Search results for: Danziger Trilogie in All Content

The history of the Polish Evangelical-Lutheran Parish in Gdynia (1931-1939) - Part 1

Dzieje Polskiej Parafii Ewangelicko-Augsburskiej w Gdyni (1931-1939). Część I

Author(s): Jerzy Domasłowski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 6/2012

Keywords: Poland; Lutheranism; Gdynia; The Evangelical-Augsburg Church; The Polish Evangelica- Augsburg Parish In Gdynia; 1931-1939

In the borders of the present city of Gdynia for years about 1568-1572 to 1945 there was a Lutheran community in the old village of Mały Kack (also known as Redłowo, now part of the district Gdynia-Orłowo), which in the nineteenth and twentieth century served local German population. In 1931, Adolf Martens, the builder, with the help of Rev. Gustav Manitius from Poznan and the organizing committee proceeded to create a Polish parish for the Lutherans and Reformed arrived in the 20's due to the construction of the seaport and the city, a network of around 300 people. This initiative has met with great favour of the city authorities, which provided lots for a new church and cemetery. The first service Polish Lutheran congregation celebrated July 19, 1931, in the hall of the School of Maritime Trade. From 18 October administrator was Rev. Leopold Michelis and soon published project to build a modern church and parish house with a nursery. Stabilization of the parish made it difficult disputes with the pastor and financial concerns that prevented the implementation of plans. Only in 1937 the appointment of a new pastor, which was Rev. Jerzy Kahané, brought the start of vast change for the better (see Part 2).

Animo grato vovit. Early Modern Epitaph Altars in Estonia

Animo grato vovit. Varauusaegsed epitaafaltarid Eestis

Author(s): Reet Rast / Language(s): Estonian / Issue: 01+02/2011

This article analyses Estonian ecclesiastical art in the period of transition from Roman Catholicism to Lutheranism. The role of the patronage of the landed nobility in furnishing churches and setting up altars between the late 16th century and the early 18th century is discussed. The noble family immortalised their name and memory by donating an altar, to which coats of arms and inscriptions were added, to a church. The portraits of the donors are featured on the altar of the Keila church; the existence of other portraits is not known. The main subject of the altarpieces under discussion in the Kärla, Keila, Vormsi, Märjamaa and Hanila churches is the Crucifixion. The layout of the altars was influenced by the work of Hans Vredeman de Vries and Cornelis Floris.

Nation, People, and Religion - Dimensions of Modern Society: Consistency or Contradiction?

Nation, People, and Religion - Dimensions of Modern Society: Consistency or Contradiction?

Author(s): Andreas Pawlas / Language(s): English / Issue: 12/2009

Measurement of ABC implementation success in companies operating in Poland

Pomiar sukcesu wdrożenia rachunku kosztów działań w przedsiębiorstwach działających w Polsce

Author(s): Tomasz Wnuk-Pel / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 59/2010

This study aims to analyze the satisfaction and benefits from ABC implementa-tion in Polish companies. More specifically, it aims to analyze the attitudes of the preparers and users of ABC information, the quality of ABC information, its utility and impact on the company. The research carried out to investigate these issues indicates a very positive at-titude of the respondents towards ABC implementation and confirms that the quality of information from ABC is substantially higher than the quality of infor-mation generated by traditional cost accounting in terms of all the examined fea-tures of information. Respondents confirm the positive influence of ABC on their work and point out that it is generally very useful. They evaluate positively the impact of ABC implementation on decision making, concentration on the compa-ny’s aims, innovativeness and communication between departments. However, the research results do not confirm the influence of ABC implementation on improve-ment of relations between departments or decrease in the amount of scrap. The study also showed that as regards the level of satisfaction with ABC implementa-tion there were no significant differences between the preparers and users of ABC information. In general, ABC implementation contributes to satisfaction of the needs of those preparing and using ABC information.

