Publisher: Centar za Sigurnosne Studije

Context Analysis of the Security Sector Reform in Bosnia and Herzegovina 1990-2009

Context Analysis of the Security Sector Reform in Bosnia and Herzegovina 1990-2009

Author(s): Denis Hadžović,Emsad Dizdarević,Damir Kapidžić / Language(s): English

Keywords: security sector Reform; High Representative for BiH; Bonn authorisations; Dayton Peace Agreement; SIPA; SFOR; EUFOR; EUPM

The first section of this context analysis aims at providing an overview of significant historical, political, social, and institutional events that influenced and shaped the security sector in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This information set out to serve the interested audiences as a source of information on events that influenced security sector reform in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This context analysis does not deal with the analysis of historical events, nor does it set out to initiate discussion over society and history of Bosnia and Herzegovina, but has as its purpose to provide an insight into the significant occurrences in the recent past, and provide a better understanding of the surroundings in which security sector reform in BIH took place. Primarily, the paper shall try to determine periods or stages that have had a significant impact on SSR in BiH. At the outset, three more or less simultaneous events are examined: the downfall of communism in Eastern Europe 1989), the constitutional crisis and dissolution of the Communist Alliance and Federal Government of the SFR Yugoslavia (1989-1991), and the first multiparty elections in the constituent republics of the SFR Yugoslavia (1990). The first free multi-party elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina were held in November 1990, and can be examined as the starting stage of SSR efforts in the country. Events in the aftermath, which resulted in the emergence and framing of the security sector in Bosnia and Herzegovina, will also be analysed. Some of the prior events shall also be mentioned, with the aim of providing a better understanding of events which took place between November 1990 and December 2009, but they shall not be subjected to a detailed analysis or evaluation.

Undermining the Security Sector Institutions - Red Light for Alarm

Podrivanje institucija sektora sigurnosti – crveno svijetlo za uzbunu

Author(s): Denis Hadžović / Language(s): Bosnian

A Procedure for the Cancellation of Visas for the Citizens of Kosovo

Pokrenuti proceduru ukidanja vize za građane Kosova

Author(s): Denis Hadžović / Language(s): Bosnian

Keywords: Shengen Via; policy of conditionalities; visa-freedom for Kosovo citizens

The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Case Study: Implementation of Sustainable Development Goals in Bosnia and Herzegovina

The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Case Study: Implementation of Sustainable Development Goals in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Author(s): Marija Vishinova / Language(s): English

Keywords: BiH; UN; sustainable development; case study; goals;

Bosnia and Herzegovina, as a member state of the United Nations, committed itself to permanently contribute in improving the situation in the society, based on its priorities and needs. Im-plementation of the goals of sustainable development in Bosnia and Herzegovina coincides with the priorities in relation to its aspirations for membership in Euro-Atlantic integrations. This is confirmed by the statement of the Head of the European Union Delegation to Bosnia and Her-zegovina and EU Special Representative, Ambassador Lars Gunnar Wigemark, that the Reform Agenda is a great opportunity for Bosnia and Herzegovina to " to catch up with the rest of Eu-rope and join the EU family". In the document "Strategy of the Foreign Policy of Bosnia and Herzegovina for the period 2018-2023", it is emphasized that "that the authorities of Bosnia and Herzegovina will intensify their activities in order to contribute to the global sustainable development goals by adopting an ac-tion plan and roadmap for achieving the goals of sustainable development in the forthcoming period". However, there is still a lot of work to be done by local and national government repre-sentatives in meeting the sustainable development goals, and in particular the activities to be carried out in the forthcoming period in order to develop and adopt the National Strategy for Sustainable Development. The creation and implementation of this document is of utmost im-portance, both due to a better vision of the representatives of the national and local authorities of Bosnia and Herzegovina towards the priorities of the implementation of sustainable devel-opment goals and the promotion of the visibility of the of sustainable development goals in the country. Finally, it should be emphasized that the willingness and interest of each country to fulfil the United Nations sustainable development is conditioned by its geographical position as well as economic, social and political conditions. Taking into account all these features, it is undeniable that Bosnia and Herzegovina's progress in implementing sustainable development goals is sub-ject to a lot of demanding work and planning, especially in those areas not explicitly mentioned in the United Nations Agenda.

Seminar - Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Partnership for Peace

Seminar - Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Partnership for Peace

Author(s): Bisera Turković,Jozo Krizanović,Robert Mason Beecroft,George Katsirdakis,Ibrahim Spahić,Boris Shmelyov,Zsolt Rabai,Miroslav Nikolić,Imre Agotić,Ognjen Pribicević,John Hampson,Nikola Radovanović,Martin Frančešvić,Jovan Ostojić,Ivan Nagulov / Language(s): English

Keywords: BiH; peace; partnership; military; defense; security; policy;

