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Dziecięca agresja a umiejętność mentalizowania

Author(s): Joanna Kossewska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2014

Aggressive behaviour in children and adolescents can be connected with their social and cognitive competence. This article is an attempt to analyse the relationship between aggression and the development of the mentalization process as the fundamental aspect of social cognition which is closely related to the phenomenon of ‘theory of mind’. The development of ‘theory of mind’, in addition to mentalization, appears manifest in the relationship of aggressive behaviour with its primary teleological function. Recent reform of the Polish education system included the lowering of the age for compulsory education. The question of whether this may increase aggression levels in children during the first stage of education is discussed in the light of the study findings.

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Education reform and inequality: fifteen years of new lower secondary schools in Poland

Author(s): Zbigniew Sawinski / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2017

Inequalities in education are so deeply embedded in social stratification that even far-reaching school reforms are not able to weaken the influence of social origin on school achievements. The aim of this article is to verify whether the education reform, which in Poland established a new type of 3-year lower secondary school (gimnazjum), simultaneously equalised the chances of students from different social backgrounds at the transition from lower to upper secondary school. All hypotheses were tested using PISA data from the years 2000–2012, which covered the period before and after school reform in Poland. In case of the first hypothesis, which concerned changes in the impact of social origin on student’s performance in the last year of the new schools, i.e. a year before transition to upper secondary school, PISA data clearly demonstrated that after the reform, there was no significant decrease in correlations between socio-economic status of students and their results in three PISA domains: mathematics, reading and science. In case of the second hypothesis, which was directly focused on social selections to upper secondary schools, PISA data did not confirm that anything changed in this respect after the reform. The third hypotheses addresses the problem of the growing differences among schools in terms of their performance. During the fifteen years since the reform, new schools started to diversify more and more, especially in large cities. PISA demonstrates, however, that this diversification did not perpetuate social inequalities, but rather resulted from competition among schools in the quality of instruction. The latter result was supported by PISA data from eight European countries where students, as in Poland, attend schools which are not divided into tracks. Between 2003 and 2012, growing differences among schools was observed in most of these countries, but in none of them was it accompanied by growing inequalities in education.

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Educational and occupational progression – following graduates from the University of Warsaw

Author(s): Marek Bozykowski,Albert Izdebski,Mikolaj Jasinski,Joanna Konieczna-Salamatin,Marek Styczen,Tomasz Zajac / Language(s): English / Issue: 6/2014

The paper presents a methodology for the study of outcomes following graduation. The methodology allows a comprehensive evaluation of graduate educational and career progression by analysis of multiple sources: administrative data, panel surveys and qualitative research. These sources are integral to the research framework created for the study Monitoring the fate of university graduates outcomes using administrative data from Social Insurance Institution records. The system offers low cost employment monitoring of graduates. The application of information from administrative records to social research is of particular interest. The approach, commonly used in Scandinavian countries, is new to Poland. The methodology is demonstrated by following the employment and further study of University of Warsaw graduates.

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Edukacja dorosłych w ofercie szkół wyższych. Strategie uczelni w świetle teorii zależności od zasobów

Author(s): Agnieszka Anielska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2017

For several decades now, there has been growing interest in lifelong learning, resulting in the increasing significance of adult education. This is creating major new challenges for higher education institutions – the growing importance of non-traditional students is forcing them to redefine their current strategies. The aim of this article, besides presenting the determinants of the processes that are occurring, is to indicate the usefulness of resource dependence theory in analysing the institutional activities (strategies) of higher education institutions in response to the growing importance of adult education. This theory explains organisational behaviour in the context of the dynamics of the external environment. It assumes that behaviour is shaped by the availability of external resources and defines the strengthening of relationships with external stakeholders as one of the strategies of gaining resources. Managing alumni relations will be discussed in the text, as this is a group of potential consumers of different forms of adult education.

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Edukacja matematyczna z perspektywy aksjologiczno-teleologicznej

Author(s): Barbara Pieronkiewicz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2017

While contemporary scientific discourse and educational debates are suffused with, not always effective, questions on both the content and methods of teaching mathematics, questions about the aim, meaning and value of mathematics education, fundamental from the perspective of the learner, seem to remain in the background. This article addresses the humanistic aspects of mathematics. It proposes the adoption of a multidimensional perspective in the study of issues related to mathematics education, encompassing ontological, epistemological and axiological dimensions, with an emphasis on the latter. Zofia Krygowska’s objectives of mathematics education are recalled together with definitions and classifications of the values playing an important role in mathematics related activities of students and teachers. The article concludes with a reflection on the urgent need of looking at mathematics education from the axiological and teleological perspectives, and the importance of conducting research on mathematics education in Poland that would take these dimensions into account.