Going Nowhere: Sebald’s Rhizomatic Travels

Wędrowanie donikąd. Sebalda podróże po rozwidlających się ścieżkach

Author(s): Carsten Strathausen / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3-4/2014

Keywords: Sebald; travel; literature

This text comes from: Searching for Sebald: Photography After W. G. Sebald (ed. Lise Patt, Christel Dillbohner, Institute of Cultural Inquiry, Los Angeles 2007).

Habeas Corpus: The Sense of Ownership of One’ s Own Body

Habeas Corpus: The Sense of Ownership of One’ s Own Body

Author(s): Frederique de Vignemont / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2012

Keywords: asomatognosia; bodily sensations; experience of my body; body schema; sense of ownership

SHOWING CONVICTION AND SUPPORT FOR THE REFORMATION? A 16TH-CENTURY STOVE TILE FROM TURKU BEARING THE ELECTORAL COAT OF ARMS OF SAXONY

SHOWING CONVICTION AND SUPPORT FOR THE REFORMATION? A 16TH-CENTURY STOVE TILE FROM TURKU BEARING THE ELECTORAL COAT OF ARMS OF SAXONY

Author(s): Kirsi Majantie / Language(s): / Issue: 2/2015

Keywords: SHOWING CONVICTION ; SUPPORT FOR THE REFORMATION ; 16TH-CENTURY STOVE ; TURKU ; ELECTORAL COAT OF ARMS OF SAXONY

In the 16th-century Europe, the ruling classes used art, architecture and personal adornment as a way of showing their power, authority and wealth. Their portraits and coats of arms were also used as proofs of lineage and as expressions of political and religious loyalties and convictions. This article presents a stove tile from Turku in Finland, bearing the electoral coat of arms of Saxony, and discusses its role as an expression of this social display. Since some of the 16th-century Saxon electors were renowned secular supporters of the Lutheran Reformation, and their images were used as a form of religious and political propaganda, the article discusses the stove tile from Turku as part of this historical framework. The article analyses the origin and dating of the stove tile, on the basis of heraldry, stylistic analysis and archaeological sources. The significance and possible owners of the stove tile are explored by using historical sources.

Stereotypes in radio advertisements

Stereotypy v rozhlasovej reklame

Author(s): Renáta Cenková / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 01/2017

Keywords: radio;advertising; radio advertisements; spot; content stereotype; form stereotype

Advertising is a common tool of marketing communication mix. The paper focused on radio advertising aims to identify stereotypes present in the Slovak radio advertising. The paper draws on the distinction between radio advertising stereotypes in content and in form. The research presented in the study brings the results of quantification of spot ads corpus from the archives of Slovak commercial radio stations from the period of 2006–2016.

The Teutonic commander brick castle in Klaipeda in the light of medieval written sources

Krzyżacki murowany zamek komturski w Kłajpedzie w świetle średniowiecznych źródeł pisanych

Author(s): Sławomir Jóźwiak / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2015

Keywords: Middle Ages; Prussia; Teutonic Knights; the castle in Klaipeda (Memel);

The analysis of written sources allows to claim that the first fortified settlement (constructed of wood and earth) was erected in Klaipeda (Memel in German, Klaipėda in Lithuanian) in 1253. In 1290, the square-rectangular stronghold was surrounded by a stone wall (it was confirmed in sources dating back to 1323). Unfortunately, the castle’s interior enclosure at that time is unknown. In sources dating back to the 13th and 14th centuries, published in Latin, a stronghold like this was called a “castrum”. The analysis of the sources, disregarded so far by researchers, demonstrated that a brick castle’s interior enclosure in Klaipeda (“Gemach” of the commander, bakery, church) had existed in the first decade of the 15th century. Most likely in 1408 the castle was thoroughly redeveloped (to take a quadrangular or rectangular shape), and this could be accomplished concurrently with the demolition of old buildings. Construction works accelerated in 1417, yet the entire interior enclosure (i.e., basements, the ground floor, first floor, attic) – that dates back to this time – can be confirmed only in two wings of the high castle. Probably the other two wings (surrounded by enclosure walls) remained undeveloped. It is not known whether the four round corner towers had been already there; tangible evidence exists only with regard to two of them.