At the start I would like to express welcome to all of our esteemed guests both domestic and coming from abroad. I would especially like to thank Mr. Krizanovic, who will be officially opening this seminar, His Excellency Ambassador Beecroft, Head of the OSCE Mission, Mr. George Katsirdakis, also well known to all of us, a distinguished personality who I may so is a person that is of the most significance at this moment in relation to the Partnership for Peace (PfP). I will not be too long and take too much of your time, but allow me to perhaps clarify why are we organizing this seminar. You know that the Presidency of BiH has expressed its wish by sending a Letter of Intention, in which it is stated that Bosnia and Herzegovina would like to join the PfP – with Yugoslavia we are the only country that is not a member of this organization. Since parliamentarians should also be informed about the responsibilities once the country has entered the PfP, in the overall process and procedure and what the PfP itself means, then I must say that I am very happy being the Director of the CSS, to see such a great response as well as seeing that we are joined by such distinguished speakers. I am also certain that after their presentations many more things will be clear. I also did not know that there are quite frequent misinterpretations due to the lack of information, and we also know that to BiH we have invited these distinguished speakers who are experts in this subject matter, and who will join and support us. The orientation of armed forces before 1991 was towards a collective enemy; however, today we speak more about threats and risks. The events of the 90s changed the perceptions of security and armed forces. Armed forces lost their territorial orientation, and the question of security was no longer restricted to borders. The defence military strategy was given up in place of an active security policy. This has also meant that in place of numerousness, the impetus has been passed to concentrate on flexibility, mobility and rapid reaction. Indeed, this has been the trend in Western Europe, where in 1989 the Dutch army had personnel number of 100,000 and today this had been reduced to 60,000; the same is with the German army where in 1989 they had 470,000 and today that figure is 282,000. The current situation of the BiH armed forces is that they are founded according to a definition directed towards each other entity. In this manner they currently justify their own existence. Consequently, the nature of change of the armed forces is systemic, really existential.

Seminar on Economic Aspects of Security (2002)

Seminar on Economic Aspects of Security (2002)

Author(s): Claudio Zappulla,Ignac Golob,Bisera Turković,Anto Domazet,Ljubica Jelušič,Richard Temsch,Paolo Borgna,Dario Carminati,Nidia Casati,Robert Barić,Branislav Milinković,Neset Muminagić,Duško Vejnović,Peter Semneby,Alexander Alekseyev / Language(s): English

Keywords: BiH; policy; economic aspects; security; seminar; 2002;

His Excellency Mr. Golob, Distinguished Ambassadors, Ladies and Gentlemen, it is with great pleasure that I welcome you to this seminar in Portoroz, Slovenia. Before proceeding, I wish to thank the Government of Slovenia for graciously allowing us to hold our seminar in beautiful Portoroz. Why this seminar? Why this topic? And. Why now? Perhaps those questions have crossed your mind as you received your invitation to participate in this seminar. “Why this seminar”. To answer this question I will briefly recall some events over the past few years that have led us to Portoroz today. The Agreement for Confidence – and Security Building Measures in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Article II, Annex 1b, Dayton Peace Accords) contains one particular provision for “voluntary measures”. Under the auspices of this provision we have, over the past few years, conducted numerous seminars on topics such as “Democratic Control of the Armed Forces”, “Military Support to Civilians in Cases of Man-Made or Natural Disaster”. In particular, the seminar on Democratic Control spawned a whole series of initiatives involving NATO and OHR, as well as a number of bilateral initiatives, most notably with Switzerland and Sweden which focussed on members of the BiH government and senior military officials. In tandem with these initiatives, my office, with the gracious help of a number of OSCE countries, has sponsored Code of Conduct seminars targeting junior and mid-level officers. These seminars are an introduction into the OSCE as a body and the Code of Conduct measures adopted by the OSCE. In addition to these efforts, and still under the auspices of the Article II Agreement, the members of the Joint Consultative Commission, the body that oversees implementation of the Agreement on Confidence – and Security-Building Measures in Bosnia and Herzegovina agreed that in the interest of greater confidence and transparency they would allow a team of international auditors to conduct an audit of their respective military budgets. The aim, of course, was to show that the budgets could no longer sustain the relatively large military forces maintained in Republika Srpska and the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. This audit process was hugely successful and evolved into a mammoth initiative that was given to Ambassador Beecroft and his staff. Arguably, it was this initial audit decision that has subsequently led to the tremendous restructuring and demobilization process that is on-going. This is of course a painful process but a necessary one that will lead to a military structure more compatible with actual defense and security needs and will move Bosnia and Herzegovina one step closer to European integration.

Social Survey - Perceptions and Attitudes of the Citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina towards Terrorism and the Role of International Security Organisations

Social Survey - Perceptions and Attitudes of the Citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina towards Terrorism and the Role of International Security Organisations

Author(s): Bisera Turković,Vladimir Obradović,Sanja Ljubičić,Armin Kržalić,Amel Kadić,Arnel Šahurić / Language(s): English

Keywords: terrorism; security; international security organisations; BiH; perceptions; attitudes;

