Populizam
Populism
Contributor(s): Zoran Lutovac (Editor)
Subject(s): Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Political Theory, Sociology of Politics
Published by: Институт друштвених наука
Keywords: Populism; Liberal Democracy; Political Ideology; Political Communication; Political Elites; Popular Sovereignty; Democratic Institutions
Summary/Abstract: Gotovo svaki tekst o populizmu počinje od ocene da je u pitanju kontroverzan, neuhvatljiv pojam i pojava koja je opšteprisutna, ali koju je teško definisati. U Srbiji nema mnogo radova posvećenih populizmu. Ovaj tematski zbornik predstavlja pokušaj da se populizam sagleda obuhvatnije, iz više uglova. U njemu su tekstovi koji se bave teorijskim shvatanjima i istorijskim pojavama populizma, odnosom populizma i reprezentativne demokratije, mestom i ulogom opasnih (neželjenih) drugih u populizmu kao slabo utemeljenoj ideologiji ili političkoj praksi, te populizmom kao političkim diskursom, političkim stilom ili načinom političke komunikacije. U godini kada Institut društvenih nauka slavi 60 godina postojanja, Centar za politikološka istraživanja i javno mnjenje obeležava tu godišnjicu objavljivanjem ove publikacije, istraživanjem javnog mnjenja”Građani Srbije i populizam” sprovedenim uz podršku Fonda za otvoreno društvo i organizovanjem okruglog stola „Populizam – uzroci i posledice“. Nadamo se da će ovaj tematski zbornik, istraživanje javnog mnjenja i okrugli sto podstaći naučnu zajednicu da se sistematičnije i produbljenije bavi populizmom kao jednim od najvažnijih političkih fenomena današnjice.
- Print-ISBN-13: 978-86-7093-190-9
- Page Count: 189
- Publication Year: 2017
- Language: Serbian
DEFINISANJE POPULIZMA: PROBLEMI I IZAZOVI
DEFINISANJE POPULIZMA: PROBLEMI I IZAZOVI
(DEFINING POPULISM: PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES)
- Author(s):Irena Ristić
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Political Theory, Sociology of Politics, Geopolitics
- Page Range:3-14
- No. of Pages:12
- Keywords:populism; definition of populism; elements of populism; causes of populism
- Summary/Abstract:The main aim of this article was to depict the challenges related to the attempt to define populism. While commonly this term is understood as very fluid, often even used as a synonym for demagogy and opportunism, the acadmic literature has been since more then twenty years working on and elaborating a more precise definition of populism and its constituing elements. Taking the works on populism of Cas Mudde and Jan Werner Müller as a starting point this article uses their definition of populism which foresees the existence of two homogeneous units of analysis: ‘the (good) people’ and ‘the (corrupt) elite’, their antagonistic relationship and the idea of popular sovereignty. In the second section, the article gives a more indepth description of the elements which derive from the basic definition, showing what populism is and what we can say it is not. Finally in the third section this article goes into some broader explanation and causes of populism, going beyond the main stream of thought, which links the rise of populism to the decline and challenges liberal democracy is facing currently. Among them there are structural causes, but also those related to the end of the Cold war, the development of media, the role of education and the aliantaion of citizens and the political class.
POPULIST LIBERALISM: A SYNTHESIS OF CLASSICAL LIBERALISM AND POPULISM
POPULIST LIBERALISM: A SYNTHESIS OF CLASSICAL LIBERALISM AND POPULISM
(POPULIST LIBERALISM: A SYNTHESIS OF CLASSICAL LIBERALISM AND POPULISM)
- Author(s):Goran Ilić, Nikola Lj. Ilijevski
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Political Theory, Sociology of Politics
- Page Range:15-32
- No. of Pages:18
- Keywords:classical liberalism; populism; ideology; strategy; populist liberalism
- Summary/Abstract:Populism and liberalism represent two of the most influential ideologies, and/or political theories, both understood on general level. Liberalism seems as a victorious ideology in the 20th and, supposedly in the 21st century, but on the other hand, the rise of populism, in its various forms, is visible in Europe and on a global scale. Populism is appearing in two major forms, particularly as right-wing, and left-wing, essentially illiberal oriented. On another level, classical liberalism and populism should be furthermore analyzed and decomposed, mainly as a theory, ideology and strategy. The scientific purpose of this paper is to give answers to the following questions: what is (political) ideology?; What is (political) strategy?; What is the relation among ideology and strategy?; What is populism as ideology and strategy?; What is classical liberalism as ideology and strategy?; What are the weaknesses of classical liberal social strategy?; What is populist liberalism?. The social purpose of this paper is to initiate a reflection for theoretical and ideological alternatives of the existing illiberal populism, utilizing some of their efficient components, but uncompromisingly based on the classical liberal postulates. Regarding its flexibility and openness, the populist liberalism can be easily located in the center of the political spectrum, while attracting the best from the left and right.