The Influence of 13th and 14th century English Architecture in the Southern Baltic Region and Poland

The Influence of 13th and 14th century English Architecture in the Southern Baltic Region and Poland

Author(s): Jakub Adamski / Language(s): English / Issue: 15/2015

Keywords: architecture and iconography;architecture and urban design;Polish architecture; English architecture;

Free Gdansk

Wolny Gdańsk

Author(s): Peter Oliver Loew / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 93/2017

Keywords: Gdańsk

WOLNE MIASTO GDAŃSK POWSTAJE 15 LISTOPADA 1920 NA MOCY USTALEŃ TRAKTATU WERSALSKIEGO. JEST MIEJSCEM STYKU INTERESÓW III RZESZY I II RZECZPOSPOLITEJ ORAZ ROSNĄCYCH NAPIĘĆ MIĘDZY SAMYMI GDAŃSZCZANAMI – NIEMIECKĄ WIĘKSZOŚCIĄ A MNIEJSZOŚCIĄ POLSKĄ.

Polish City-states under International Supervision in Pre-1939 Europe: Cracow and Danzig as Free Cities

A nemzetközi felügyelet alatt élő lengyel városállamok az 1939 előtti Európában: Krakkó és Danzig szabad városok

Author(s): Iván Halász / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 01/2015

Keywords: Poland; free city; international supervision; pre-1939 Europe; Cracow; Danzig;

The study deals with two areas of „free city” status which emerged on Polish territory – the Republic of Cracow which existed between 1815 and 1846, and the Free City of Danzig which subsisted from 1919 and 1939. Both entities came to existence through the will of the great powers which emerged victorious from previous wars – the first at the Congress of Vienna, the second as part of the Versailles peace system. While officially both areas were regarded as „free state” or „free city”, in practice both manifested a peculiar mixture of local self-government and international supervision. As a matter of fact, in questions of truly great importance it was almost the second factor that prevailed. The differences in the features of international supervision mainly sprang from differences between the two periods. Namely, in the first half of the 19th century there existed no international organisation of universal extension and general competence assumed in the interwar period by the League of Nations. Consequently, the interests of great powers were asserted directly in Cracow through the agency of the personal representatives of Russia, Austria and Prussia. In the interwar period, on the other hand, international control took a more sophisticated form through the mediation of the League of Nations. The political and constitutional development of both Cracow and Danzig was fairly dynamic in the period investigated here. Yet there was an important difference: while in the Republic of Cracow the room of manoeuvre for the local political bodies decreased and the influence of the great powers increased constantly, in the Free State of Danzig, where such a development would have been highly justified, the process went in fact the other direction. Here the local representative of the League of Nations and his apparatus faced ever increasing difficulties from the 1930s in dealing with the local Nazis who, while enjoying the external support of Nazi Germany, acquired political legitimacy through popular backing gained in the course of free elections. It is thus far from surprising that Danzig became one of the first theaters of the struggles which shortly evolved into WW2. The study does not focus exclusively on the political developments, however; it also tries to picture the international legal status of the two entities, as well as their constitutional structures, touching upon such aspects as the workings of local self-government, the legal status of ethnic minorities, the problem of customs duties, the organisation of postal services, or the problem of currencies used.

A Micro-Level Shift in Educational ''Regime of Practices'' Under the Habsburg Monarchy: Historical and Psycho-Pedagogical Analysis of Luka Karaman's Work School Bench

A Micro-Level Shift in Educational ''Regime of Practices'' Under the Habsburg Monarchy: Historical and Psycho-Pedagogical Analysis of Luka Karaman's Work School Bench

Author(s): Mitsutoshi Inaba / Language(s): English / Issue: 17/2018

Keywords: School Bench; Myopia; Energy; Physiological psychology; Economy of human being;

