Countering Information Influence Operations in the Nordic-Baltic Region
Countering Information Influence Operations in the Nordic-Baltic Region

Author(s): Johannes Lindgren, James Pamment, Angela Palmer, Sanda Svetoka, Elīna Lange-Ionatamišvili
Contributor(s): Merle Anne Read (Editor)
Subject(s): Politics, Media studies, Regional Geography, Communication studies, Security and defense, Geopolitics, Hybrid Warfare
Published by: NATO Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence
Keywords: Information influence operations; Strategic communication; Societal resilience; Hybrid threats; Media literacy; Nordic-Baltic cooperation;
Summary/Abstract: The Nordic-Baltic (NB8) countries have implemented various frameworks, policies, and coordination mechanisms to address the issue of information influence operations (IIOs).1 Most countries have national security strategies coupled with specific strategies or concepts to tackle IIOs, with resilience being a central theme in these frameworks. Resilience can refer to both public awareness and critical thinking, as well as the ability of state institutions to manage incidents effectively. Resilience building involves educating the public, particularly focusing on media literacy and critical thinking. Non-state actors, such as NGOs and civil society, play a crucial role in enhancing societal resilience through various initiatives, often with government support. Media sector cooperation is also significant, with states engaging in information exchange and assistance. All the NB8 countries engage in monitoring and situational analysis, primarily by defence and intelligence bodies. Situational awareness products are shared domestically and internationally on an ad hoc or regular basis. However, resources for continuous monitoring are lacking in some cases. Legislative measures for addressing IIOs are limited. EU laws and national media regulations often form the basis for limiting foreign state media influence. Public coordination structures vary across the region, ranging from formal to informal, with the involvement of various ministries and agencies. Strategic communications is another key concept in several countries. Communication responses are mostly case by case, with affected agencies often responsible for managing responses to IIO incidents. Civil society organisations often lead fact-checking and debunking efforts. Attribution of IIOs can be direct or indirect, depending on the severity of the situation. Disruptive measures include sanctions against media outlets, amendments to criminal codes and national security acts, and regulation of language and the media. There is a transition towards more direct legal action against IIO activities. International cooperation takes place through multilateral forums, for example in the EU and NATO, as well as bilateral cooperation among regional allies. Challenges include resource strain from multiple parallel forums, duplication of efforts, and balancing national interests with joint responses. Key takeaways for other countries seeking to learn from the NB8 region include adopting a whole-of-society approach, involving civil society and the media, fostering close public coordination, and enhancing citizen resilience through communication and education initiatives. Challenges involve balancing freedom of speech with disruptive measures, assisting the media without being overly directive, managing civil society involvement, deciding when to respond, and how to prioritise international cooperation. The NB8 region has potential for deeper cooperation in countering IIOs, which could include establishing shared capability development frameworks, capability leadership among member countries, conducting joint exercises, and developing coordinated response projects. This would complement existing international efforts and enhance the regional capacity to address these threats effectively. In conclusion, the NB8 countries demonstrate a strong approach to combating IIOs, with a focus on resilience building and effective coordination. Future research and collaboration can further strengthen capabilities and share best practices in this area.

• Details
• Contents