Keywords: religious studies; methodology; Jews; pietism; missions
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More...Die Schwierigkeit bei der Untersuchung einer möglichen Klausenburger „sächsischen Identität“ besteht zum einen darin, daß die Klausenburger Sachsen im 16. Jahrhundert nicht mehr zur „Sächsischen Nation“ gehörten. Die Bezeichung „sächsisch“ oder „Sächsische Nation“ war also für den internen (Klausenburger) Gebrauch bestimmt. So konnte ein und dieselbe Person auf einem Religionsgespräch außerhalb von Klausenburg zur ungarischen Nation gezählt werden, während sie in Klausenburg zur sächsischen Nation gehörte, in deren Diensten stand und sie im Konfliktfall verteidigte. Die berühmtesten Fälle sind Kaspar Helth/Heltai Gáspár und Franz Davidis/Dávid Ferenc. Die Frage der ethnisch-politisch-juridischen Zugehörigkeit wird aber zusätzlich erschwert durch die Verwendung des Terminus Natio Saxonica für die Klausenburger Sachsen in den Urkunden der fürstlichen Kanzlei, wie etwa in der Erneuerung der Union von 1458 infolge des Konfliktes von 1568.
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Keywords: Father Antun Žderić; moral knowledge; moral act; reasonableness; happiness; goodness; wickedness; shyness; friendship.
Prominent cultural worker of the 18th century Father Antun Žderić was teaching philosophy in the Franciscan philosophy school in Slavonski Brod and made his own scripts which he dictated to students. His lectures are saved in two big manuscripts. One is kept in the library of Franciscan monastery in Kraljeva Sutjeska and the other one in the Franciscan monastery in Ilok. This paper brings the text which can be found in the second part of Ilok manuscript, on the pages which are not paginated, from the 108th to the 120th page. Its content is represented by: 1) The last tractate of the fourth part of philosophy: About moral knowledge; 2) About human happiness; 3) The first question: What is human happiness and what is it composed of?; 4) Question: Can somebody be called happy in this life?; 5) The second question: What is a human act and what are its goodness or wickedness composed of?; 6) The third and last question: What is moral virtue generally?; 7) Question: How many subjective parts of reasonableness are there?; 8) The last question: What is shyness and what is friendship?
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Keywords: metaphysics; ontology; reality; possibility; thing; essence; existence; Aristotle; Avicenna; Thomas Aquinas; Duns Scotus; Henry of Ghent; Francis Suarez; Clauberg; Edmund Husserl;
The article examines the difference between ontology and metaphysics. It shows that as soon as the composition of being from essence and existence is treated as purely mental or in a “reified” way (where essence and existence are independent elements), then essence as essence becomes a thing, and then simply becomes a being, or what is called reality. Both versions in which the real difference disappears or in which the road leads to “reification,” influence the treatment of essence as independent, where essence as thing fills the field of reality. However, if essence was only possibility, then (1) the reality also would be merely possible, (2) the realistic field of philosophical terminology would get curtailed, and (3) there would be no terms to maintain the difference between reality and possibility, between metaphysics and ontology.
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Keywords: pamphlet; history; vocabulary; metaphor; fiction; art
Mircea Dinescu is, undoubtedly, a master of pamphlet in Romanian literature. From stylistic point of view, his pamphlets imply an ingenious combination of several levels, especially of the vocabulary. For example, in his work, neologisms are wonderful combined with common vocabulary. They seem made to maintain a continuous laughter, but also to cruelly hit the neighbor unworthiness. Mircea Dinescu’s pamphlets contain sense sequences, having a poetics sometimes serious in its simplicity, and other times excessively ornamented. The pamphlet is being usually built on an epic that can be understood both by the ordinary man and by the cocky parliamentarian.
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Keywords: Proclus; Platonism; Philosophy; Apollo; Berthold of Moosburg; commentary
0. Einführung. 0.1. Forschungsstand 0.2. Ein neuer Zugang zu Berthold von Moosburg 0.3. Heidnische Götter im lateinischen Mittelalter 0.4. Quellen 0.5. Exegese einer Überschrift 1. ‚Proclus‘. 1.1. Proklos als Platoniker und seine Stellung innerhalb der Schule Platons 1.2. Proklos und Dionysius 1.3. Dionysius und die Erkenntnismethode der platonischen Theologie 1.4. Proklos und die Erkenntnismethode der platonischen Theologie 1.4.1. Zur Kreisbewegung des Denkens: Der Weg zu den göttlichen Monaden 1.4.2. Zur gradlinigen Bewegung des Denkens: Mystik und göttliche Manie 1.4.3. Zur obliquen Bewegung des Denkens: Die Grundmethode der Philosophie beim Aufstieg zum Göttlichen 2. ‚Diadochus‘ 2.1. Zusätzliche Bezeichnungen des Proklos 2.2. Der Adel der platonischen Philosophie 2.3. Die Weisheit der Heiden 3. ‚Licius‘ 3.1. Einleitung 3.2. Der Kult Apollons bei Platon und im Platonismus 3.3. Apollo Licius 3.4. Apollo Sol 3.5. Apollo deus sapientiae 3.6. Apollonisches Licht 4. ‚Platonicus‘ 4.1. Die Vorgeschichte der platonischen Philosophie 4.2. Die Systematik der platonischen Philosophie 5. ‚Philosophus‘ 5.1. Die Platoniker als philosophische Schule 5.2. Pythagoras und der Ursprung des Namens Philosophie 5.3. Der Anfang der Philosophie: Die Sieben Weisen 6. Zusammenfassung Literatur
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Keywords: Fundamental Theology; Revelation; credibility
The article concerns the Italian Fundamental Theology, which derived from the classical Apologetics. The Italian theologians worked out their own model of Fundamental Theology as a theology of the Revelation and its credibility (R. Fisichella, C. Dotolo, C. Greco, A. Toniolo, G. Lorizio, G. Tanzella-Nitti, M. Epis). Apart from this model another concept is also being developed, namely a theological treatise de fide (P. Sequeri, F. Cappa).