Eyes, exactly speaking the vision was the most important subject of pedagogical texts in Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1878 to 1918. We hold that two factors influenced it. Firstly, they recommended visual education (Zorna obuka) as a right way to educate the character, according to which our acquiring the unquestionable knowledge starts from the all-sided observance of everything around us. Secondly, they held that the vision is one of various factors for creating the loyalty to Habsburg Monarchy, for example, through people’s participation on Emperor Franz Joseph’s visit to Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1910 as its spectators. It is therefore well-known that the visual representation was important to create loyal, pious, national character etc. Nevertheless, the scholarship has not analysed how the vision itself was understood in Bosnia and Herzegovina at that time. In this paper we investigate what kind of image of “observer” was re/produced by means of discourse on vision. As a starting point we analyze a book School bench of Luka Karaman (1910) that firstly discussed the school benches and myopia in the visual way. Besides it, we research the various texts in Bosnian and Croatian pedagogical periodicals and monographs that discuss the vision, especially myopia. In Bosnia and Herzegovina in the early twentieth century, the concept of cost effectiveness became increasingly prevalent in the educational sphere, depending on the progress of mechanization in society. We demonstrate that the correct vision in this context was considered as an economically rational approach to the nerves. Furthermore, psychosomatic activities encompassed the energy circulatory system, involving neural networks and blood flows. Thus, myopia functioned as one moment to normalize the “observer”, that is, human who sees correctly in Bosnia and Herzegovina under the Habsburg regime according to mental and physical rational economy.

Status, Character and Hierarchic Position of the Regulation of the Right of Intellectual and Industrial Property in the European Union Against the Background of Judicial Decisions of the Tribunal of Justice

Status, charakter i pozycja hierarchiczna regulacji prawa własności intelektualnej i przemysłowej w Unii Europejskiej na tle orzecznictwa Trybunału Sprawiedliwości – zarys problemu

Author(s): Jarosław Sozański / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2006

Keywords: community law; intellectual and industrial property; trademark; copyright

In the current legal status of the Community law, regulations of the intellectual and industrial property in the EU usually are not uniform and unambiguous, and sometimes they come into conflict with acts of the international and national law. Within the Community law, in the approach to the discussed sphere of regulations three often conflicting tendencies are especially easily seen: the tendency to secure a free flow of commodities, to secure efficient competence and to protect the subjective rights of intellectual and industrial property. The proclaimed law uses both directives and enactments here. Diversity of solutions in the mutual relations of the national law and acquis on the one hand and the above mentioned elements and regulations of international conventions makes the picture complete. It seems that the significant issue is only to a small extent noticed by the doctrine and the Tribunal of Justice that supplies casuistic solutions. Its judicature is uniform and has a great significance in the sphere of exhausting rights from the sign, or typical copyright, whereas in the most important issues connected with functioning of the domestic market judicial decisions by the Tribunal become instructive in a very small degree… What is more, it is hard to see a tendency or perspectives for solving this situation that is unfavorable both from the point of view of acquis communautaire, the domestic market and protection of the subjective rights. Especially when the process of implementing the Constitution for Europe (Constitutional Treaty of the EU) that made the regulations in the discussed issue uniform has been stopped.

Lithuanica and Prussica deposited in the Berlin State Library of Prussian Heritage

Prussica und Lithuanica in der Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin – Preußischer Kulturbesitz

Author(s): Marie-Luise Heckmann / Language(s): German / Issue: 81/2019

Keywords: Borussica; Lituanica and Prussica; Berlin State Library – Prussian Cultural Heritage; language monuments; Jagiellonian Library Cracow; Christianization of the Baltic;

The article “Lithuanica and Prussica deposited in the Berlin State Library of Prussian Heritageˮ consists of a short introduction to the tradition circumstances and some aspects of research as well as of tightly descriptions of almost thirty German, Latin, Prussian or Lithuanian manuscripts, which have been transferred to the Royal Prussian Library in Berlin mainly during the 19th century.