The survey of the perceptions and attitudes of the citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) towards terrorism and the roles of international security organisations (NATO, SFOR) comparatively encompassed subjects from the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH) and the Republika Srpska (RS). Due to the content of the research only male subjects have been included, which we selected by a systematic, stratification sample, dependent upon telephone number in each individual canton. The control of the accuracy of the samples and the analysis of the results afterwards was conducted according to the variables of age, work experience and nationality. Besides this, we conducted focus groups that involved interviewing journalists, officers, professors, faculty assistants and students. The commentary and content of the discussion made possible a qualitative approach in the investigation. The most important findings of this investigatory research are: 1. Subjects from the FBiH and the RS are not differentiated by any statistical significance in the perceptions and evaluations that there is no serious threat from foreign terrorism in BiH, and that it is only possible to speak about internal terrorism towards returnees; 2. Anxiety from terrorism for the majority of the subjects from the older generation has not grown after 11 September 2001. Only within the group of younger subjects from the ages of 18 - 30 has this perception more significantly increased. However, the data from the focus group is interesting, which points towards the significance of the presence of negative perceptions towards the manner in which the US is leading the anti-terrorist campaign and the war against terrorism in Afghanistan; 3. Attitudes towards the accession to the European Union (EU) and the NATO Alliance are expressly positive between subjects in the FBiH, but that picture is diametrically reversed by the opinion in the RS, especially in view of the expressed negative position concerning the accession of BiH to NATO; 4. Confidence in international security institutions has an identical direction and relationship between the citizens of the FBiH and RS. Namely, the citizens of the FBiH have a highlevel of confidence in NATO, SFOR and the Hague Tribunal, while the citizens of the RS have little or no confidence in the Hague Tribunal; consequently, it is possible to speak about "group blindness" for the arguments and evidence concerning war crimes. 5. The attitude towards the downsizing of the military was positively polled by 80% of the subjects in the FBiH and 64% of the subjects in the RS, which is a statistically significant difference. However, the real gulf in attitudes of the citizens of the FBiH and RS is reflected in the level of support for a Joint Military Command, which has the support of 93% of the population of the FBiH and only 33% of the population of the RS.

Round Table on Democratic Control of Armed Forces: The Role of Parliament, Academia, and the Media

Round Table on Democratic Control of Armed Forces: The Role of Parliament, Academia, and the Media

Author(s): Bisera Turković,Željko Mirjanić,George Katsirdakis,Marko Amidžić,Marie Vlachova,Bernd Papenkort,Duško Vejnović,Izet Beridan,Antonio Prlenda,Radomir Nešković,Nerzuk Ćurak / Language(s): English

Keywords: military; BiH; armed forces; Parliament; role; academia; media; round-table; 2002;

Ladies and Gentlemen: At the beginning I would like to wish a warm welcome to everybody present at today's seminar. I would especially like to express gratitude to George Katsirdakis, Deputy Director of the NATO Defence Partnership and Co-operation Directorate, who is a person of great importance for BiH on the road to membership in the Partnership for Peace. Today with us are representatives from the BiH Parliamentary Assembly - Mr. Zeljko Mirjanic, Deputy Chairman of the House of Representatives; and I would also like to cordially greet the representatives from the entity parliaments. At the same time, I would like to express gratitude to General Bernd Papenkort from the Clausewitz Centre and the professors from the Universities of Sarajevo and Banja Luka who have given up their time to be with us today. I shall not take much of your time, but during the opening of this seminar I would like to explain the significance of this event and why we decided to organise it. The seminar is concerned with the role of parliament, academia and the media in the democratic control of the armed forces. In order for BiH to become a member of the PfP, which is our true intention, among other factors at a state level the country must secure democratic parliamentary control of the armed forces. Democratic control is a necessary condition for acceptance into the Partnership for Peace.

Seminar on Economic Aspects of Security (2003)

Seminar on Economic Aspects of Security (2003)

Author(s): Bisera Turković,Claudio Zappulla,Mirsad Ćeman,Pierpaolo Tempesta,Heinz Vetschera,Vladimir Matek,Izet Žigić,Slavko Žmarić,Jiri Kalasnikov,Richard Temsch,Emina Kečo-Isaković,Almir Džuvo,Huso Hadžidedić,Mladen Staničić,Branislav Milinković,Marcin Święcicki,Moises Venancio,David R. Nicholas,Nedžad Hadžimusić / Language(s): English

Keywords: BiH; policy; economic aspects; security; seminar; 2003;

His Excellency Mr. Golob, Distinguished Ambassadors, Ladies and Gentlemen, it is with great pleasure that I welcome you to this seminar in Portoroz, Slovenia. Before proceeding, I wish to thank the Government of Slovenia for graciously allowing us to hold our seminar in beautiful Portoroz. Why this seminar? Why this topic? And. Why now? Perhaps those questions have crossed your mind as you received your invitation to participate in this seminar. “Why this seminar”. To answer this question I will briefly recall some events over the past few years that have led us to Portoroz today. The Agreement for Confidence – and Security Building Measures in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Article II, Annex 1b, Dayton Peace Accords) contains one particular provision for “voluntary measures”. Under the auspices of this provision we have, over the past few years, conducted numerous seminars on topics such as “Democratic Control of the Armed Forces”, “Military Support to Civilians in Cases of Man-Made or Natural Disaster”. In particular, the seminar on Democratic Control spawned a whole series of initiatives involving NATO and OHR, as well as a number of bilateral initiatives, most notably with Switzerland and Sweden which focussed on members of the BiH government and senior military officials. In tandem with these initiatives, my office, with the gracious help of a number of OSCE countries, has sponsored Code of Conduct seminars targeting junior and mid-level officers. These seminars are an introduction into the OSCE as a body and the Code of Conduct measures adopted by the OSCE.

