Innovative Development of Agricultural Business and Rural Areas : Fifth International Scientific Conference IDARA – 2025 : Conference Proceedings 2 – 3.10.2025

Digitalization of Rural Areas – Opportunities and Perspectives

Digitalization of Rural Areas – Opportunities and Perspectives
(Digitalization of Rural Areas – Opportunities and Perspectives)

Author(s):Albena Miteva
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences, Economy, Business Economy / Management, Agriculture, Sociology, Rural and urban sociology, ICT Information and Communications Technologies
Page Range:11-18
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:digitalization; rural areas; rural communities
Summary/Abstract:Digitalization represents a fundamental driver of social and economic transformation, capable of reshaping the traditional paradigms of rural development. In the context of the European Union’s cohesion policy and Bulgaria’s strategic priorities for sustainable growth, the integration of digital technologies in rural regions is increasingly recognized as a decisive factor for achieving economic competitiveness, social inclusion, and environmental sustainability. This article explores the theoretical foundations, regulatory framework, and implementation perspectives of digitalization in Bulgarian rural areas, emphasizing both the challenges and opportunities emerging from this process. Digital transformation in rural contexts requires a multidimensional approach that combines technological innovation, infrastructural modernization, human capacity building, and effective governance (Zuboff, 2019; Brynjolfsson & McAfee, 2014). Digital tools such as the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain, and Big Data analytics not only enhance agricultural productivity but also enable sustainable natural resource management and smarter public services. In Bulgaria, specific pilot projects – such as IoT-based agricultural monitoring in Dobrudzha and smart utility management in Smolyan – illustrate how digitalization can bridge regional disparities and improve local resilience. However, the implementation of digital technologies in rural areas faces persistent barriers. These include infrastructural deficiencies, insufficient broadband coverage, limited investment capacity, and a significant shortage of digital skills (European Court of Auditors, 2021; Mishev & Hristov, 2022). Many rural municipalities still lack the administrative and technical expertise needed to manage complex digital ecosystems. Furthermore, public awareness of the benefits of digital transformation remains limited, especially among elderly populations and small-scale producers. This highlights the necessity of targeted training programs and public-private partnerships aimed at fostering digital literacy and innovation culture in local communities. At the same time, digitalization opens broad prospects for rural revitalization. The concept of “smart villages”, promoted by the European Network for Rural Development (ENRD, 2023), introduces an integrated vision of digital, ecological, and social sustainability. Through smart agriculture, telemedicine, e-education, and digital governance, rural regions can strengthen their economic foundations and enhance quality of life. In Bulgaria, the adoption of the National Digitalization Strategy (2021–2030) and the alignment with EU initiatives such as Horizon Europe, the Digital Europe Programme, and the Smart Villages Strategy create favorable conditions for long-term transformation (European Commission, 2023). Empirical evidence suggests that successful rural digitalization depends on several interrelated factors: (1) adequate digital infrastructure; (2) training and upskilling of local human capital; (3) the establishment of digital innovation hubs; and (4) active community participation in co-creating solutions (Pelau & Pop, 2018; Klerkx et al., 2021). Digitalization can thus catalyze innovation, attract investment, and integrate rural areas into global value chains. By fostering e-commerce, digital entrepreneurship, and access to e-services, it enhances both social inclusion and economic competitiveness. The study concludes that a holistic policy approach, combining infrastructure investment, education, financial incentives, and governance reforms, is essential for accelerating digital transformation in rural Bulgaria. Strengthening local capacities and promoting digital inclusion will not only mitigate regional inequalities but also contribute to achieving the EU’s twin goals of green and digital transition. The article emphasizes that digitalization is not merely a technological trend but a strategic pathway toward the sustainable, connected, and resilient rural communities of the future. This article was financially supported by the UNWE Research Programme (Research Grant No. NID NI-5/2024/A).