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Efektywność zatrudnieniowa szkolenia osób bezrobotnych w Polsce

Author(s): Jacek Liwinski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2015

Although lifelong learning seems expected within the contemporary labour market, only 1,3% of unemployed Poles participate in non-formal vocational training. Approximately half take part in training programmes organised by local labour offices, whereas the remainder initiate training on their own, which incurs expenses, but otherwise allows a free choice of training. In this paper, employment effectiveness for these two groups is compared on the basis of data from the Polish LFS of 2001–2013. For this purpose a logit model of outflows from unemployment to employment was estimated. The outcomes indicated that results of the two approaches to training differed – those initiated by the local labour office increased the probability of short term employment, whereas action initiated by the unemployed themselves led to similar effects, but mainly in the medium term. Effectiveness of training varied according to the characteristics of the unemployed.

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Estimating teacher effect using hierarchical linear modelling

Author(s): Maciej Koniewski / Language(s): English / Issue: 5/2014

This paper reports a study addressing how teacher effectiveness influences student outcomes in Polish Lower Secondary schools. Data from a Polish nationwide lower secondary school study were analysed. Data included 3883 pupils in 246 classes, in 137 schools with 202 maths teachers and 4119 pupils in 260 classes, in 143 schools with 215 language teachers. Variance of exam scores explained by teacher effect was 12% (maths) and 8% (language skills). Controlling for prior achievement, intelligence and student family background, teacher effects were 5% (maths) and 4% (language skills). Until now there has been no consensus about which teacher characteristics could explain variance in their effectiveness. The scale of “teacher authority/classroom management” explains 91% of exam scores in maths and 81% in language skills, when controlling for prior student achievement, intelligence, student family background and school location.

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Estimating the effect of class size on academic achievement by ex post facto experiment

Author(s): Maciej Koniewski / Language(s): English / Issue: 5/2013

The analyses of influence of class size on academic achievement used data from study conducted in 2006 by the Regional Examination Board in Cracow (Poland). The variables explaining the achievements of lower secondary school pupils were identified using regression analysis. The model explains 71% of variance of exam results. These variables were used to identify statistical twins. Their assignment to the experimental and control group was performed in three ways: by stratification using Mahalanobis distance, matching one-to-many and one-to-one using k-means method. The last method proved the most successful. The effect of class size on student outcomes proved statistically insignificant. However, pupils from classes with below 23 pupils achieved higher mean scores than their peers from larger classes by 0.039 standard deviation.

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External return to education in Europe

Author(s): Pawel Strawinski / Language(s): English / Issue: 6/2014

In the literature, social return to education is defined as the sum of human capital return and external return. The novelty of this study is that it provides an international comparison of external return to education. Many authors claim that the social return rate exceeds the pure technical rate of return by a considerable margin. However, measurement of social return is challenged methodologically and by data problems. The approach employed in this study is based on comparative advantage theory which allows control for potential endogeneity and self-selection into different streams of education. External return was found to be positive in all European countries although magnitudes varied. The external return was greater in smaller economies where there was a smaller proportion of highly educated people.

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Fałszywe przekonania na temat działania mózgu i zjawisk psychicznych, czyli neuromity i psychomity w edukacji

Author(s): Krzysztof Cipora,Monika Szczygiel / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2014

Progress in neuroscience and cognitive psychology has raised parent and teacher expectations about possible applications in education. Teaching methods claiming to be based on understanding of the brain are perceived as more efficient. Unfortunately, application of neuroscience to teaching methods and its strictly controlled evaluation is very difficult. Therefore, there is scope for oversimplification and misinterpretation of data leading to the introduction of teaching methods without proper scientific support. „Innovative” methods are especially popular in teacher training and books on the subject. Here we present the evaluation criteria for teaching methods which need to be met for their acceptance. Myths about brain function relevant to education are reviewed and analysed.

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Family socio-economic profile and private spending on educational goods and services in Poland

Author(s): Magdalena Rokicka,Urszula Sztanderska / Language(s): English / Issue: 5/2014

According to theory, educational goods and services have an important impact on a child’s human capital. Although the majority of educational services in Poland are delivered within a public education system, various educational costs are borne by parents. This paper looks at the socio-economic determinants of private spending on education, including fees, private tutoring and courses, educational goods and materials, and the internet. The analysis was performed using the Polish Household Budget Survey for 2009 and 2010. Results from a logit regression suggest that disposable household income per capita and parental level of education, especially mother’s level of education have the greatest impact on spending on educational goods and services. This was true for all analysed categories of expenditure. Regional disparities and community size were an important factor especially with regards to spending on private tutoring and additional courses.