POPULIZAM I OGOLJENI PRAGMATIZAM
POPULIZAM I OGOLJENI PRAGMATIZAM
(POPULISM AND NAKED PRAGMATISM)
- Author(s):Čedomir Čupić, Milica S. Joković Pantelić
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Political Theory, Sociology of Politics
- Page Range:33-48
- No. of Pages:16
- Keywords:populism; pragmatism; leader; promises; deceptions
- Summary/Abstract:Populism and populist ideologies. Authoritarian populism – characteristics and consequences. The populist type of democracy. Populism and leaders. Use and abuse of populism in the process of democratic decisionmaking. Takeover of democratic intuitions by the unqualified and semiqualified as a consequence of populist politics. Populist leaders’ unrealistic and false promises and deceptions. Naked pragmatism in the service of populist deceivers. Pushing for success at any cost, regardless of abilities, knowledge and professionalism. Destruction of values and value system by populists and pragmatists. Populism as a cause of spreading anti-political principles in political life. Dominance of wicked feelings (jealousy, hate and malice) and wicked states (fear, angst, surreptitiousness and panic) as a consequence of the combination of populist rule and naked pragmatism.
POPULIZAM I DEMOKRATIJA U SRBIJI
POPULIZAM I DEMOKRATIJA U SRBIJI
(POPULISM AND DEMOCRACY IN SERBIA)
- Author(s):Zoran Lutovac
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Political Theory, Sociology of Politics
- Page Range:49-66
- No. of Pages:18
- Keywords:Populism; Elite; Nation; Serbia; Democracy; Public Opinion Research
- Summary/Abstract:The subject of this paper is the attitude of the political elite towards citizens and representative democracy, on the one hand, and the attitude of the citizens towards representative democracy and political elite, on the other side. This paper aims to show on the case of Serbia what is the attitude of political elites toward democracy in general, democratic procedures and institutions, and what is the attitude of citizens towards political elites, democracy and its institutions, on the basis of public opinion polls. The structure of the paper is the determination of terms, the definition of a theoretical framework, the place and role of political elites, democracy and democratic institutions in the society and the perception of citizens of these concepts through the prism of empirical research. Public opinion research (June-July 2017) confirms that the gap between citizens and their elected representatives is profound and conventional politics increasingly have difficulties to reach citizens. Also, the lack of confidence in political parties has influence on the all spheres of representative democracy.
NEPOVERENJE U DEMOKRATSKE INSTITUCIJE I PODRŠKA NEDEMOKRATSKIM SISTEMIMA VLADAVINE: POPULISTIČKI MEHANIZAM
NEPOVERENJE U DEMOKRATSKE INSTITUCIJE I PODRŠKA NEDEMOKRATSKIM SISTEMIMA VLADAVINE: POPULISTIČKI MEHANIZAM
(DISTRUST IN DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS AND SUPPORT FOR UNDEMOCRATIC MODES OF GOVERNMENT: THE POPULIST MECHANISM)
- Author(s):Bojan Todosijević, Zoran Pavlović M.
