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CHAM EPIC FOLKLORE AS A VIVID PICTURE OF A LIFE EXTINGUISH

EPIKA FOLKLORIKE E ÇAMËRISË SI TABLO E GJALLË E NJË JETE TË SHUAR

Author(s): Muharrem Jakupi / Language(s): Albanian / Issue: 43/2013

Keywords: CHAM EPIC FOLKLORE ; VIVID PICTURE ; LIFE EXTINGUISH

Analysis presented in this paper and conclusions about some popular epic cycles of Cham province featuring the mighty acts of sacrifice and real martyrs in the last 50 years of the life of this song. Are concentrated as in heroic poetry, as well as the theme from the epic dramas of social life. Have outlined a coherent thematic paper shaft, highlighting the significant moral-psychological Albanians of this province, dominated bravery, duty to country and respect for customary law. The epic folk-oriented from concrete life is realistic when dealing with social life figured dramas and historical chronicle faithfully represents the salient episodes represents people's struggle for freedom and to preserve the entirety of indigenous lands. Typically, the hero, even in moments of death, makes life with a conclusion sentence that expresses that he is giving life to the national cause and function in accordance with the collective ideal, while the family awaits his death with extraordinary stoicism. But killing the murderer in poetry with social theme as fitting punishment is expected not only from family, but also by the victims in the last moments of life, indicating an unusual humanism, although more bloody situations. Separate analysis of songs that have become the focus of recent drama of this province. While today's reading of this epic seems to constitute an act of resurrection province and stuffing its former life.

SHKODRA FOLK SONG AND DANCES AND ITS PROTECTION FROM GJAKOVA FOLK SONG AND DANCES

HENGU SHKODRAN DHE RUAJTJA E TIJ NGA AHENGU GJAKOVAR

Author(s): Behar Arllati / Language(s): Albanian / Issue: 43/2013

Keywords: SHKODRA FOLK SONG ; SHKODRA DANCES ; PROTECTION ; GJAKOVA FOLK SONG AND DANCES

The issue of variants of songs that have entered into geographical space Gjakova town I still think that is how untreated properly. If we carefully analyze the so-called old Gjakova songs which are sung from different Gjakova folk song singers depending on the time when they live, we will see that, besides genuine indigenous Gjakova songs the folk song and dances has not many Gjakova songs. Among them dominate Shkodra folk songs which, for good luck Gjakova (perhaps more Shkodra), have reached to be saved as first variants of old (Hengut) folk song and dances even after registration of Shkodran Hengu (folk song and dances) in 1955-1956 by Kol Gurashi, Paulin Paul Abdullah Grimci, Tefalin Paul, etc. .. Therefore, instead of talking about shkodran songs borrowed from Gjakova singers and variants created in this case, it may be a unique case when it comes to Shkodra songs borrowed by Gjakova singers who, in fact, for more than a whole century have interpreted the Shkodra song as was in shkodra filk song and dances since time of Kasem Xhurrit (the end of the XIX century.) even many singers do interpret the same today . However, this in no way means that this folk song and dances is not influenced by folk song singers of other cities such as Elbasan, Tirana and Berat, etc.. But, because of the many affinities that town of Gjakova had with Shkodra, the biggest impact has been even Shkodra folk song and dances with the Shkodra folk song and dances, even Gjakova folk song and dances can be called and as the second Shkodra folk song and dances. Admittedly though Gjakova folk songs are sung accompanied by orchestral formations such as Shkodra, he has sounded very nice and very close to Hengun Shkodra (shkodra folk somg and dances). In general, we may conclude that Gjakova folk song and dances has historically maintained seal of Shkodra singing while East Albani, etc.. and its songs have been in the role of accessories-fills of folk song and dances

THE ALBANIAN - GREEK REPORTS DURING THE PERIOD OF CREATION OF THE BALKAN PACT (1952-1954)

MARRËDHËNIET SHQIPTARO-GREKE GJATË PERIUDHËS SË KRIJIMIT TË PAKTIT BALLKANIK (1952-1954)

Author(s): Beqir Meta / Language(s): Albanian / Issue: 01-02/2003

Keywords: Balkan pact; situation between Greece and Albania; Greek-American agreement for the naval bases; establishment of NATO bases in the Greek territory; territorial integrity of Albania; Soviet government;