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Funkcje wykonawcze a funkcjonowanie dziecka w środowisku przedszkolnym i szkolnym

Author(s): Anna Izabela Brzezinska,Anna Nowotnik / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2012

Executive function as a complex and multidimensional construct plays an important role in self-regulation. Ability to manage thoughts and behaviour in a conscious, purposeful and planned way is a critical factor in terms of school readiness. There are data indicating that level of executive functions is a stronger predictor of school achievement than level of intelligence. The development of executive function is conditioned both biologically and environmentally. It is, therefore, particularly important to consider educational requirements regarding the development of these processes. This is timely considering the present debate about lowering school entry age in Poland. Issues concerning development of executive function and their importance in preschool and school environment are presented, accounting for both the cognitive and socio-emotional context.

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Funkcje wykonawcze a osiągnięcia dzieci w wieku wczesnoszkolnym

Author(s): Pawel Jankowski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2012

Executive function and academic success were studied in children aged 7 and 8, in the first year of primary school. Two measurements of executive functions were made: cognitive flexibility and capacity for abstract thinking. Two tools were used for their measurement, one based on the WCST test and the other on DCCS. School attainment was measured from three perspectives. Parent perspective was measured by a questionnaire, students were interviewed and school grades were used as the third measure. Cognitive flexibility correlated with school success from each perspective, p < .05. However, capacity for abstract thinking correlated with school success only in the student perspective.

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Funkcjonowanie uwagi a poziom umiejętności czytania u dzieci w wieku wczesnoszkolnym

Author(s): Anna Nowotnik / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2013

The paper presents results of research on the level of reading skill and attention functioning in early school children. The study involved 256 I–III grade elementary school children, each grade numbering roughly one third of the sample population. Two dimensions of reading skills (decoding and reading comprehension) were measured by PROLEXIA test and five attention parameters (concentration, perceptivity, impulsivity, inattention and cognitive inhibition) were measured. The three colour version of the Stroop Test was applied as a cognitive inhibition task. The D2 Test of Attention by Brickenkamp was used to measure concentration, perceptual abilities, impulsiveness and inattention. Cluster analysis was used for all ages. Five significantly different groups of all participating children were identified, respectively labelled as: "uncoordinated," "average," "impulsive," "focused" and "distracted" according to attention function. In the cases of decoding and comprehension there were statistically significant differences in literacy levels between "focused", who produced significantly higher reading scores than the "uncoordinated" and "average".

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Funkcjonowanie uwagi u dzieci w wieku wczesnoszkolnym: grupy ryzyka

Author(s): Anna Nowotnik / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2012

The main purpose of the paper was to analyse the characteristics of attention in early school children and to identify risk groups. The study involved 256 primary school children in grades I–III. First, second and third grade pupils made up 33%, 31% and 36% of the sample, respectively. Five attention measures (concentration, perception, impulsivity, inattention and cognitive inhibition) were investigated. The three-colour version of the Stroop Test (1935) was applied as the cognitive inhibition task. The D2 Test of Attention by R. Brickenkamp (Polish version by E. R. Dajek, 2003) was used to measure concentration, perceptual abilities, impulsiveness and inattention. The cluster analysis method of k-means was used. Five significantly different groups of children were identified, classified as: ‘uncoordinated’, ‘average’, ‘impulsive’, ‘focused’ and ‘distracted’. Only the ‘average’ and ‘focused’ revealed the significant dominance of certain age groups regarding concentration. In the case of ‘average’, most children were in grade I, while in the case of ‘focused’ most were in grade III. Significant gender differences were only shown with girls dominating as ‘impulsive’.