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Political Theory, Sociology of Politics
- Page Range:67-85
- No. of Pages:19
- Keywords:democracy; populism; representation; public opinion; Serbia
- Summary/Abstract:One of frequently mentioned characteristics of populist orientation is distrust in democratic institutions, dissatisfaction with the representativeness of elected political representatives, and generally the negative attitude towards the political elite. The association of this orientation with the potential support for undemocratic forms of government is insufficiently researched problem. This is an important issue since it is often emphasized that populism represents a threat to democracy exactly because it facilitates the development of undemocratic regimes. The aim of this paper is to empirically examine the existence of such an association. The analysis is based on a public opinion survey, conducted in Serbia after the 2012 parliamentary and presidential elections. The negative evaluation of the functioning of the political system is operationalized via a set of variables that refer to the attitude towards functioning of electoral system, evaluation of the representative function of elections, and the attitude towards the representation by the National Assembly members. The analysis examines the distribution of these variables, and their relationships with the variables measuring the support for undemocratic forms of government. The results show that democracy enjoys a broad support among the Serbian population, but also that the public is critical concerning the representativeness of the political system and political elites. The association between the lack of trust in democratic institutions and the support for undemocratic forms of government, often emphasized in the literature, received a very weak support.
„OPASNI (NEŽELJENI) DRUGI” I POPULIZAM U SRBIJI
„OPASNI (NEŽELJENI) DRUGI” I POPULIZAM U SRBIJI
(„OUT- GROUPS“ AND POPULISM IN SERBIA)
- Author(s):Zoran Lutovac, Ksenija Marković
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Political Theory, Sociology of Politics
- Page Range:87-102
- No. of Pages:16
- Keywords:Populism; “Out-groups”; Serbia; Practice; Defects of Democracy; Public Opinion Research
- Summary/Abstract:The subject of this work is the attitude to the others (out-groups, dangerous, unwanted others) as a very important segment of populism, whether it is a right or a left-wing populism, radical or mainstream populism, populism as a dominant or marginal phenomenon. The aim of this paper is to show on the case of Serbia the attitude towards dangerous others as a part of a populist political practice and populism as a thin-centred ideology, on the one hand, and to determine the feedback reaction of the people (citizens) towards dangerous others, on the basis of opinion polls, on the other side. The structure of the paper is the determination of the theoretical framework, the classification of the basic characteristics of the populism and dangerous others in Serbia, political practice and the correlation of populism and democracy defects in it, and the attitude of citizens towards dangerous others through the prism of empirical research. There are no many works in Serbia on populism in general, nor the consideration of the role of dangerous others in the context of populist practices and developing of the elements of thin-centred ideology. This study is a first step towards a systematic and, hopefully, regular research on dangerous others in the context of populism phenomena and the effects of its presence in society. Public Opinion Research (June-July 2017) assumes that, since the 90-ies of XX century, there is a continuity of the presence of dangerous others in Serbian public discourse (minorities, NATO). Dangerous others are ranked instrumentally by political elites according to the necessities of the moment - sometimes in the spotlights are Americans, sometimes NATO, and sometimes Croats, Bosnians or Albanians: it has been proven by an empirical determination of respondent's attitude that even the citizens feel about them as they are others. Although it can not be classified in the category of dangerous others, the ruling elite thus effectively treat the elite of the former regime and tycoons in that way. Apart from them, as dangerous others are treated all those who are willing to criticize the government and to oppose to the policy of a man who controls not only the ruling coalition, but almost all government, and even independent institutions, state media and the tabloids, so we can say that the antilpluralism is the essential characteristic of populism in Serbia today.
POPULIZAM U POLITIČKIM STRANKAMA – STRATEGIJA ILI IDEOLOGIJA?
POPULIZAM U POLITIČKIM STRANKAMA – STRATEGIJA ILI IDEOLOGIJA?
(POPULISM OF POLITICAL PARTIES – STRATEGY OR IDEOLOGY?)