After the conclusion of the civil war in Greece, the situation between Greece and Albania remained tense. The troubles of the Albanian government grew obviously when Greece, Jugoslavia and Turkey entered the road of their rapprochement, a process which terminated with the signature of a treaty of friendship and collaboration, otherwise known as the Balkan Pact. These troubles were increased also by the Greek-American agreement for the naval bases which was proclaimed on October 12, 1953. The Albanian government protested against the Greek government and accused it that accepting the establishment of the bases of NATO in the Greek territory it was threatening directly the peace and security in the Balkans. These steps undertaken by Tirana were dictated by Moscow which strove to exerce pressure on Grecce. The Yugoslav-Turkish-Greek treaty didn’t bring essential changes of the Greek policy towards Albania. Athens continued to wait the opportune moment to realize its territorial aims in direction of South Albania. As result of the insistence of the Greek goverment this claim was left open in the documents of this alliance. In them it was confirmed the will of the three allied Balkan states to respect the independence of Albania as an important element of the peace and stability in the Balkans. But this formula avoided the mention of the territorial integrity of Albania. This defect of the treaty was put in evidence even by western diplomats of that time. Also behind the scene Greece and Yugoslavia reached a secret agreement to partition Albania in the case that would break out a war between the two blocks in the Balkans. Only the Turkish government did not comply with the Greek aims. It aimed at drawing Albania into the Balkan Pact, moving it away from the Soviet dependence and, at the same time, conserving its independence and territorial integrity. This stand manifested in the discussions for the creation of the alliance as well as in the Turkish press.

THEME OF THE ETHNIC BORDER IN PERSONAL NARRATIVES OF THE RESIDENTS OF BORDER AREAS

TEMA E KUFIRIT ETNIK NË RRËFIMET PERSONALE T Ë BANORËVE TË ZONAVE KUFITARE

Author(s): Arbnora Dushi / Language(s): Albanian / Issue: 40/2010

Keywords: THEME OF THE ETHNIC BORDER ; PERSONAL NARRATIVES ; RESIDENTS OF BORDER AREAS

Kosovo, which is the northeastern area of Albania and which had remained outside its borders, has two cities in the border area, Gjakova and Prizren, where the overall life of the inhabitants of this area is linked with the border that has divided Kosovo from Albania. Throughout the history of this area, arrivals of different invaders are manifested by the variation according to people who have had them stand against this limit. Memory of the people expressed through the personal narratives I've collected from elderly residents of these cities, expressing their own life, memories of childhood, youth and old age, has the inevitable topic of the border, as it is manifested in any report that have built these people: it is manifested in the family when residents had to visit relatives living across the border, in work relations at the time of king Zog trade that took place in Albania was enviable for any Albanian Yugoslavia, in relations with the crossborder education in mother tongue teaching place of Albanians in Yugoslavia were forced to be educated in a foreign language, in relations with the state of Yugoslavia where Albanian felt badly treated by the government that was not their, etc. All these relation were stratified in the spirit of the inhabitants of border areas and created nice narratives of their personal lives. Resolution of history through the memory of those who created that history, offers new possibilities of research and studies on folklore and history of Albanians.

Reviews: Albania

Rezensionen: Albanien

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): German / Issue: 59-60/2000

Austro-Hungary and Albania (1878-1914)

Austro-Hungaria dhe Shqipëria (1878-1914)

Author(s): Krisztián Csaplár-Degovics / Language(s): Albanian / Issue: 30-31/2013

Keywords: Austro-Hungary ; Albania ; 1878-1914; Albania; Albanian History ;

Kërkimet historike që merren me historinë e shqiptarëve në mbyllje të shekullit të 19-të, kanë si pikënisje krizën e Orientit. Epoka që nis në 1878, të cilën shqiptarët e quajnë Rilindja , përfundonme fillimin e Luftës së Parë Botërore.Brenda kësaj epoke, vitet 1908 dhe 1912 konsiderohen si kufinj të brendshëm kohorë. Paralelisht me përcaktimin e kësaj kornize kohore, përmendimin tim, ngjarjet domethënëse mund t i studiojmë në tri plane. Në plan të parë qëndron roli i Shqipërisë në politikën e Fuqive të Mëdha. Kjo çështje, prej 1890-ës, duhet të hetohet në pasqyrën e aspiratave të dy Fuqive të Mëdha të Adriatikut (Austro-Hungarisë dhe Italisë). Kjo fushë është hulumtuar intensivisht, por vetëmderi në 1908.Këtumund t i referohemimbi të gjitha librit të Hanns Dieter Schanderl. Në plan të dytë unë konsideroj marrëdhëniet direkte midis Shqipërisë dhe Austro-Hungarisë.

POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN PREFECTURE OF GJIROKASTRA (1920-1923)

ZHVILLIMET POLITIKE NË PREFEKTURËN E GJIROKASTRËS (1920-1923)

Author(s): Anila Doko,Bektash Mema / Language(s): Albanian / Issue: 36/2006

Keywords: POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS ; PREFECTURE OF GJIROKASTRA ; 1920-1923

Albanian historiography has brought and continues to bring evaluations about political events in Albania of 1913 and during years 1920-1923. We think that there is enough space to deepen still more into the problems of the mentioned years, for the reason that there have been reflections and studies of various natures. These political movements have been reflected in the Gjirokastra’s Prefecture as well.

SYMBOLISM OF ALBANIAN COSTUMES

SIMBOLIZMI I VESHJEVE SHQIPTARE

Author(s): Drita Halimi-Statovci / Language(s): Albanian / Issue: 37/2007

Keywords: SYMBOLISM ; ALBANIAN COSTUMES

The study deals with the very broad and complex problematic of symbolism in the area of Albanian Folk Costume. Preoccupations of this study intend to include a great spectrum of symbols, identities and identifications based on costume. Issues are laid, analyzed and assessed from anthropological aspects of present times. Functionalism of costumes in different cultural contexts, universally for human cultures, and particularly for Albanian culture accentuates rapports costumenecessity, costume-esthetic/beauty, costume-grieving and similar. In other areas can be emphasized rapport costume – provincial identity, costume – national identity, then costume professional identity, costume- official identity, costume – memorizing force and other issues. Transformation path of costumes to the globalization currents shows strange mentalities. Costume emotionally connects people with their native land and raises national and patriotic emotions. Costume has force and power of identification, memorizing and communication. In the present times traditional costumes are liked in family merriments, festive meetings either private or official, costume – parts of costume are designed as objects of ergology and artifact in memorial and consecration monuments.

Position of the Durres Government in Versailles towards the Çam Question

QEVERIA E DURRËSIT NË MBROJTJE TË ÇËSHTJES ÇAME NË PAQEN E VERSAJËS

Author(s): Lush Culaj / Language(s): Albanian / Issue: 37/2007

Keywords: Durres Government ; Versailles ; Çam Question

Under complex circumstances, internal as well as external, a successful activity of the Durrës Government was almost impossible. Endeavours of the Durrës Government regarding the resolution of national issue were continuously ruined by evidently enlarged Serbia (created formally as Yugoslavia) that seriously was a menace to engorgement of Albania. Menace came also from Greece which was pretending Southern Albania and also from Italy which was thinking to establish a protectorate over Albania of 1913. Official Delegation of the Durrës Government has seen disintegration of Albania from its neighbours as a result of traditional allies’ absence of Albanians. As another drive toward engorgement of Albanian territories was seen its desirable geographical position. Hence positions of Durrës Government toward the Çam issue should be considered in the context of the realities of those times, in the context of the internal situation in the country, as well as in the context of the international developments. Albania immediately after the Fist World War was in a very critical situation. It was invaded politically and militarily by several victorious countries. Economic and cultural backwardness inherited from the past ottoman domination, destructions and damages that brought the war, tentative of new disintegration from predatory neighbours, were weighing over situation of Albania and Durrës Government. Nevertheless, Albania needed another diplomatic engagement on Peace Conference in Paris, where Durrës Government was making unquestionable efforts regarding the protection of Çam issue. Unfortunately, as we have concluded, its efforts were not sufficient for this issue to gain rightful solution.

Political informality, a factor of long Albanian transition

Informaliteti politik, bartës i tranzicionit të tejzgjatur shqiptar

Author(s): Reis Mulita / Language(s): Albanian / Issue: 05/2010

Keywords: Political informality; Albanian transition

Nëpërmjet këtij prezantimi synoj të hedh idenë se tranzicioni i viteve pas vendosjes së lirisë politike e qeverisëse, me treguesit që kemi përjetuar dhe përjetojmë, është i tillë mes të tjerash, sepse jeta politike në vend shpesh herë është dominuar nga informaliteti politik, e për rrjedhojë edhe ai qeverisës.