Seminar on Economic Aspects of Security (2003)

Seminar - Ekonomski aspekti sigurnosti (2003)

Author(s): Bisera Turković,Claudio Zappulla,Mirsad Ćeman,Pierpaolo Tempesta,Heinz Vetschera,Vladimir Matek,Izet Žigić,Slavko Žmarić,Jiri Kalasnikov,Richard Temsch,Emina Kečo-Isaković,Almir Džuvo,Huso Hadžidedić,Mladen Staničić,Branislav Milinković,Marcin Święcicki,Moises Venancio,David R. Nicholas,Nedžad Hadžimusić / Language(s): Bosnian

Keywords: BiH; policy; economic aspects; security; seminar; 2003;

Uvaženi ambasadori, dame i gospodo, Zadovoljstvo mi je što vam mogu poželjeti dobrodošlicu na seminar u Trstu pod nazivom ¨Ekonomski aspekti sigurnosti¨. Posebnu zahvalnost želim uputiti našem domaćinu Generalu Zappulli na čiju je inicijativu ovaj seminar i organizovan. Sa nama su danas predstavnici OSCE-a, predstavnici zakonodavne i izvršne vlasti BiH, kao i uvaženi eksperti iz ekonomske i sigurnosne oblasti. Posebno zadovoljstvo i čast mi je pozdraviti ambasadora Bosne i Hercegovine u Italiji gosp. Lukšu Šoljana. U svom uvodnom obraćanju željela bih objasniti značaj i motiv organizovanja ovog seminara. Prije svega, željela bih naglasiti da je cilj Aneksa 1B Dejtonskog mirovnog sporazuma podsticanje povjerenja i transparentnosti između BiH (entiteta), Republike Hrvatske i Srbije i Crne Gore. Dosadašnje percepcije bile su usmjerene na vojnu prijetnju kao osnovni oblik nesigurnosti. Međutim, u kontekstu novog sigurnosnog ozračja vojna prijetnja se ne bi mogla smatrati osnovnom opasnošću po državu i društvo, već je tu poziciju sada zauzela ekonomska nesigurnost. Smatram da snažna ekonomija, ekonomija koja je u stanju prevazići sve prepreke sa kojima se suočava, u velikoj mjeri utiče na izgradnju mjera povjerenja, kao osnovne svrhe člana II Aneksa 1B Dejtonskog mirovnog sporazuma.

Needs Assessment on Small Arms and Light Weapons in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Needs Assessment on Small Arms and Light Weapons in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Author(s): Denis Hadžović,Amel Kadić,Armin Kržalić,Dragana Lažetić,Arnel Šahurić / Language(s): English

Keywords: BiH; military; weapons; policy; small arms; light weapons; need assessment;

Following the 1992-1995 war in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), the issue of arms control, their export, and import, destruction of the surplus, and transparent control over this process, has become a highly sensitive issue. The global accumulation of illicit SALW during the past decade has contributed to tremendous human suffering. Without appropriate disarmament-involving the collection of residual small arms and the storage of state-owned weapons in protected areas-programmes for national rehabilitation cannot be sustained. The resulting crime and violence have disastrous effects on the ability of affected countries to implement their nati-onal development programmes. Vital infrastructure needed for development projects is damaged by illicit armsrelated insecurity, while foreign-funded development projects must be cancelled or postponed to prevent the assets from being diverted toward criminal activities. Countries must also allocate large portions of their already limited resources to security measures, thereby decreasing the funds available for development. All these consequences present fundamental obstacles to sustainable human development. Experience however has shown that these dynamics of insecurity can be broken through a set of approaches that simultaneously target weapons availability, the general knowledge about the seriousness and dangers of weapons use as well as state capacity to tackle the issue. Not only that these weapons are obvious threat to individual human lives, but also excessive quantities of weapons in the country do represent a significant source of insecurity. They are not only a direct threat to lives but they are increasingly used in criminal activities and their proliferation is a deterrent to the return of refugees to their homes. Moreover, these arms are a threat to the ongoing peace process.

Activity Report 2003 - Centre For Security Studies BiH

Activity Report 2003 - Centre For Security Studies BiH

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English

Keywords: BiH; Centre for Security Studies; CSS; activity report; 2003; security; defense;

This was the third year of operation of the Centre for Security Studies (CSS). CSS has been envisaged as an independent research, educational and training enterprise dedicated to encouraging informed debate on security matters and on promoting and sustaining democratic structures and processes in the foreign and security policies of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), and in the region of South-East Europe. This report covers the activities of the Centre for Security Studies from January to the end of December 2003.