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Der vorliegende Artikel untersucht durch die Analyse der spätmittelalterlichen und frühneuzeitlichen Texte (Meditationstheorien) die sakrale und ästhetische Sphäre der Meditationstexte. Diese beide Sphären melden sich als eine Erscheinung des Realen. Die Untersuchung führt die literaturwissenschaftlichen und theologischen Aspekte aus. Sie setzt sich der Meditationsreihe von Thomas Kempis: Conciones et meditationes triginta-sex utilissimae an, und analysiert sie unter der Betrachtung der theologischen und didaktischen Aspekte. Wobei die Scala meditationis von Johannes Wessel Gansfort untersucht wird, wird auf die rhetorischen Ansätze der Meditationenpraktika konzentriert. Bei der Untersuchung der Rhetorica caeslestis von Jeremias Drexel will der Artikel die Ähnlichkeiten und die Unterschiede der Redens- und Gebetsrhetorik ausstellen. In dem letzten Teil des Artikels wird die Meditations¬reihe De ascensione mentis ad Deum von Roberto Bellarmino analysiert.
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Keywords: Reformation; Philip Melanchthon; correspondence; humanism; the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
This article presents the results of research on the correspondence of Philip Melanchthon to Lithuanian magnates. Letters to Nicholas Radziwill the Black and Albert Gasztold on the one hand, praise the Renaissance lords, and on the other hand constitute a source of knowledge of the history of the Church and spiritual leaders of the Reformation in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The article also contains letters translated from the Latin language into Polish
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Keywords: monastic library; the Discalced Carmelites; library inventory; antique books; Cracow
This paper presents a preliminary analysis of the contents of the first monastic library of the Carmelite Order in Poland. On the basis of the manuscript Catalogus librorumConventus Immacula: Conceptionis B.V.M. F.F. Carmelitarum Discalceatorum Cracoviae. Factus. Anno Domini 1702 it was discovered that the library of the monastery church devoted to the Holy Virgin Mary in Cracow was divided into 20 sections, and the most numerous ones were the Spirituales and Theologi morales sections. Calculations show that the inventory includes 1768 descriptions of books in approx. 2150 volumes. Currently, 190 survived volumes are located in the monastic library in Czerna.
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Keywords: evangelization; preaching the Gospel; cycling tours; Niniwa Team
The postulate of proclaiming the Gospel on the periphery calls for the creative approach of evangelizers and a greater opening to the inspiration of the Holy Spirit. One of the possible answers, which opens new horizons for evangelization, is proposed by the organizers of the Niniwa Team. The analysis of the participants’ statements allowed us to explore the evangelization’s interactions in their internal and external dimensions, and to draw a positive conclusion about the real value of evangelizing such extraordinary pastoral activities.
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Keywords: translatio studii; translatio imperii; appropriation of knowledge; Cicero; Horace; Boethius; Alcuin; John Scottus Eriugena; Heiric of Auxerre;
The article gives a brief overview of ancient and medieval programs that aimed to appropriate and transfer the legacy and scholarship from previous cultures. We consider the attitudes of Roman intellectuals towards the translation practices. The rendering of the authoritative works from Greek into Latin was not supposed to result in the exact communication of the contents and meaning of a foreign text by means of the Latin language and not the accurate reproduction of the original text, but the creation of a Latin equivalent that had to replace and even eliminate the original work. In this case, the “translation” was deliberately “adapted”: it incorporated translator’s commentaries and digressions of every kind; it also reflected the mentality and worldview of Roman readers. The practices of appropriating the legacy of the previous culture were formulated in terms of “capture”, “military booty” and “expropriation”. We observe in greater details the relevant arguments of Cicero, Horace, and Boethius and, with reference to the periods of cultural revival in the Middle Ages, excerpts from Alcuin, John Scottus Eriugena, and Heiric of Auxerre.