Elbing at the Turn of the Eighteenth Century: Perspectives of Elbing’s Urban Society towards Membership to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in Times of War

Elbing an der Wende zum 18. Jahrhundert. Perspektiven der Elbinger Stadtgesellschaft auf die Zugehörigkeit zum polnisch-litauischen Unionsstaat in Kriegszeiten

Author(s): Simon Behnisch / Language(s): German / Issue: 1/2020

Keywords: Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth; Royal Prussia; Prussia; Elbing; Great Northern War; identity; political loyalties;

This paper examines how the citizens of Elbing defined the political position of their city in the Polish-Lithuanian unitary state at the turn of the eighteenth century. In the course of the Great Northern War, they saw their own city, like Danzig and Thorn, threatened by Swedish troops. The Brandenburg elector Friedrich III also occupied the trading city in 1698 as a pledge, because a payment owed by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth which had been stipulated in the treaties of Wehlau and Bromberg (1657), had not been made. As the poorest of the three large cities, Elbing had the fewest resources and was thus in the weakest position to defend itself. In order to comprehend how the people of Elbing positioned their city within the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth statements made by the citizens concerning external political actors—the Polish state and its dignitaries on the one hand, and the Brandenburg elector on the other—are examined. These include reports about Brandenburg’s occupation of Elbing, books detailing the negotiations of the council and the citizens, as well as letters addressed to the states of Poland-Lithuania, the Kingdom of Prussia and the Elector of Brandenburg. It is not surprising that the citizens of Elbing continued to see their city’s membership to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as the basis of their political existence. The emphasis of this connection changed, however, when the people of Elbing saw themselves as threatened by the Brandenburg und Swedish troops. While, in the centuries before this, the three major Prussian cities of Danzig, Thorn and Elbing had stressed that they belonged to the king rather than to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, now, in view of the threats, the council and citizens of Elbing began to emphasize that they belonged to the Commonwealth. This indicates that the Prussian states in the eighteenth century were not characterized exclusively by particularism. Rather, at the beginning of the eighteenth century, the citizens of Elbing moved closer to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

In the Footsteps of Julia Pastrana. Cultural Responses to an Ape-woman's Stay in Warsaw in 1858 and Reaction of Polish Press to Her Extraordinary Body

In the Footsteps of Julia Pastrana. Cultural Responses to an Ape-woman's Stay in Warsaw in 1858 and Reaction of Polish Press to Her Extraordinary Body

Author(s): Izabela Kopania / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2019

Keywords: Julia Pastrana; freak show; hypertrichosis; otherness; commodification of freak body

Julia Pastrana is one of the best known personalities of the mid-19th-century freak show business, understood as institutionalized exhibitions of human oddities. Born in 1834 in Mexico, she suffered from a genetic disorder which resulted in abnormal hair growth. Her career as a profit-making exhibit began in 1854 and lasted till 1860. Together with her impresario and husband Theodore Lent she toured the US, Canada and the British Isles from where she moved to Berlin, Vienna and Warsaw. Pastrana further headed for St. Petersburg and Moscow where she died in childbirth. While her odyssey in the US and Britain is well known, her stay in Central and Eastern Europe and Russia remains shrouded in obscurity. The aim of this article is to fill this gap in Pastrana's biography. Reconstructing her itinerary in Eastern Europe, I will focus especially on her visit to Warsaw. Drawing mainly on press accounts and unpublished iconographic sources, I will analyze both Pastrana's ‘enfreakment’ and commodification. My point is to see how her embodiment of difference was conceptualized at the eastern borders of Europe and how local artists and entrepreneurs reacted to her performances and the possibilities for making money that the freak show business offered.