1956 – Shaking in the communist “camp”

1956 – tronditje në “kampin” komunist

Author(s): Ana Lalaj / Language(s): Albanian / Issue: 01-02/2007

Keywords: 1956 ; communist “camp” ; Albania; Albanian History; Gulag ; Labour Party of Albania

In November 1956, when the Hungarian Revolution occurred, the Albanian political leadership had overcome the test against the communist dissidence. In April 1956, in Tirana Party conference, it gave a devastating blow to all the delegates, who asked for liberalization of the life of the Labour Party of Albania (LPA) and that of the country, revising the political punishments of different communists, attitude towards Yugoslavia and improvement of the economic conditions. Hundreds of members were expelled from the party, some others were arrested, interned, and some were killed. It was the first and the last political dissidence within the rows of the Party. Later on there was no opponence or debate within the LPA. What happened in the Tirana Party conference was a consequence of the new political developments after the Stalin’s death (1953) and after the 20th Congress of CPSU 1956). Nevertheless, the exercising of the New Course in Albania didn’t display the radical performance as in other communist countries, and the Albanian communist leadership managed to run the situation by itself. Meanwhile that the New Course sent the message of Détente to the West, the Hungarian revolution disturbed temporarily the just-beginning Détente. It was a “coming back” to the Cold War, which was also reflected in Albania. LPA called the events of November in Hungary as “counterrevolution” and the consequences of the Hungarian political leadership. It supported the Soviet military intervention to Hungary. The Hungarian revolution as a key event of the Cold War, although it was not a source of the dissident communist movement in Albania, disturbed the Albanian communist leadership, which undertook energetic steps in strengthening its power. The Security State organs were reorganized, the bordering and chasing forces were added, the Albanian students, who had shown sympathy or had participated in the Hungarian revolution, were condemned, several discussions on international situation were developed with the Albanian intellectuals, and a lot of measures were taken to reduce the number of tourists. LPA leadership devoted particular attention to the antiparty elements, who were accused as a pivot of the entire subversive activity in the country.

Albania 20 Years After Communism - Subjective Overview

Albania 20 lat po komunizmie - subiektywny ogólny zarys

Author(s): Rigels Halili / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 03/2011

Human Nature and the Digital Culture: The Case for Philosophical Anthropology

Natyra njerëzore dhe kultura digjitale: rast për antropologjinë filozofike

Author(s): Dennis M. Weiss / Language(s): Albanian / Issue: 01/2009

Keywords: Human Nature ; Digital Culture; Philosophical Anthropology ;

ë fi lozofi në bashkëkohore perëndimore, çështjet që kanë të bëjnë me natyrën njerëzore dhe pozitën tonë në kozmos janë injoruar së tepërmi. Në vakuumin që ka pasuar, subkulturat e ndryshme që janë zhvilluar për rreth kompjuterëve digjitalë (e ashtuquajtura “kulturë digjitale”) kanë defi nuar dhe formësuar aktivisht koncepcione të njohura për methënien e të qenit njeri dhe pozitën e njerëzimit në epokën digjitale. Këtu përvijohet një vështrim për natyrën njerëzore që përfshin temat e përsëritura si: të theksuarit e mendjes si informacion i pavarur nga trupi fi zik, obsolenca (vjetrimi) e trupit njerëzor, eliminimi i veçantisë njerëzore, farkëtimi i natyrës njerëzore, si dhe logjika dhe rregulli i kompjuterëve si metaforë për kozmosin.

Authentication Formulae in Demonological Legends

Authentication Formulae in Demonological Legends

Author(s): Evelina Rudan / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2006

Keywords: demonological legends; authenticity formulae; genre

An attempt is made in this article to describe, classify and interpret those parts of demonological legend texts, which call upon either their authenticity or dubiousness. I shall be referring to such textual parts as authenticity formulae, differentiating the type of formulae used (temporal, spatial /local, testimony-like or supported by testimony, and narrator stance formulae), explaining the manner in which the narrators shape the formulae and the way in which they achieve their persuasive function.

REVIEWS

KRITIKA DHE RECENSIONE

Author(s): Arben Hoxha,Sali Bytyçi,Fadil Grajçevci,Sadik Mehmeti / Language(s): Albanian / Issue: 40/2010

Feride Papleka: Dhimitër S. Shuteriqi, “Akademia e Shkencave e Shqipërisë”, Tiranë 2010, f. 701. Arben Hoxha “Letërsia si vizion (Studime nga filozofia e letërsisë)”, botoi Instituti Albanologjik i Prishtinës, 2011. Dr. Isa Memishi, Fjalor arabisht-shqip, I-II, Shtëpia botuese “Libri shkollor”, Prishtinë, 2011, f. 2090. UNIKJA BRENDA DIVERSITETEVE TË PROFILEVE KRIJUESE

