors influencing the success of a crowdfunding project strongly depend on the set funding goal, which should be adequately considered in future crowdfunding research.
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The article analyses texts that describe the city of today’s L’viv at the turn of the 17th century, written by Ukrainian, Polish, and German authors in Church Slavonic, Prosta mova, Latin, and German. The names of some of these authors are known (e.g. the Polish Renaissance poet, Sebastian Fabian Klonowic, or the German merchant and traveller, Martin Gruneweg), while others remain anonymous (e.g. the author of a Ukrainian heraldic poem, a “lamentatio” addressed to the Polish king). These texts have some common aspects – they underline the multinationality of the city population as well as different religious denominations of every ethnic group (special attention is given to the Jewish population of the city) – and they represent conflicting points of view regarding privileges of various groups. Thus, the texts serve as an example of polyphony as defined by Mikhail Bakhtin. They combine different voices representing various national ideologies in one complex work, a text of the city of L᾿viv.
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Keywords: translation; Young Poland; archaism; Friedrich Nietzsche; Wacław Berent
The paper deals with the Polish translation of Friedrich Nietzsche’s Also sprach Zarathustra made by the Polish writer Wacław Berent (1905). The translation is considered in the context of its epoch (“Young Poland”) and of Berent’s own literary work. The analysis aims at distinguishing the most important stylistic features of the translation: poetic devices typical of Young Poland, such as archaisms, neologisms, and reinforcement of the original’s audial qualities. Despite being criticized as “mannerist”, Berent’s translation appears as an innovative example of modernist translation, consistent with the symbolist model of translation.
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Keywords: Legal history; Holocaust; Warsaw Ghetto; General Government; Nazi jurisdiction; Nazi occupation of Poland; World War II;
This article provides an overview of the criminal prosecution of Jews from the Warsaw ghetto by German court entities during the Nazi occupation of the General Government. As the title suggests, a specific focus lies on how the residents of the ghetto were pushed into a legal gray area by an increasingly dense network of anti-Jewish legal guidelines. As this article also highlights, however, committing acts that the occupiers had deemed criminal offenses also sometimes aided Jews in their survival of imprisonment in ghettos. This article takes a chronological approach: it begins with a discussion of the history of “Jewish ghettos” from the Middle Ages onwards, leading up to the establishment of ghettos in the General Government throughout the early 1940s. Since the legal sphere is the focus of this article, it outlines the Nazi definition of a criminal offense in the Warsaw ghetto will and which social and personal changes the imprisonment in ghettos meant for Jews during occupation. Even though the Nazi restrictions made several dozen offenses legally punishable, even by death, committing these criminal offenses could ensure Jews’ survival, for example, by participating in illegal trade, smuggling, or the forging of identity cards or money. In this way, criminality became an increasingly frequent part of everyday life and survival of Jews imprisoned in ghettos. Through the establishment of so-called German Courts and Special Courts in the district capitals of the General Government, the occupiers set up a dense and expansive legal network through which they were able to prosecute any criminal activity on a seemingly official basis. In an attempt to make this history more tangible, this article discusses cases of smuggling, illegal trade, bribery, spreading rumors, and derogatory language as brought in the German Court and Special Court in Warsaw against Jewish defendants. Even though the German Criminal Code and a plethora of continuously issued legal decrees were rigously applied in these court proceedings, the verdicts of the German Court and Special Court in Warsaw were seldom consistent or stringent throughout the years of occupation.
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Keywords: early-modern popular literature; occasional literature; Polish-Ruthenian song; critical edition; Battle of Berestechko; Jesuits
The article contains an edition of “Duma kozacka o wojnie z Kozakami” (“Cossack Elegy on a War with the Cossacks”), a piece in the Ruthenian language, referring to the Battle of Berestechko, preserved in a unique 1651 print, here preceded by a literary-historical foreword. The piece, published to this date only in transliteration and almost absent from the Polish subject matter, stands out above fragments of preserved Ruthenian pieces printed in Latin characters in its completeness, and is viewed as the only so comprehensive occasional account from the times of the Cossack Wars. An analysis of the content and eliciting the song structure of the verse makes it possible to categorise it into the Jesuit propaganda prints issued in Ukraine in order to strengthen the position of the Uniate Church and the Society of Jesus itself whose activity in the time of the the Khmelnytsky Uprising was markedly limited. The presented edition is a proposal to employ unified rules of transcription for modern texts in Ruthenian printed in Latin alphabet.
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Keywords: Federation of Expellees (BdV); Landsmannschaften; Helmut Kohl; Herbert Czaja; Hartmut Koschyk; Line of Odra and Nysa; German minority in Poland; German– Polish Border Treaty
One of the biggest imponderables in the process of Polish-German rapprochement at the turn of the 1980s and 1990s was the reaction of the Federation of Expellees (BdV) and its partner organizations. Despite the attempts undertaken by BdV to contest the final recognition of the Oder-Neisse border by the German state, the organization failed to gain allies. It had to accept the political reality and the decisions of the state, and find new areas of activity for itself, for which the Polish–German Treaty of Good Neighbourship and Friendly Cooperation laid solid foundations.
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