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Gimnazja wobec nierówności społecznych

Author(s): Zbigniew Sawinski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2015

The need to reduce social inequalities in the transition to upper secondary school was one of the arguments for introducing lower secondary schools in 1999 in Poland. The new lower secondary schools extended the common comprehensive curriculum by one year and, in consequence, shifted the decision on choosing an upper secondary school, which was a crucial decision for continuing one’s further educational career in Poland. Three hypotheses were formulated on the impact of the reform on inequalities in Polish schools. The first two concern the importance of social origin for student performance and for the choice of upper secondary school, while the third addresses the effects of growing differences among lower secondary schools, especially in large cities. In order to test the hypotheses, PISA data were used from 2000–2012, which coincides with the period of introducing lower secondary schools in Poland. The PISA results demonstrate that after the reform, there was no decrease in correlations between school performance and socio-economic status of students. Likewise, the hypothesis of a persi-stent impact of social origin on upper secondary school choice also cannot be rejected. However, the increasing diversity of lower secondary schools did not lead to an increase in inequality in Polish education. The latter result has been confirmed by PISA data from eight European countries where the 15-year-old PISA students attend schools which are not divided into tracks. Between 2003 and 2012, the differences in performance among schools increased in most selected countries, but none of these countries saw an increase in educational inequality. The conclusions support the prominent hypothesis of Hans-Peter Shavit and Yossi Blossfeld about the persistence of inequalities in education. School reformers are helpless against stratification in society, which determines the educational attainment of children from different social classes.

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Graficzno-treściowe i metatekstowe wykładniki segmentacji uczniowskich tekstów

Author(s): Anna Tabisz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2013

The purpose of this article is to describe student abilities to use basic indicators of text segmentation. The author pays attention in particular to two text categories: paragraph and meta-text, because appropriate text segmentation and an indication of the relation between its parts can help the reader to interpret text. An analysis of 500 texts written by 10-year-old students makes it possible to state that almost a half the students were not aware that the application of meta-language and appropriate textual and graphic organisation of paragraphs can improve the effectiveness of their self expression. Noting particular needs of students might be an appropriate stimulus for teachers to use suitable classroom intervention.

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Gry planszowe jako narzędzie wspomagania rozwoju wczesnych kompetencji matematycznych

Author(s): Krzysztof Cipora,Monika Szczygiel / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2013

Number competence strongly influences educational success, as well as life quality and well-being. Low numeracy can be more of a handicap than poor reading skills. Early deficits are not remedied spontaneously but prevent the development of more advanced skills. There is therefore a need for methods to improve numeracy. Intervention aimed at enhancing number competence is most effective at the earliest stages of the education. Linear number board games are an effective tool that facilitates development of proper linear representation of magnitude in children. The effects of short and inexpensive intervention are prevalent and stable. In the paper we review current research on board game intervention and present a Polish game.

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How is chronological thinking tested?

Author(s): Jakub Lorenc,Krzystzof Mrozowski,Aleksandra Oniszczuk,Jacek Staniszewski,Klaudia Starczynowska / Language(s): English / Issue: 5/2013

Chronological thinking is an indispensable tool to structure a historical narrative and to give meaning to a sequence of events. It is not a natural skill, so the conscious inclusion of tasks stimulating that skill in teaching is crucial. It is important to appropriately test students’ chronological skills by means of well-constructed examination tasks administered at the conclusion of subsequent stages of education. The authors discuss tasks that assess chronological thinking included in contemporary exam papers in Finland, France, the Netherlands, Russia, the USA and the United Kingdom. The tasks included in Polish arts and humanities exam papers at the lower secondary school level in the years 2002–2011 and the first history paper (2012) are then analysed. The final section presents the results of a survey to test the chronological thinking of lower secondary school students carried out by the Educational Research Institute.

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Idealny pracownik? Kompetencje pozaformalne – oczekiwania i rzeczywistość

Author(s): Marzena Dymek - Maciejewska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2018

In connection with the growing problems in the labor market regarding the employment of serial workers, we are increasingly encountering various studies seeking the causes of this phenomenon. The presented article contains an analysis of the survey results of a survey nature, the purpose of which was to check what basic groups of non-formal competences are considered to be important among selected employers and how the real level of competencies of current employees is shaped in the assessment of the management. Are the declared expectations of employers related to the competences of really employed staff? What are the most common reasons for difficulties when looking for new employees? Do employers really look for a worker who meet the certain criteria? The research was of a survey nature. They were carried out among 32 SME companies from the Mazowieckie Province. The questions were addressed to the owners or representatives of the top management of the company. The questionnaire contained questions regarding the delineation of the scope of expected competences and a description of the sources of difficulties encountered while seeking employees for work. The results indicate that the ability to cooperate is valued first and foremost. In the case of rank-and-file employees, mainly in the team falling, but also with managers The managerial staff first of all require the ability to cooperate with colleagues. The perfect employee? Non-formal competences – expectations and reality 56.3% of employers declare difficulties when hiring serial employees. In the case of the managerial staff it is 37.5%. The conclusions from my research and references to the analyzes of other authors quoted by me indicate that there are many common tendencies regarding both the expected competences and difficulties in employing the appropriate employees.

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