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Keywords: De locis theologicis; miejsca teologiczne; teologia trydencka; źródła teologii; Melchior Cano
This article analyses a problem concerning an important period in the development of the Catholic theology. Extrachurch reform movements have constantly provided a specific impulse to create new theological views. The major event of the reform of the Catholic Church was without a doubt the Tridentine Council, as the theologians’ efforts were officially accepted by chief Church institutions. Among theologians, a special position is occupied by Melchior Cano because of the De locis theologicis (O źródłach teologii) – an opus is delivered to Polish readers by professor Bishop Julian Wojtkowski. For this, we should show great gratitude and respect. Let us hope that the expression of these attitudes will be the reading of this book. Because of the interests of the author of the article, special attention is placed on the meaning of this philosophy in theology according to M. Cano.
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Keywords: Pataki Tóth István (1640-1693);Reformed orthodoxy;Coccejanism;Transylvanian theology;eschatology
István Pataki Tóth was an outstanding teacher of the Kolozsvár College in the second half of the 17th century. His family came from Sárospatak, although he was born probably in Transylvania. During his student years in Sárospatak College, he was a member of a group coming from noble families. As a recognition of his talents, he was commissioned to be a tutor for younger students. After graduation he continued his studies in the Netherlands. Although being an adept of Reformed orthodoxy, he also was a moderate follower of Johannes Coccejus. Based on his one surviving university disputations about the return of Christ we may conclude, that he did not agree withCoccejus’ special opinion concerning eschatology. Reformed orthodoxy seemed to dominate the second half of the 17th century in Transylvania, yet not without becoming influenced by new trends (Puritanism, Cartesianism, Coccejanism).
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Keywords: beauty; anthropology; Karol Wojtyła–John Paul II
The article addresses the issue of beauty as an anthropological category as seen from the perspective of Karol Wojtyła’s thought. The analyses are focused on the concept of the ‘beauty of the person’ to which all other meanings of the term ‘beauty’ are referred. Invoking the Christian interpretation of the Greek notion of pankalia (the beauty of the universe), the author describes God as absolute Beauty whose ‘refl exes’ are present in the world of nature and in the human being. The close connection of beauty and goodness, emphasized by the Platonic category of kalokagathia, is also important in this context. In his analyses, Wojtyła distinguished two types of beauty according to the sex of the person (the beauty of a man and the beauty of a woman) and pointed to different ‘layers’ of beauty (external beauty, i.e. aesthetic, sensuous beauty, the beauty of the body; and internal beauty that constitutes the beauty of the human being as person). Love for another person must not stop at his or her external beauty as his or her body must not be treated as an object of use. Love is a relationship that involves the person as a whole, and not only his of her physical beauty, sexual attractiveness, or practical skill. Anthropology of beauty addresses also a particular question of the creation of beautiful objects which leave their mark on their creator and, unless he or she has succumbed to an egoistic temptation of self-divinization, bear witness to his or her ‘immortality.’
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Keywords: Marcus Tullius Cicero; Stoic Paradoxes; Publius Clodius Pulcher; Stoicism; Stoic Sage; Exile; Citizen;
The article deals with the analysis of Cicero’s redefinition of three political terms – state, citizen, exile – in the ‘Paradoxon IV’ (Cic. Parad. 27-32). Cicero in these chapters attacks against Publius Clodius Pulcher and dwells on the theme of his own exile. By stoic philosophical practices is here Clodius depicted as an enemy, non-citizen and Cicero as a stoic sage and ideal citizen. The study shows that philosophical elements are applicable to the political and rhetorical discourses and can be combined.
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Keywords: Scholasticism; John Duns Scotus; Francisco Suárez; ens morale; free will; aesthetics; contemporary thought; art; dignity; personal identity; autonomy;
This paper aims to be a discussion-opener. It is making a statement that should be examined further about the very plausible connection between the contemporary crisis in aesthetics as a philosophical discipline and the breaking of the philosophical relation between the idea of contingency as a condition for the human autonomous act and the art. This idea is based on the interrelation between the free will and the dignity of the person, as understood within the metaphysics of ens morale, and the value of any creative act.As an introductory demonstration of this interrelation, we propose the short but important elaboration on what is an act of art by Francisco Suárez in his De bonitate et malitia humanorum actuum (sect. 1, n. 17.). There we see that the value of the act of art acquires a double significance – on the one hand, the designation of an object as a work of art depends entirely on the conscious autonomous intention of the artist to create it, and on the other hand – the evaluation of each object of art depends on the knowledge and the will invested uniquely by the author in this particular object as a result of a unique creative act. In order to clarify the context of Suárez’ view, we also explicate the essence of the synchronic contingency, developed earlier by John Duns Scotus.
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Keywords: nature; creation; universal revelation; ecology; conservation of nature; preaching
The encyclical Laudato si' by pope Francis shows the importance of ecological themes for the Church of our time. They shouldn't be lacking in the proclamation of the Word of God. This article is an attempt to respond to this challenge based on the theology of nature, which consists in searching for traces of God in the world. Its starting point is the theological concept of the nature as the creature and the idea of the universal revelation of God in the created world. After discussing the main premises of the theology of nature, ethical consequences of this conception (conservation of nature as a religious obligation resulting from the faith in God as the creator of the world) and hints concerning the possibilities of using the impulses arising from the theology of nature in ecclesiastical preaching were presented.
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