Survey results - Dialogue on the Constitution of BiH

Survey results - Dialogue on the Constitution of BiH

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English

Keywords: BiH; politics; history; Constitution; research; results;

Survey results - Dialogue on the Constitution of BiH

Survey results - Dialogue on the Constitution of BiH

Rezultati istraživanja - Dijalog o Ustavu BiH

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bosnian

Keywords: BiH; politics; history; Constitution; research; results;

Rezultati istraživanja - Dijalog o Ustavu BiH

Activity Report 2004 - Centre For Security Studies BiH

Activity Report 2004 - Centre For Security Studies BiH

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English

Keywords: BiH; Centre for Security Studies; CSS; activity report; 2004; security; defense;

This was the Centre for Security Studies (CSS) fourth year of operating. CSS has been envisaged as an independent research, educational and training enterprise, dedicated to encouraging informed debate on security matters and on promoting and sustaining democratic structures and processes in the foreign and security policies of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), and in the region of South-East Europe. This report covers the activities of the Centre for Security Studies from January 2004 till the end of December 2004.

Activity Report 2005 - Centre For Security Studies BiH

Activity Report 2005 - Centre For Security Studies BiH

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English

Keywords: BiH; Centre for Security Studies; CSS; activity report; 2005; security; defense;

The Centre for Security Studies (CSS) entered in fifth year of operating and third year of been supported by the generous financial contribution of the Geneva Centre for Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF). CSS has been envisaged as an independent research, educational and training enterprise, dedicated to encouraging informed debate on security matters and on promoting and sustaining democratic structures and processes in the foreign and security policies of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), and in the region of South-East Europe. This report covers the activities of the Centre for Security Studies from January 2005 till the end of December 2005. During this year the Director of the CSS, Ambassador Dr. Bisera Turkovic was nominated by the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina to take over the position of the Ambassador of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the United States of America in Washington. She started working in the Bosnian Embassy in Washington by the end of July 2005. However, Ambassador Bisera Turkovic kept a voluntary position as Director at the Centre for Security Studies as well as temporary engagements for professional work within the Council of Ministries of Bosnia and Herzegovina, that is the Ministry of Foreign Affairs BiH. The general management of the CSS was not affected by organisational restructuring during this year and the new employees smoothly performed their work with the realisation of the planning activities. Therefore, organisation structure of CSS, was the same as last year, presents 7 full time staff members as well as a modest number of associated partners engaged on a temporary contracts.

Softening of the Visa Regime for Citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina: What are the Requirements that the Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina Needs to Fulfil in Order to Ease the Transfer of Bosnia and Herzegovina from the “Black List” to the “White..

Softening of the Visa Regime for Citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina: What are the Requirements that the Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina Needs to Fulfil in Order to Ease the Transfer of Bosnia and Herzegovina from the “Black List” to the “White..

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English

Keywords: BiH; Visas; Visa regime; government; requirements; Black list; White list;

The current visa system imposed on Bosnia and Herzegovina makes it impossible to establish a stable and open society without free movement of its people flow of information and ideas. The task ahead for government structures is to provide the opportunity for its citizens to travel abroad without restriction and to enable its society to be included in the political, economical and cultural sphere of European life. This research summarizes the insight gained through deep analysis of the situation considered a possibility for softening of the visa regime for all citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Bosnia and Herzegovina has, todate, been in the so-called Annex I, unpopular "Black List" of the Schengen Agreement which requires the possession of a visa for entering the external borders of the EU. Bearing in mind that the decision for abolishment of a visa regime for certain countries is primarily a political question, there are requirements that the government needs to fulfill to reach the softening of the visa regime for its citizens (transferring from the “black list” to the “white list” or Annex I to Annex II of the visa Schengen Agreement). Considering there is no precise list of conditions or criteria from EU member states required to be met for the visa regime to be liberalized, in accordance with the statements of ex Deputy Foreign Minister, Ms. Lidija Topic and Special Representative of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the European Commission in Brussels, research began with the examination of the EU Acquis applied in their respectable countries. The EU areas of freedom, justice and security are very complex and constantly under development of all parts of their policies. Free movement of persons is a key element of an "area of freedom, security and justice". Recognizing that principle, the EU at the Maastricht Treaty included asylum policy, the crossing of external borders of the Union and immigration policy among the matters of common interest to Member States, whilst the Amsterdam Treaty incorporated these into the EC Treaty. Therefore, the primarily concerns were to explore the institutional and administrative framework in regards to arrangements within borders, visas, asylum and immigration policies of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Following the Romanian’s path from the Annex I to Annex II and progress made toward inclusion in the “white list” of the Schengen Agreement since January 2002, we can draw some lessons that enable us to create a strategy necessary for Acquis that need to be applied by applicant countries. Alignment with the Schengen Acquis required achievements in the vast field of asylum and migration policy, as well as within home and justice affairs. Alongside internal reforms, Romania was very pro-active in the process of international co-operation with an emphasis on relations and finalisation of agreements with their neighbouring countries. The decision made by EU countries regarding abolishment of the rough visa system for Romania happened during a period when Romania wasn’t able to fulfill all its requirements however, it managed to place policies on the right track and expressed a willingness to implement and further develope its institutional and administrative capacities. Enlargement of the EU with ten new countries additionally complicated the structure in this area and a huge level of effort was put in place to enable integration and extension of the external borders of the EU by the end of 2007. The events of September 11 drastically changed the security situation of the world and additional pressure especially from the USA required a level of the security for documentation growth (e.g. biometrical passports). Institutions of Bosnia and Herzegovina have made relevant progress in past few years in order to meet the required EU pre-integration standards. In October 2005 Bosnia and Herzegovina was accepted for a Stabilization and Association Agreement with the EU. Constant development of a democratic society and institutional building together with improvement of the security situation in the country, are important issues for liberalization of visa regimes. Bosnia and Herzegovina has succeeded to create and develop sustainable national structures that can provide administrative framework for implementation of the policies within visas, asylum, migration and border areas. Some of the EU conventions related to human rights and fundamental freedoms are already incorporated in the existing Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina or have been acceded through succession together with the other former states of the former Yugoslavia. A study showed that imposing legislation and establishment of proper structures is only a starting point in the desirable direction. Creation of the assumption for a functional and efficient system requires additional effort of the entire governmental structures to be included. So far, implementation of the adapted legislation has not been followed by the institutions in the satisfactory manner. Lack of adequate financial and human resources has imposed many problems regarding implementation of the requested laws in the sector of asylum and migration. In spite of all the progress Bosnia and Herzegovina has made problems do exist, some of which are common to the region and some that are unique to Bosnia and Herzegovina. Arranging and implementing legislation of the Justice and Home Affairs sector of Bosnia and Herzegovina must be one of the priorities for this country in order to move forward to EU integration and to assure citizens freedom of movement. Is there a chance for abolishment of the visa regime for all Bosnia and Herzegovina citizens within the next 2 years? – this was the hypothesis of the research. Mr. Davidi, Deputy Chief of the Delegation of the European Commission in Bosnia and Herzegovina gave an answer to this question and following this research, one could come to the same conclusion which is: “There is still no political will and openness for such a step in the EU which is mainly caused by the slow implementation of reform processes and development of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s democratic society in all segments”.