The Impact of Public Support on the Economic Performance of Field Crop Farms in Bulgaria

The Impact of Public Support on the Economic Performance of Field Crop Farms in Bulgaria
(The Impact of Public Support on the Economic Performance of Field Crop Farms in Bulgaria)

Author(s):Damyan Kirechev
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, Business Economy / Management, Agriculture, Public Administration, Economic policy
Page Range:19-43
No. of Pages:25
Keywords:public support; agriculture subsidies; field crop farms; efficiency; net income; FADN analysis
Summary/Abstract:This study examines the impact of public support on the economic performance of field crop farms in Bulgaria. The study aims to assess the extent to which public support contributes to the income and growth of field crop farms across economic sizes. Economic models are used to assess the extent to which public support influences farm economic performance by improving farm efficiency and farmers' incomes. A comparison with similar farms in the EU is made, identifying and assessing key variables affecting farm economic performance, and providing suggestions for improving public support. The research methodology is based on panel data from FADN for the period 2007-2023, and regression analysis is used to assess the impact of factors such as subsidies, asset efficiency, indebtedness, and costs on income formation. The analytical work includes: 1) assessment of the relationship between net farm income and subsidies; 2) assessment of the dependence of net farm income on subsidies, resource management, and financial stability; 3) assessing the dependence of farmers' net income on the intensity of costs; and 4) assessing the dependence of farmers' net income on the structure of costs. The results provide empirical evidence on the effectiveness of public support, examining differences across European Union programming periods. The analysis of farmers' net income from subsidies indicates a strong positive relationship between the two variables, with a large share of farmers' net income attributable to subsidies. For the average field crop farm, the most significant factors for profitability are subsidies and ROA. A €1 increase in subsidies provides €1.67 in net farm income. The model explaining the impact of cost intensity on income identifies subsidies as a significant factor, along with the intensity of production costs. A €1 increase in subsidies provides €1.58 in net farm income. The model assessing the structure of costs on income indicates that ROA has the highest significance, while subsidies have a complementary effect. An increase in subsidies by €1 provides €1.53 in net farm income. The results prove the importance of subsidies and ROA as key factors for profitability in field crop farms. Subsidies at this stage of Bulgarian field crop farms remain crucial for covering production losses, but need to be linked to farm market performance and to achieving profitability and sustainability. The study can improve the information base for formulating policies to increase the economic sustainability of field crop farms in Bulgaria, depending on their size.

Direct Sales as a Tool to Preserve High Nature Value Grasslands

Direct Sales as a Tool to Preserve High Nature Value Grasslands
(Direct Sales as a Tool to Preserve High Nature Value Grasslands)

Author(s):Yanka Kazakova-Mateva
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences, Economy, Business Economy / Management, Agriculture, Sociology, Rural and urban sociology
Page Range:45-54
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:agri-environment policy; permanent pastures; short-supply chains
Summary/Abstract:High Nature Value (HNV) farming areas have been an explicit environmental priority of European agricultural policy since early 2000s. Bulgaria provided targeted support to the HNV grasslands under the agri-environmental measure as early as the SAPARD Programme in 2005 which continued throughout to 2023. HNV grasslands in Natura 2000 areas were supported under the Natura 2000 compensatory measure since 2011. Nevertheless, the HNV farming areas faced multitude challenges, including losing areas to other land uses, reduced nature values and low economic attractiveness. Innovative marketing approaches such as direct sales that have the potential to contribute to the economic feasibility of the extensive farming in HNV areas were officially regulated since 2010. The study aims to explore whether the direct sales of farm products contribute to the preservation of High Nature Value grasslands in Bulgaria, as well as to compare the contributions by the agri-environment and Natura 2000 support and direct sales to the status of HNV grasslands in the country. The data collection was the main challenge in this study. Spatial analysis was applied to estimate the changes in the HNV farmland cover. Correlation analysis tested for statistically significant connections. The loss of HNV farmlands in 2019 in comparison to 2007 was around 40% with varied spatial patterns. The official direct sales registrations and the uptake of the environmental rural development measures also had varied spatial patterns. Three main results were obtained: (1) The High Nature Value grasslands in 2019 have very strong positive relationship with grasslands in Natura 2000 areas, indicating that the designation of Natura 2000 areas provides a certain level of protection for grasslands. (2) The farmlands that were claimed for agri-environmental support in 2008 have a strong relationship to all current HNV grasslands and to the farmers that claim agri-environmental support. This is despite the heavy penalties that were imposed in 2008 for the HNV grasslands assessed as ineligible for CAP support. (3) The farmers supported under the HNV agri-environmental scheme have also a strong positive relationship with the total registered for direct sales. This is the first study in Bulgaria that proves the significant and strong positive connection between the farmers managing HNV grasslands and the direct sales of farm products. It is an important indicator that farmers managing extensive areas can be a lot more open to innovative marketing approaches than other conventional farmers.