Ujku dhe qengji : Retorika e shpërdorimit

Ujku dhe qengji : Retorika e shpërdorimit

Author(s): Umberto Eco / Language(s): Albanian / Issue: 06-07/2005

Keywords: Retorika ; shpërdorimit ;

Nuk e di a ia vlen barra qiranë t’jua them këtë që do t’jua them, ngase e kam bash të qartë se poi flas një mase idiotësh me trurin e fshirë dhe mjafton t’jua hedhë një sy që ta kuptoj se asgjë s’do të merrni vesh. (*). A po ju pëlqen ky fillim? Bëhet fjalë për një rast të captatio malevolentiae, dmth të përdorimit të një figure retorike që nuk ekziston dhe nuk mund të ekzistojë, e cila synon ta hasmërojë auditorin dhe ta ngërsejë keq ndaj folësit. Mes parantezash, ma hante mendja se unë kisha zbuluar captatio malevolentiae-n, për ta definuar qëndrimin tipik të një miku, por më vonë – duke kontrolluar në internet e pashë se tashmë ekzistojnë shumë site ku captatio malevolentiae citohet, e nuk e di a bëhet fjalë për përhapje të propozimit tim apo për poligjenezë letrare (që fitohet kur e njëjta ide u vjen personave të ndryshëm në vende të ndryshme në të njëjtën kohë).

Historic awareness - The National Museum and the Museum of Skenderbeu as institutions of Albanian civil religion of communism

Ndërgjegje historike. Muzeu Kombëtar dhe Muzeu i Skënderbeut si institucione të religjionit civil shqiptar të komunizmit

Author(s): Egin Ceka / Language(s): Albanian / Issue: 21/2005

Keywords: Historic awareness ; National Museum ; Museum of Skanderbek ; institutions of Albanian communism; civil religion of communism; Albanian Communism; Albania

Pavarësisht nga fakti se Skënderbeu është një nga simbolet, ose më mirë të themi SIMBOLI më i njohur i nacionalizmit shqiptar, dhe megjithëse ka një mori shkrimesh, artikujsh, monografish dhe romanesh mbi këtë figurë, mungon deri më sot një vepër gjithëpërfshirëse mbi Skënderbeun, e cila do ta trajtonte personin e tij si nga aspekti historiko-shkencor ashtu edhe nga aspekti i rolit sociopsikologjik, të cilin Skënderbeu e luan në “ndërgjegjen” e kombit shqiptar. Nuk është qëllim i këtij shkrimi, të paraqesë figurën historike të Gjergj Kastriot Skënderbeut, dmth. t’i afrohet sa më shumë në mënyrë objektive realitetit të ngjarjeve rreth Skënderbeut real, birit, djaloshit, vëllait, bashkëshortit, babait, mikut, njeriut, luftëtarit, diplomatit dhe burrit të shtetit Skënderbe. Bile, nisur nga mungesa e theksuar dhe natyra hagjiografike e burimeve historike mbi Skënderbeun, autori i këtij shkrimi nuk beson se do të jetë ndonjëherë e mundur të sqarohen aspektet e sipërpërmendura. Sidoqoftë, duke qenë se “besimi” përsa i përket shkencave shoqërore nuk është ndonjë disiplinë dhe maksimumi hyn në rangun e hipotezës, dhe i nisur nga interesi shkencor për të ditur se kush ka qenë ky njeri për hir të së vërtetës, shpresoj që të jem gabim në bindjen e përmendur më sipër. Këtë shkrim do e konsideroj si fillimin e një pune për të krijuar një bazë më të qartë për hulumtimin e figurës së Skënderbeut. Kjo bazë mund të krijohet, nëse nga figura e mitizuar e Skënderbeut do të largohen mitet e shumta të ndërtuara në historinë kombëtare shqiptare sidomos në 50 vitet e regjimit komunist të Enver Hoxhës në Shqipëri. Do të merren në shqyrtim një numër i vogël pikturash dhe statujash të fotografuara kryesisht në Muzeun e Skënderbeut në Krujë, të cilave me anë të një metode sociopsikologjike do t’u jepet një shpjegim dhe një qëllim.