Softening of the Visa Regime for Citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina: What are the Requirements that the Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina Needs to Fulfil in Order to Ease the Transfer of Bosnia and Herzegovina from the “Black List” to the “White..

Ublažavanje viznog režima za građane Bosne i Hercegovine: Koje uvjete trebaju ispuniti vlasti Bosne i Hercegovine u cilju olakšavanja prelaska Bosne i Hercegovine sa “Crne liste” na “Bijelu listu” šengenskog sporazuma o vizama?

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bosnian

Keywords: BiH; Visas; Visa regime; government; requirements; Black list; White list;

Sa sadašanjim viznim sistemom, koji je uveden za Bosnu i Hercegovinu, nije moguće uspostaviti stabilno i otvoreno društvo bez slobodnog kretanja ljudi, protoka informacija i ideja. Zadatak vladinih struktura je da svojim građanima obezbijede mogućnost putovanja u inostranstvo bez ograničenja i omoguće uključivanje društva u političke, ekonomske i kulturne sfere evropskog života. Ovo istraživanje, kroz detaljnu analizu stanja u ovoj oblasti, ima za cilj da napravi prikaz objektivne situacije o mogućnostima ublažavanja viznog režima za građane Bosne i Hercegovine. Bosna i Hercegovina se do danas nalazi u tzv. Aneksu I, na nepopularnoj “Crnoj listi” šengenskog sporazuma kojim se propisuje posjedovanje vize za prelazak vanjskih granica Evropske unije. Imajući u vidu da je odluka o ukidanju viznog režima za određene države primarno političko pitanje, ipak postoje uvjeti koje svaka vlada treba ispuniti da bi ostvarila ublažavanje viznog režima za svoje građane (prelazak sa “Crne liste”na”Bijelu listu” ili iz Aneksa I u Aneks II sengenskog viznog sporazuma). Prema izjavi bivše zamjenice ministra vanjskih poslova Bosne i Hercegovine gđe. Lidije Topić, specijalnog predstavnika BiH pri Evropskoj komisiji u Briselu, ne postoji precizan popis uvjeta ili kriterija za liberalizaciju viznog režima čije ispunjenje zahtijevaju države članice EU. Stoga je ovo istraživanju prvo započelo sa proučavanjem acquis-a EU koji se primjenjuje u tim državama. Oblast slobode, pravde i sigurnosti u EU je veoma kompleksna i stalno se razvija u svim svojim komponentama. Slobodno kretanje lica je ključni element u “oblasti slobode, sigurnosti i pravde”. Uvažavajući ovaj princip, EU je Ugovorom iz Maastrichta uvrstila politiku azila, prelazak vanjskih granica Unije i imigracionu politiku u pitanja od zajedničkog interesa za države članice, da bi Ugovorom iz Amsterdama ove odredbe uključila i u Ugovor o Evropskoj Zajednici. Samim tim, u fokusu ovog istraživanja našla su se pitanja vezana za institucionalna i administrativna rješenja u oblasti granica, viza, azila i imigracione politike u Bosni i Hercegovini. Iz iskustva Rumunije sa njenog puta na prelasku iz Aneksa I u Aneks II, odnosno uvrštavanja na “Bijelu listu” šengenskog sporazuma u januaru 2002. godine, možemo izvući korisne lekcije o metodi kreiranja potrebne strategije za acquis koju trebaju primjeniti države aplikanti. Usklađenosti sa šengenskim acquis-em prethodilo je regulisanje propisa unutar široke oblasti azila i imigracione politike, kao i oblasti unutrašnjih poslova i pravosuđa. Uporedo sa provođenjem unutrašnjih reformi, Rumunija je bila veoma aktivna i u procesu međunarodne saradnje sa akcentom na odnose i potpisivanje sporazuma sa