The Historic Town Center as Passage. Critical Analysis of Images and Sources Relating to the ‘Memorandum of the Director of Urban Planning on the Recovery of the Historic Center’ of Szczecin (1936)

Die Altstadt als Passage. Quellen- und bildkritische Analyse der „Denkschrift des Stadtbaurats über die Gesundung der Altstadt“ von Stettin (1936)

Author(s): Katja Bernhardt / Language(s): German / Issue: 1/2018

Keywords: urban planning; Szczecin (Stettin); National Socialism; heritage conservation; city renewal;

The plans that were developed by governors and regional leaders for the transformation of Stettin (Szczecin) under National Socialism, were ambitious and aimed at establishing the city as a leading centre on the southern Baltic coast. The details of these plans have hardly ever been investigated, both because only scant sources have survived and because the available sources only marginally found their way into research. This article is based around one such source. The article deals with the ‘Memorandum of the Director of Urban Planning on the Recovery of the Historic Centre’, which was compiled in 1936 by the director of urban planning Bruno Lehnemann and was made up of drawn plans, text documents and annotated reproductions of earlier cityscapes. Though the documentation is only partially preserved, it provides illuminating insights into planning ideas, requirements and processes as well as specific urban development projects and concepts. The article is based on detailed source criticism that allows us to reconstruct the planning process and its relation to urban planning in the Weimar Republic era. The breakdown of the planning context is made possible by consulting further archived, documented memoranda and planning concepts, and shows, in turn, that the so-called ‘recovery of the historic city centre’ was only part of a comprehensive plan to redesign the entire city as a regional centre. Also, through critical analysis of the memorandum’s surviving visual material, we are able to more fully understand, both the urban planning concept and the significance that Szczecin was to gain through its envisioned transformation. This investigation taps into archival material relating to Szczecin’s urban planning history under National Socialism that, until now, only marginally has been researched. At the same time, by combining discussion on source material, historical reconstruction and indepth image analysis, the study opens up a discourse relating to urban planning history, which has the potential to give fresh impetus in the area of Nazi planning history.

Red Lemonade in the Head‘. Parisienne Exile Journal ‘Kultura’ on the Attitude of West German Writers towards Communism

„Rote Brause im Kopf“. Die Pariser Exilzeitschrift Kultura über das Verhältnis westdeutscher Schriftsteller zum Kommunismus

Author(s): Krzysztof Okoński / Language(s): German / Issue: 2/2017

Keywords: ‘Kultura’; Jerzy Giedroyc; censorship; literature in exile; communism; West German literature; Group 47; freedom of speech;

The consequences of the student revolt of 1968 substantially affected the subsequent decade in a variety of forms. The fascination with Marxism, the search of a ‘third way’ between communism and capitalism, ‘a long march through the institutions of power’, and the escalation of radical left terrorism were the central themes of public discussions in Germany; this discussion also involved writers. In view of the restrictions imposed by censorship in communist Poland, the only arena enabling Polish writers to enjoy unconstrained exchange of views on these issues were magazines and radio stations in exile and, after 1976, also underground publishers. The ‘Kultura’ Polish exile magazine (published in Paris) was focused on the attitude of West German writers towards communism, radical left ideology and freedom of speech.

The Vastness of Siberia and the Ocean in the Notes and Reports of Explorers from the mid-18th to the mid-19th Century

Die Weite Sibiriens und des Ozeans in Berichten und Aufzeichnungen von Forschungsreisenden von der Mitte des 18. bis zur Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts

Author(s): Dittmar Dahlmann / Language(s): German / Issue: 1/2014

Keywords: Vastness of Siberia; Ocean; Notes and Reports of Explorers; mid-18th to the mid-19th Century;

Vast unknown regions around the world were travelled and described by scholars in the course of the 18th and 19th centuries. In this paper, James Cook’s three South Pacific expeditions, the second Kamchatka Expedition (1733-1743) and the Academy Expedition (1768-1774) to Siberia will be discussed. One of the main objectives of these expeditions was the mapping of spaces, their cartographic measurement and description. In keeping with the “Age of Reason” the researchers and sailors made use of the most modern technology available in doing so. Wherever they were, whether on the high seas or in the wilderness of Siberia, they measured distances and their respective position, the location of cities, rivers and islands. The daily, sometimes several times daily recurring measurements transformed the vastness of space into a natural obstacle that needed to be mastered. And they clearly deceived themselves into thinking that they might reduce these distances by means of “daily logs”. They were convinced that the maps they drew or inspired represented spaces not that they had made but that they had merely measured.