Organizational Structural Changes in Agriculture in Poland and Bulgaria: a Comparative Analysis

Organizational Structural Changes in Agriculture in Poland and Bulgaria: a Comparative Analysis
(Organizational Structural Changes in Agriculture in Poland and Bulgaria: a Comparative Analysis)

Author(s):Julia Doitchinova, Agnieszka Wrzochalska, Bożena Karwat-Woźniak , Albena Miteva
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Business Economy / Management, Agriculture, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:55-67
No. of Pages:13
Keywords:agricultural holdings; structural transformations
Summary/Abstract:The orientation and dynamics of organizational restructuring in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe have been the subject of analysis over the past decades. Both the reasons for these changes and their speed and consequences for the development of the sector and of rural areas are being assessed. The aim of this report is to analyze, evaluate, and compare the trends in the development of production structures in Poland and Bulgaria under the conditions of their membership in the European Union. The choice of these two countries is based on their differences in: the structure and nature of agricultural holdings at the beginning of the 1990s; the scope of land and organizational structural reforms carried out in the pre-accession period; and their impact on the development of agriculture and rural areas under the Common Agricultural Policy. The study uses Eurostat data for the period 2005–2020, as well as data from the agricultural statistics of the two countries on the number of farms, utilized agricultural area, economic size, and others. The comparative analysis and the conclusions drawn reveal significant differences in the period prior to the accession of the two countries to the European Union, related to the historical development of land use in them and the preservation of private farming in Poland during the period of centrally planned economy. During the membership period (since 2004 for Poland and since 2007 for Bulgaria), the trends in product and organizational restructuring are unidirectional and similar, but proceed at different speeds. Different outcomes are also observed with respect to the formation of production structures, the structure of farms by number, and the distribution of utilized agricultural land among farms of different sizes. The organizational restructuring of Polish agriculture is characterized by a slower pace of reduction in the number of farms and an increase in the average size of utilized agricultural land. At the same time, the resulting structure of farms by economic size shows a relatively more even distribution of farms across sizes. Bulgarian agriculture has been restructured significantly faster, both in terms of the number of farms and in terms of the average size and legal status of agricultural holdings. As a result, a strongly dualistic structure has emerged, in which a significant (though declining) number of farms use a small relative share of the utilized agricultural land, while a relatively small number of very large farms cultivate over 80% of the utilized agricultural land.

Water Use in Bulgaria by Economic Sectors – Trends and Efficiency Analysis

Water Use in Bulgaria by Economic Sectors – Trends and Efficiency Analysis
(Water Use in Bulgaria by Economic Sectors – Trends and Efficiency Analysis)

Author(s):Zornitsa Stoyanova, Desislava Stoyanova
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences, Economy, Agriculture, Energy and Environmental Studies, Sociology, Evaluation research
Page Range:69-77
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:water use; agriculture; trends
Summary/Abstract:The relevance of the topic related to the use of water in the various economic sectors in Bulgaria is predetermined by the uneven distribution and inefficient management of water resources in the country, which directly affects both agricultural and industrial production, and the services sector also. The aim of the paper is to track the trends in water use in Bulgaria by economic sectors and to analyze the efficiency of water use at the national and regional levels. On this basis summarized conclusions and recommendations are prepared. The paper contains an introduction presenting theoretical statements related to the use of water in the various economic sectors, the trends in the use of water resources in the sectorial aspect are tracked and an analysis of the efficiency in the use of water in agriculture, industry and services is made. Based on the analyses, conclusions and proposals related to the place of each economic sector in terms of water use are summarized.