- Author(s):Dominika Mikucka-Wójtowicz
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Political Theory, Sociology of Politics
- Page Range:103-118
- No. of Pages:16
- Keywords:populism; populist parties; post-Yugoslav countries
- Summary/Abstract:Populism often seems like an all-encompassing term, which everybody defines arbitrary. The only thing which scientists have lately agreed on is the acknowledgment that the phenomenon of populism is on the rise. The paper consists of two parts. In the first part, which is theoretical a proposal for a new model for future analysis of populist groupings will be delivered. The proposed model of analysis will consist of three interrelated levels, which are: organisational, programmatic and strategic. In determining the so-called pure populist parties the most important role is played by the programmatic level. The second part of the paper is devoted to the analysis of the functioning of populism in selected post-Yugoslav countries. The analysis in this part of the article focuses on presenting the differences between pure populist parties, which use populist ideology, and parties which use populism as a strategy. It is emphasized, that such uses of populism can be attributed to a large number of political groupings, including mainstream parties, primarily in the period of pre-election campaigns.
POPULIZAM I POLITIČKA KOMUNIKACIЈA
POPULIZAM I POLITIČKA KOMUNIKACIЈA
(POPULISM AND POLITICAL COMMUNICATION)
- Author(s):Siniša M. Atlagić
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):Politics, Economy, Political Theory
- Page Range:119-130
- No. of Pages:12
- Keywords:populism; political communication; electoral communication; values; (pseudo)argumentation
- Summary/Abstract:Taking into account the conclusions from recent literature on populism as a "style in political communication" the author tends to point out its basic characteristics. He intends to examine the structure of value orientation of political actors called „populists“ as well as arguments they use. His conclusion is that the absence of so called dominant values in populism makes it a key point in the communication relationship of the political populist leaders and the people they (leaders) refer to in their political struggles and that is why the concept of populism can be considered comprehensively from the point of political communication. The author finds that in such a communication process, that is, in the process of interpretation of reality by political subjects called populists, certain elements of organized political persuasion are emphasized – primarily the personalization of politics and the simplification of the image of the world. The usage of so-called logic of the heart, pseudoargumens (in particular, the "argument of the majority"), simple terminology and a negative tone are other characteristics of this approach in political communication.
MEDIЈSKI POPULIZAM I POLITIČKI POPULIZAM
MEDIЈSKI POPULIZAM I POLITIČKI POPULIZAM
(MEDIA POPULISM AND POLITICAL POPULISM)
- Author(s):Jovanka Matić
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Political Theory, Communication studies, Sociology of Politics
- Page Range:131-146
- No. of Pages:16
- Keywords:populism; media populism; media; ideology
- Summary/Abstract:Research on the role of mass media in the rise of populist parties in Western Europe uses the concept of media populism. It was originally used to designate the news production of highly commercialized media, which give a lot of attention to populist leaders because of media preferences for scandal, conflict, personalization, aggressive speech, etc. Increasingly mediated politics and increasing media commercialization have produced an unintended convergence of goals between tabloid media and political populism. Later elaborations of the concept see the media as the producers of populism, and not only as its conveyors. In this vein, it is insisted that media practices of conveying and producing populism should be investigated in separate streams of research. The text advocates the idea that the media influence the voters by providing a specific picture of the world, out of many possible ones, thus making a context in which some political messages have more meaning than others for voters. It is therefore necessary to study the tabloid image of the world as a whole, and its value structure in particular, in order to see in what ways this picture contextualizes populist messages and makes them more meaningful than others.