susjednim državama. Odluka država članica EU u vezi sa ukidanjem strogog viznog sistema za Rumuniju desila se u periodu kada ova država nije bila u mogućnosti ispuniti sve uvjete, ali je svoje politike u ovim oblastima uspjela postaviti na pravi kolosjek te izraziti spremnost za implementaciju i daljnji razvoj svojih institucionalnih i administrativnih kapaciteta. Proširenje EU sa deset novih zemalja dodatno je zakomplikovalo situaciju u ovoj oblasti, pa je bilo potrebno uložiti veliki napor da bi se omogućila integracija i proširenje vanjskih granica EU do kraja 2007. Događaji od 11. septembra drastično su promijenili sigurnosnu situaciju u svijetu i dodatni pritisak, uočljiv posebno sa strane SAD-a, zahtijeva povećan stepen sigurnosti putnih dokumenata (npr. biometrijski pasoši). U proteklih nekoliko godina, institucije Bosne i Hercegovine su postigle odgovarajući napredak kako bi dostigle potrebne predpristupne standarde EU. U oktobru 2005. godine Bosni i Hercegovini je odobren pregovor o Sporazumu o stabilizaciji i pridruživanju sa EU. Konstantan razvoj demokratskog društva i institucionalno jačanje su, zajedno sa poboljšanjem sigurnosne situacije u državi, važna pitanja za liberalizaciju viznog režima. Bosna i Hercegovina je uspjela uspostaviti i razviti održive državne strukture koje omogućavaju administrativni okvir za implementaciju politike u oblasti viza, azila, migracije i granica. Neke od konvencija EU koje se odnose na ljudska prava i osnovne slobode su već ugrađene u postojeći Ustav Bosne i Hercegovine ili su prenesene na osnovu sukcesije zajedno sa drugim državama bivše Jugoslavije. Istraživanje je pokazalo da je donošenje legislative i uspostava pravilne strukture tek početna tačka u željenom pravcu. Stvaranje pretpostavke za funkcionalan i efikasan sistem zahtijeva dodatni napor uključivanja svih struktura vlasti. Do sada, institucije nisu na zadovoljavajući način pratile provođenje usvojene legislative. Nedostatak adekvatnih finansijskih i ljudskih resursa stvorio je mnogo problema u vezi sa primjenom potrebnih zakona u sektoru azila i migracije. Uprkos napretku koji je Bosna i Hercegovina postigla ona se i dalje suočava sa problemima, od kojih su neki zajednički za region a neki jedinstveni za Bosnu i Hercegovinu. Usvajanje i provođenje legislative u sektoru pravosuđa i unutrašnjih poslova Bosne i Hercegovine mora biti jedan od prioriteta da bi država napredovala u procesu pridruživanja Evropskoj uniji i osigurala slobodu kretanja za svoje građane. Hipoteza ovog istrazivanja bila je definisana u sljedećem pitanju: "Da li postoji mogućnost ukidanja viznog režima za sve građane Bosne i Hercegovine u roku od naredne dvije godine?" Gosp. Renco Davidi, zamjenik šefa Delegacije Evropske komisije u Bosni i Hercegovini odgovorio je na ovo pitanje, što se također može zaključiti i nakon obavljenog istraživanja: “Još uvijek nema političke volje i spremnosti za takav korak u EU i to uglavnom zbog sporog provođenja procesa reformi i razvoja demokratskog društva u svim segmentima u Bosni i Hercegovini.”

The Office of the High Representative and Security Sector Reform in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Ured visokog predstavnika i reforma sigurnosnog sektora u Bosni i Hercegovini

Author(s): Denis Hadžović / Language(s): Bosnian

Keywords: BiH; security sector; policy; reform; high representative;