Mechanisms and Interventions for Sustainable and Competitive Agriculture in Implementation of the Objectives of the New CAP 2023–2027 – Institutional Support and Strategic Priorities

Mechanisms and Interventions for Sustainable and Competitive Agriculture in Implementation of the Objectives of the New CAP 2023–2027 – Institutional Support and Strategic Priorities
(Mechanisms and Interventions for Sustainable and Competitive Agriculture in Implementation of the Objectives of the New CAP 2023–2027 – Institutional Support and Strategic Priorities)

Author(s):Teodorina Turlakova, Yordan Georgiev
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, Business Economy / Management, Agriculture, Governance, Public Administration, Economic policy, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development
Page Range:79-89
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:CAP; institutional theory; sustainable agriculture; structural change
Summary/Abstract:This study examines the European Union’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) for 2023–2027 through the lens of institutional theory, emphasizing its role as an integrative mechanism balancing economic, social, and environmental objectives. The report aims to explore the new CAP 2023–2027 as a form of institutional support for the construction of strategies, mechanisms, and interventions, as well as their expected influence on agricultural holdings. The reformed CAP focuses on four strategic objectives: promoting sustainable and climate-neutral agriculture; providing fairer and more targeted support for small and medium-sized farms; enhancing Member States’ flexibility in policy implementation; and introducing performance-based monitoring and evaluation systems. Empirical analysis, particularly from Bulgaria, shows significant structural changes in agriculture, including a sharp decline in small farms and agricultural employment, alongside increased land concentration and mechanization. While CAP has fostered modernization and competitiveness, subsidy distribution remains unequal, with about 20% of farms receiving 80% of support. This highlights challenges related to social equity, economic efficiency, and sectoral sustainability. The data also emphasize the need to align institutional frameworks with tangible farm-level outcomes to ensure policy objectives translate into measurable practices. Institutional analysis identifies three dimensions of CAP: regulatory, normative, and cultural-cognitive. The regulatory dimension is expressed through binding legal requirements, the normative through principles of solidarity, fairness, and sustainability, and the cultural-cognitive through the development of new environmental attitudes among farmers. Nonetheless, excessive administrative burden, procedural complexity, and dependency on subsidies limit overall effectiveness. The study concludes that CAP 2023–2027 represents a key step toward sustainable governance of European agriculture and rural areas. Its transformative potential depends on the EU’s capacity to overcome systemic inequalities, reduce bureaucracy, and achieve measurable ecological outcomes. Long-term success requires a balanced integration of economic efficiency, social equity, and environmental responsibility within a unified strategic framework, ensuring that institutional mechanisms generate tangible results at the farm level.

Interconnected Systems for Resilience in Smallholder Agriculture: Climate-Smart and Vulnerably Smart Approaches

Interconnected Systems for Resilience in Smallholder Agriculture: Climate-Smart and Vulnerably Smart Approaches
(Interconnected Systems for Resilience in Smallholder Agriculture: Climate-Smart and Vulnerably Smart Approaches)