To over-interpret texts

Kritikë letrare. Të mbi-interpretosh tekstet

Author(s): Umberto Eco / Language(s): Albanian / Issue: 21/2005

Keywords: over-interpret texts ; Albania; Albanian Literature; text-interpretation

Tek Interpretimi dhe historia, u mora me një metodë interpretimi të botës dhe teksteve, bazuar mbi personalizimin e marrëdhënieve të simpatisë, të cilat lidhin, reciprokisht, mikrokozmosin dhe makrokozmosin. Si metafizika, ashtu edhe fizika e simpatisë universale, duhet të themelohen mbi një semiotikë (ekspicite, ose implicite) të ngjashmërisë. Tek Fjalët dhe sendet, edhe Michel Foucault është marrë me këtë paradigmë të ngjashmërisë, duke u interesuar, më së shumti, për atë çast kalese mes rilindjes dhe shekullit XVII, në të cilin gjendet edhe tretja e paradigmës së ngjashmërisë në atë të shkencës moderne. Hipoteza ime është historikisht më e gjerë dhe synon të nxjerrë në dritë një kriter interpretues (të cilin e quaj semiozë hermetike), mbijetesa e të cilit mund të gjurmohet përmes shekujsh. Për të pohuar se i ngjashmi vepron mbi të ngjashmin, semioza hermetike, duhet të përcaktonte se çfarë ishte ngjashmëria. Por kriteri i saj, sa i takon kësaj të fundit, do të shfaqej si i përgjithshëm dhe i eptueshëm, skajshmërisht zemërbutë. Ai nuk përfshinte vetëm ato fenomene, që sot i katalogojmë nën etiktën e ngjashmërisë morfologjike, ose analogjike, të përmasave, por çdo lloj zëvendësimi, që mundësohej nga tradita retorike, le të themi afërsia, pars pro tot, veprimi për vepruesin dhe kështu me rradhë.

Gjergj Fishta in viewpoint of Albanian literary science (1990-1996)

Gjergj Fishta në këndvështrimin e shkencës letrare shqiptare III (periudha 1990-1996)

Author(s): Enver Muhametaj / Language(s): Albanian / Issue: 03-04/2008

Keywords: Gjergj Fishta ; Albanian literary ; 1990-1996; Albania

On the third and the last part of this study, which includes the period, from 21 March 1990 to the end of the year 1996, the scholar E. Muhametaj presents and analyses all the efforts of Albanian scholars on re-estimating of the personality of literary work of Gjergj Fishta. These efforts start with the interview of our great writer Ismail Kadare, given to the chief editor of newspaper “Zëri i Rinisë” (21.03.1990). In this interview is expressed the need of change of the reasoning of literary work of such writers and personalities of Albanian culture, who were denied till in that time, for political reasons, as: Konica, Fishta and Koliqi. Onward are reminded a number of scientific activities and studies dedicated to the re-estimating of literary and cultural work of Gj. Fishta. The scholar has stopped especially in overthrowing with scientific arguments of some of slanders and misinterpretations that are done against the literary work and personality of Gj. Fishta during 45 years of the postwar period. The work is closed with a number of conclusions of general character that evident the high estimation of scholars of Fishta for him, like a national poet of Albanians, about many-sided artistic values of his literary work and for the necessity of his merited representation in history of Albanian literature.

A Promised Liege: Skanderbeg And Alfonso V of Naples

Një Vasal i Premtuar: Skënderbeu Dhe Alfonsi V i Napolit

Author(s): Pëllumb Xhufi / Language(s): Albanian / Issue: 06/2011

Keywords: Skanderbeg ; Alfonso V ; Naples ; Albanian History

This paper analyses the documents which deal with the nature of relations Scanderbeg established with the kings of Naples in the XV century. They are mostly based upon the Treaty of Gaeta, signed in 1451 between Scanderbeg and the King Alfons V of Aragone and Naples. The other document is the feudal contract stipulated between Scanderbeg and the King Ferrante of Naples in 1464. From a close scrutiny of the above documents, we have reached the conclusion that the relations between Scanderbeg and the kings of Naples could not and quite simply labelled as of “vassalage”. This is a view held by some historians, which is rejected by our analysis of the documents. To better understand this kind of feudal relations, the paper explores the meaning of concepts such as “vassal” and “recommended”. From the study of the historical context of the time and of the intense activity Scanderbeg had in the international level, it comes out that he could not be the vassal of a king. Instead, he continuously tried to secure new alliances in Italy and in Europe, which certainly was not the characteristic of a vassal noble. In the 1460s, Scanderbeg saw as more important his relations with the Papacy, but also those with the Venetian Republic, which in their turn were harsh rivals to the Kingdom of Naples. In the last instance, the independent and very vivid military and diplomatic campaigns of Scanderbeg were not typical of a vassal noble, all the more when, by 1460s, the kings of Naples were becoming more and more marginal in the context of a general anti-Ottoman war.