U post-ratnom periodu Bosna i Hercegovina je ostvarila značajan napredak u procesu izgradnje mira koji se, između ostalog, ogleda i u uspostavljanju državnih institucija u oblasti sigurnosti. Njihovo osnivanje predstavlja bitan doprinos smanjenu mogućnosti izbijanja ponovnog sukoba u BiH i pomoć na njenom putu integracije u euro-atlanske strukture. Nemjerljiv doprinos ovim ostvarenjima pružila je međunarodna zajednica, prvenstveno djelovanjem kroz Ured visokog predstavnika (OHR) u BiH, ad hoc institucije uspostavljene da nadgleda implementaciju civilnog dijela Dejtonskog mirovnog sporazuma. Zahvaljujući naporima OHR-a i međunarodne zajednice Bosna i Hercegovina provodi jednu od najuspješnijih reformi pravosudnog sistema u regionu i uspostavila je jedinstvene oružane snage, obavještajno sigurnosnu agenciju, graničnu službu, državnu agenciju za istraživanje i zaštitu, carinsku službu i državni sud. Ove institucije uspostavljene su ili zakonima nametnutim direktno od strane OHR-a ili indirektno, uz njegov permanentan pritisak, koji je u krajnjoj instanci vodio do kompromisa među političkim akterima u Bosni i Hercegovini. Imajući ove činjenice u vidu, namjera autora bila je da ovim istraživanjem ponudi svoj skromni doprinos praktičarima i akademskim djelatnicima koji se bave pitanjima izgradnje mira u svijetu. Jedan od primarnih ciljeva ponuđenog istraživanja je da podrži daljnji razvoj ovih procesa, te pruži uvid u iskustvo OHR-a stečeno tokom prvođenja aktivnosti na izgradnji mira u BiH, sa posebnim osvrtom na reformu sigurnosnog sektora. Ovom prilikom želim iskazati posebnu zahvalnost Ženevskom centru za demokratski nadzor oružanih snaga (DCAF) na finansijskoj podršci koja je omogućila realizaciju ovog istraživanja, kao i osoblju Centra za sigurnosne studije, Arminu Kržaliću, Jasminu Ramoviću, Sanji Mihajlović, Lani Tančici i Andrei Teftedariji koja je u tom periodu stažirala u Centru, za njihov nemjerljiv doprinos na izradi ovog istraživanja. Ujedno bih se zahvalio i svima onima koji su na direktan ili indirektan način doprinijeli provođenju istraživanja, bilo putem intervuisanja, bilo putem autorskog rada na literaturi koja je korištena za potrebe istraživanja, kao i biblioteci Centra za obuku za operacije potpore miru u Sarajevu (PSOTC – Peace Support Operations Training Centre). Nadamo se da će predočeno istraživanja, koje ujedno predstavlja i pogled iz perspektive lokalnih aktera, ostvariti svoju svrhu te pružiti doprinos raspravama koje se vode po pitanjima izgradnje mira u svijetu i reformi sigurnosnog sektora u post-konfliktnim društvima.

Private Security in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Stanje privatne sigurnosti u Bosni i Hercegovini

Author(s): Armin Kržalić / Language(s): Bosnian

Keywords: BiH; security; private security; companies; status;

Istraživanje „Stanja privatne sigurnosti u Bosni i Hercegovini“ nastalo je kao rezultat stalnog prećenja trenda privatnih sigurnosnih kompanija, i njihovog uticaja na sigurnost uopće, a uređeno je prema zahtjevima naučnog i emprijskog pristupa. Ovo istraživanje karakteriše otklanjanje uočenih nedostataka iz prethodnih istraživanja, kao i proširivanje nekih novih polja istraživanja. Tako su djelovi zakonske regulative dosta sistematičnije obrađeni, obim i stanje privatnih sigurnosnih kompanija dosta opširnije, dok su komparativni pristupi ovog sektora sa zemljama Europske unije napravljeni na osnovnim, ali važnim poljima. Osnovni cilj istraživanja je da se javnosti predstavi brojnost privatnih sigurnosnih kompanija, osoblje koje radi za njih, kao i oružje koje cirkluliše među njima. Isto tako od velike važnosti je to što istraživanje donosi i rezultate odnosa privatne sigurnosti sa drugim društvenim sektorima. Na taj način, istraživanje treba da doprinese boljem upoznavanju javnosti i boljoj informiranosti o sadržaju privatne sigurnosti, stanju i obimu kao i javnosti rada, odnosno da ovoj problematici da što realniju dimenziju i ukaže na probleme i sadržaje koji do sada nisu bili u potpunosti sagledani. Od velike koristi su svakako i preporuke za poboljšanje ovog sektora. Prilikom sprovođenja istraživanja nailazio sam na niz problema, od kojih sam neke, po ličnom sudu, uspješno, a neke manje uspješno rješio. Posebno zbog toga što je u ovom slučaju riječ o novoj oblasti u Bosni i Hercegovini, kao i zbog nepostojanja centralnih baza podata i različitih pravnih rješenja. Poseban problem predstavljao je izbor metodologije za odabir utvrđivanja stanja i obima privatnih sigurnosnih kompanija, koji je proizvod složenosti društvenog i političkog života naše države. Analizirao sam veoma širok spektar sadržaja iz oblasti sigurnosti, a težište je bilo usmjereno na kritičku obradu dosadašnjih slabosti i protivriječnosti između normativnog i stvarnog. Za potrebe analiza predočenih sadržaja, korišćeni su podaci iz domaće i strane literature, podaci javnih institucija, naučna saznanja naših i stranih eminentnih stručnjaka iz ove oblasti, te podaci prikupljeni tokom terenskih istraživanja. Istraživanje sadrži pet poglavlja povezanih u jednistvenu i zaokruženu cjelinu, kojom su obuhvaćeni skoro svi sadržaji privatne sigurnosti. I pored napora, da se ispune određeni stručni, naučni i pedagoški pristupi, ovo istraživanje vjerovatno nije bez propusta. Svaka sugestija i kritike bit će od velike pomoći u daljim istraživanjima.