Author(s):Hristina Harizanova-Bartos
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, Business Economy / Management, Agriculture, Energy and Environmental Studies
Page Range:91-101
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:resilience; smart agriculture; small farms; digitalization
Summary/Abstract:The fast transition of agricultural systems in response to climate change, market instability, and resource depletion has resulted in new paradigms such as Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) and the more recently mentioned Vulnerably Smart Agriculture (VSA). The idea of "smart agriculture" is increasingly used to describe a collection of technologies meant to improve agricultural performance, including sensor networks, autonomous machinery, AI-powered decision systems, and precise input management. However, smallholders' capacity to embrace such techniques is still unknown due to structural constraints such as low capital, low educational levels, a lack of infrastructure, and institutional neglect. These barriers are especially significant in areas sensitive to weather extremes and characterized with small scale farming, such as Bulgaria's Pazardzhik district, where this study was conducted. The publication's aim is to use factor analysis transformed into a cluster analysis. The findings are based on empirical data ot the current state of the digitalization level of the small farms in the Pazardzhik and the level of transition to smart agriculture. Examintion of their ability to adapt Vulnerably Smart Agriculture (VSA) and Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) are presented. This article analyzes the main challenges faced by small farms in their transition to smart agriculture, drawing on actual field research done among 30 smallholder farms with an annual production of less than €9000. The empirical data shed light on the distinct weaknesses and technological constraints of small producers, demonstrating how smart agriculture may help to be tailored – not only technologically, but also socially and economically – to their respective environments. The incorporation of CSA and VSA into these systems provides a new theoretical and practical paradigm for developing resilience at the micro level. This includes not just lowering emissions and improving yields, but also promoting livelihood diversification, off-farm revenue creation, and locally specific adaption techniques. As global climate threats increase, understanding the circumstances under which smallholders might move to more resilient systems becomes crucial to long-term food security. This article was financially supported by thе UNWE Research Programme (Research Grant No. NID NI-5/2024/А).

Governance for Food Waste Reduction

Governance for Food Waste Reduction
(Governance for Food Waste Reduction)

Author(s):Dimitar Terziev, Toni Mihova
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Economy, Business Economy / Management, Energy and Environmental Studies, Governance
Page Range:103-114
No. of Pages:12
Keywords:food waste; governance; startup
Summary/Abstract:The waste of already produced food is one of the obvious and disquieting characteristics of modern society. The numbers are truly staggering. The FAO estimates that the world’s annual food losses are over one billion tons (nearly 20% of global food production). At the same time, about 783 million people in the world suffer from chronic hunger. And that’s not all. UNEP research shows that food production, transportation and disposal are responsible for 8–10% of global greenhouse gas emissions annually. The problem came in scene in the last few decades. Big is the number of various initiatives to change positively this picture. Many of them are not effective despite of huge invested money (mainly public). The reason is not in the lack of efficiency in such activities. Although few in number, successful projects in this area prove that achieving economic efficiency is possible. The wrong choice of governance mode is the real cause of numerous failures. The goal of our study is to analyze how appropriate are the known governance modes in the case of food waste. It is a comparative study, conducted by application of institutional approach – Discrete Structural Analysis. We do believe this study could contribute in both theoretical (governance analysis) and practical (development of successful projects) respect.

Manufacturing in Greece and its Development Trend Through the Financing of Subsidized European Programs and Their Impact on the Greek Economy

Manufacturing in Greece and its Development Trend Through the Financing of Subsidized European Programs and Their Impact on the Greek Economy
(Manufacturing in Greece and its Development Trend Through the Financing of Subsidized European Programs and Their Impact on the Greek Economy)

Author(s):Georgios Kyriakopoulos, Dimitrios Petropoulos
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, National Economy, Business Economy / Management, Governance, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:115-121
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:Peloponnese; European programs; manufacturing sector
Summary/Abstract:The European Union plays a very important role in promoting regional development, competitiveness in the Member States, innovation and a range of strategic funding initiatives. Over the last 20 years, the Peloponnese region in Greece has benefited significantly from these programmes, particularly in the manufacturing sector. This work aims to examine the contribution of European programmes to the economic transformation and development of the Peloponnese, focusing on the manufacturing industry in the region. European programmes play a crucial role in the transformation of the manufacturing sector in the Peloponnese region, providing financial support and promoting a culture of innovation and sustainability, where these programmes have enabled significant economic growth. The region continues to benefit from European Union funding and is well positioned to achieve further growth and competitive advantage in the global market. Manufacturing is a key sector in many national economies and contributes to sustainable economic growth. At the same time, it is a sector sensitive to domestic and external shocks that lead to fluctuations in the business cycle. Changes in the economic development of countries have a strong impact on employment, employee compensation and the number of hours worked in the manufacturing industry. One of the main questions in the regional economic literature is why certain economic activities are concentrated in a certain number of regions. This question is also important as cities and regions have experienced structural changes. According to Imbs et al. (2012), the evolution of sectoral specialization at the country level reflects the common dynamics of local and global processes, while structural transformation is associated with systematic changes in the geographical dispersion of activities. In the literature of development economics, countries that are able to diversify from agriculture to manufacturing and services manage structural change as developing countries. Furthermore, when labor and other resources are shifted from less productive to more productive activities, the economy grows. The size and structure of the manufacturing industry, as well as changes in this structure towards knowledge- and technology-intensive activities that create higher value added, have an impact on the rate of industrial growth and sustainable economic growth. They also affect the specialization of production, productivity, competitiveness, quality and volume of exports. Any inefficient operation and reduction in the value added created by a country's manufacturing industry require changes in the production structure. If the changes are effective, they increase both productivity and output, while rapid and properly implemented changes in the structure modify the results and have an impact on basic performance. The main drivers of structural change in the manufacturing industry are investment, innovation, technology, know-how, and efficient use of resources (UNIDO, 2013).