MULTIETNIČKA DRUŠTVA I REAKCIONARNI POPULIZAM
MULTIETNIČKA DRUŠTVA I REAKCIONARNI POPULIZAM
(MULTIETHNIC SOCIETY AND RAECTIONARY POPULISM)
- Author(s):Goran Bašić
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Political Theory, Sociology, Ethnic Minorities Studies
- Page Range:147-160
- No. of Pages:14
- Keywords:democracy; multiculturalism; populism; ethnicity
- Summary/Abstract:In order to be stable and democratically organised, multicultural societies require specific forms of governing adapted to the nature of their own multiethnicity. In contemporary democratic states, but also throughout their histories, societies have resorted to adjustments of the classical notion of democracy so as to establish effective control over the eruptive force of ethnicity – usually the most prominent feature of a multicultural society. Consociation, federalism, decentralization, various forms of autonomy and self-governance, and affirmative measures are among the most common forms of democratic governance in multicultural societies. In civic democracies, interculturalism is also prominent as a specific strategy for regulating societal relations. On the other hand, populism tends to undermine the ideal of good governance in multiethnic societies because it advocates citizens’ participation in political life by way of direct democracy, which lacks the subtlety to harmonize the specific interests stemming from ethno-cultural identities. Under such circumstances, populism easily becomes reactionary in that it seeks to secure support for political aims by dissolving the contours of ethnic, religious and cultural groups and opposing them to each other. While this type of political governance does not necessarily cause conflict, it certainly does not create stability, and is often an obstacle to economic, political and social development. One consequence of populist governance which instrumentalises ethnicity is a segregated society where apparent stability is secured by the corruption of minority elites or their non-transparent control. Populists, however, disregard the fact that in the nature of ethnic identities they manipulate there resides a cultural dynamism which cannot be controlled without a balanced democracy.
POPULIZAM U NARATIVIMA PREDSEDNIČKIH KANDIDATA NA PREDSEDNIČKIM IZBORIMA U SRBIJI 2017. GODINE
POPULIZAM U NARATIVIMA PREDSEDNIČKIH KANDIDATA NA PREDSEDNIČKIM IZBORIMA U SRBIJI 2017. GODINE
(POPULISM IN THE NARRATIVES OF THE CANDIDATES ON THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS IN SERBIA 2017)
- Author(s):Miloš Bešić
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Political Theory, Governance, Electoral systems
- Page Range:161-178
- No. of Pages:18
- Keywords:populism; discourse; correlates; logit coefficients
- Summary/Abstract:In this paper we preset the results of the content analysis of the narratives of candidates on the presidential elections in Serbia 2017. As a method, critical discourse analysis and structural content analysis had been used. The main goal of the research was to identify the main components of the populist discourses among all the candidates on the elections. In the research special consideration was put onto ideological and other discursive elements of the populist discourse. For this purpose, logistic regression has been used. Results of the research showed that populist discourse is very frequent in the political narratives of the presidential candidates. Also, we provide the evidence that populist discourse is supported and intersected by contradictory ideological content, intensive emotional communication, as well as the call for the mobilization in the name of people.
TRADICIONALNE IDEOLOŠKE KATEGORIJE MEĐU GLASAČIMA DONALDA TRAMPA
TRADICIONALNE IDEOLOŠKE KATEGORIJE MEĐU GLASAČIMA DONALDA TRAMPA
(TRADITIONAL IDEOLOGICAL CATEGORIES DOMINATE AMONG DONALD TRUMP VOTERS)
- Author(s):Željka Buturović, Emilija Mijić
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Political Theory, Sociology of Politics
- Page Range:179-194
- No. of Pages:16
- Keywords:Donald Trump; Hilary Clinton; ideology; American politics; 2016 US presidential election; populism
- Summary/Abstract:Donald Trump’s unexpected ascension to the presidency has put into question several established ways of thinking about American politics.It has been suggested that traditional left-right continuum should be supplemented by nationalism/globalism dichotomy; that populism presents a useful dimension orthogonal to existing ideologies and that Trump has unique appeal to voters holding views which are a combination of the extreme points on the left and right side of the traditional ideological continuum. As a part of a larger study of political attitudes and ideology, we measured respondent’s ideology by using three different questions: a categorical ideological self-positioning, a choice of their position on political issues as mostly left, mostly right, mostly middle, and mostly a combination of left and right; and whether they saw themselves predominantly as nationalists or globalists. The questionnaire was administered online to a random sample of 1514 adults who were drawn from a large panel of email addresses. The survey results were rim-weighted to match marginal distributions for region, age, gender, education, race, party and income. The results show that the vast majority of Trump voters prefer to self identify along traditional ideological continuum. In addition, logistical analysis shows that nationalis/globalism is the strongest predictor of Trump vote, albeit one that improves only slightly upon usual ideological categories. Trump’s victory is due to traditional ideological partisans and but also to a small but critical number of non-traditional voters. A number of American voters who self-identify as populists remains negligible.