The Cost Control System in Bulgarian Agriculture during the Period 1990 – 2025

The Cost Control System in Bulgarian Agriculture during the Period 1990 – 2025
(The Cost Control System in Bulgarian Agriculture during the Period 1990 – 2025)

Author(s):Ivelina Petkova
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, National Economy, Agriculture, Governance, Economic policy, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development, Accounting - Business Administration, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:123-130
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:cost control; agricultural sector; control system
Summary/Abstract:The agricultural sector in Bulgaria represents a leading economic branch and a structure-defining element of the national economy. Its strategic importance has been consistently maintained throughout the transition to a market economy, the pre-accession period, and under the conditions of European Union membership. The objective of this report is to provide a comprehensive review, analysis, and evaluation of the system of public expenditure control in agriculture during the period 1990–2025, with particular attention to identifying essential trends and strategic directions. Over this timeframe, the agricultural sector has undergone profound transformations, within which several distinct phases can be delineated – ranging from centralized subsidization to the adoption of European mechanisms for management and control closely aligned with the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union. The establishment of the contemporary framework for fiscal oversight and resource allocation in agriculture reflects not only the dynamics of national policy but also the broader processes of reform, convergence, and adaptation inherent in the evolving Common Agricultural Policy of the EU.

Effectiveness of Control in the Agrarian Sector

Effectiveness of Control in the Agrarian Sector
(Effectiveness of Control in the Agrarian Sector)

Author(s):Krasimir Yordanov
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, National Economy, Agriculture, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development, Accounting - Business Administration
Page Range:131-136
No. of Pages:6
Keywords:control; agrarian sector; efficiency; audit
Summary/Abstract:Control in the agricultural sector is a key function of management systems in this field, both at the national level and at the level of individual farms. The sustainability and competitiveness of Bulgarian agriculture depend significantly on the effectiveness of control and its direct influence on risk management in the sector. The effectiveness of control in the agricultural sector is a fundamental factor for transparency and sustainability. It is focused on the transparent distribution and management of public resources, as well as on the detection and limitation of errors, irregularities, and abuses. The effectiveness of control should be considered in two directions. Firstly, the effectiveness of internal control systems in large, medium, and small farms across various sub-sectors. Secondly, the effectiveness of the control system at the national level. The conducted research indicates that control at both levels suffers from various weaknesses and problems. Addressing these is important for compliance with the EU's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). The methodological basis of this study combines an analysis of legal acts and audit reports from the Bulgarian National Audit Office and the European Court of Auditors with a comparative analysis of practices in other countries and an institutional review of the role of control institutions. Therefore, control should not be viewed as a formal administrative activity, but as a strategic factor for stability and predictability in the agricultural sector. Assessing the effectiveness of control in the agricultural sector requires considering both the institutional framework and the cost-benefit ratio of control activities. The problems with the effectiveness of control in this sector are also due to: the influence of private interests on the management of the sector; complex and non-transparent procedures that increase the cost of control; threats to the independence of control institutions; weak coordination between control bodies; non-implementation or partial implementation of recommendations given by control bodies. The analysis of control in the agricultural sector showed that, despite an established institutional framework in Bulgaria, the effectiveness of the control system remains limited due to a combination of institutional fragmentation, staffing weaknesses, lack of digitalization, and insufficient accountability. Effectiveness is necessary for building trust between the state, farmers, and society, and for guaranteeing the successful integration of Bulgaria into the common European framework of agricultural policy. Risk management in the agricultural sector shows that the effectiveness of control systems is not exhausted by technical checks but depends on the institutional environment, transaction costs, and the ability of public authorities to provide timely regulation. The Bulgarian control system in the agricultural sector must adapt to European standards of transparency, digitalization, and accountability to ensure the effective absorption of funds and to accelerate the modernization of agriculture.

Problems in Legalizing the Status of Agricultural Land with Changed Purpose (on the Example of a Survey)

Problems in Legalizing the Status of Agricultural Land with Changed Purpose (on the Example of a Survey)
(Problems in Legalizing the Status of Agricultural Land with Changed Purpose (on the Example of a Survey))

Author(s):Valeri Velkovski
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Economy, Law, Constitution, Jurisprudence, Agriculture, Political Theory, Governance, Public Administration, Politics and law, Administrative Law
Page Range:137-149
No. of Pages:13
Keywords:agricultural lands; purpose; change of purpose; commissions; law; regulations
Summary/Abstract:The change of the purpose of agricultural lands for non-agricultural needs is regulated as a possibility in the Agricultural Land Protection Act and the Regulations for its implementation. The bodies authorized to carry out this technological procedure are Commissions at the Regional Directorates of Agriculture and the Ministry of Agriculture and Food. According to the text of Art. 25, para. 3 of the Agricultural Land Protection Act, a copy of the decision to change the purpose of agricultural lands for non-agricultural needs is sent by the cited commissions to the Municipal Administration at the location of the property and to the relevant geodesy, cartography and cadastre service. In practice and based on the results of the survey, it was found that these procedures are not always carried out in accordance with the cited legal norm. In accordance with Article 25, Paragraphs 1 and 2 of the Agricultural Land Protection Act, a copy of the decision to change the purpose of agricultural land for non-agricultural purposes shall be issued to the applicant upon presentation of a document for a paid fee. A copy of the decision to change the purpose of agricultural land for non-agricultural purposes shall be sent by the relevant commission to the municipal administration at the location of the property and to the relevant geodesy, cartography and cadastre office. The reviewed and cited excerpts from the legal framework concerning this issue (change of purpose of agricultural land for non-agricultural purposes) do not provide an answer to the following several questions relating to the legalization of the changed status of agricultural land after the implementation of the relevant described procedures: Is there a legal obligation for the applicant to take individual actions before the geodesy, cartography and cadastre agency to reflect the new status of the land, which is no longer agricultural; What are the functions of the mayors in the event of a change, to legalize in the relevant registers and development plans the changed status – no longer agricultural, but urbanized; What is the role of the geodesy, cartography and cadastre services for registering, respectively reflecting the changed status of agricultural land in the relevant cadastral registers, etc. This creates a number of problems both in the management of agricultural territories and in the management of urbanized territories and limits the implementation of an effective development policy on agricultural territories.

Development of Rural Areas through Sustainability in Production and Trade in Goods and Products

Development of Rural Areas through Sustainability in Production and Trade in Goods and Products
(Development of Rural Areas through Sustainability in Production and Trade in Goods and Products)

Author(s):Georgi Stanev
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Social Sciences, Economy, Business Economy / Management, Agriculture, Governance, Public Administration, Sociology, Rural and urban sociology, Tourism
Page Range:151-158
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:management organization of the Rila-Pirin tourist area; tourist service; tourist product
Summary/Abstract:In this report, the author wants to raise issues that affect the provision of conditions for increasing the competitiveness of local producers and processors of agricultural products. In order to ensure rapid sales of production, local authorities, in the form of municipalities and regional governments, should take measures primarily in terms of easing the administrative burden, but also in order to shorten the chain producer/processor-end trader (hotel/restaurant/shop)-end customer (tourist). To achieve the goals of managing individual areas, it is necessary to create and maintain a stable connection and communication between state, respectively municipal organizations, private legal entities and individuals. The participation of more stakeholders in the process is in many cases difficult to coordinate and manage, but it is a guarantee that the discussed problems will reach a wider circle of users, more key issues will be raised and the probability of reaching a solution is many times greater. The role of the state, not only in taking action in connection with the relevant legislative changes in the field, but also as a controller, is key to supporting local producers/processors. It is through its role as a body controlling the processes and at the same time – a mediator in relation to disputes and misunderstandings that the state can and should contribute to the sustainable development of the sector. The Tourism Act allows tourist areas to be managed by organizations that are voluntary and are subject to the principle of cooperation in the interest of the members. The texts set out in the law largely give relatively broad autonomy to the organizations for managing tourist areas. At the same time, however, the state – in the person of the Ministry of Tourism, limits this autonomy by taking away some of the main functions – development and implementation of a marketing strategy for the tourist area, development and implementation of a tourism development strategy, product strategies and annual plans for tourism development on the territory of the tourist area, etc. The essential role that the organizations for managing tourist areas should have in the process of imposing quality standards for the produced products, in the mediation between the state/municipalities and private organizations – mainly producers of goods and offering services in the field of tourism, is being undermined. The lack of a clear concept regarding the financing of the organizations for managing tourist areas, including the determination of annual contributions by the state for the maintenance and operation of these organizations, calls into question their existence, and hence the future of the mediation activity that they must perform in the development of tourism in the respective region.

European Challenges for Agriculture and Food

European Challenges for Agriculture and Food
(European Challenges for Agriculture and Food)

Author(s):Iliyana Krasteva
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, Business Economy / Management, Agriculture, Governance, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:159-166
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:agri-food sector; agriculture; food; challenges; sustainability
Summary/Abstract:Human existence depends to a large extent on a continuous supply of food from a well-functioning natural environment. This is achieved through a sustainable agri-food sector producing diverse and high-quality foods. Although agriculture and food continue to be a priority for the economy, they are undergoing rapid change due to climate change, pollution and biodiversity loss. Growing political and economic tensions worldwide are further intensifying the challenges facing European farmers and all actors in the agri-food chain. More than ever, a new vision and decisive action are needed to address these challenges. The transition must be directed towards more resilient, sustainable, competitive, profitable and equitable agri-food systems. Building an economically, socially and ecologically balanced system involves optimizing benefits in terms of sustainability, resilience, profitability and a responsible attitude of all actors along the chain, together with the rural community, citizens and local institutions. The future of the agri-food sector is built on several priority areas related to simplifying the regulatory framework that impacts farmers and the entire value chain, and innovations that offer effective solutions for a faster transition to a sustainable transition. This report aims to outline the European challenges for the future development of agriculture and food. In this regard, to achieve the set goal, a general review of the literature is carried out, European and strategic documents related to the vision for agriculture and food are analyzed in connection with the construction of a future European food and beverage sector. This is crucial for ensuring sustainable European agriculture and food security, supporting and stabilizing farmers' incomes, creating opportunities for fair living and working conditions and encouraging young people to develop entrepreneurial activity in rural areas. As a result of the research conducted, it was found that the new vision for agriculture and food outlined in four main priority areas is of key importance for achieving long-term competitiveness and sustainability of the sector, making it significant for the European economy. The application of research and innovation in agriculture will undoubtedly lead to increased sustainability and efficiency of European farms in rural areas.

Agricultural Activities as a Source of Air Pollution

Agricultural Activities as a Source of Air Pollution
(Agricultural Activities as a Source of Air Pollution)

Author(s):Anton Krastev
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, Agriculture, Energy and Environmental Studies
Page Range:167-176
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:agricultural sector; pollution; air quality
Summary/Abstract:The problem of air pollution has many dimensions and causes. On the one hand, air pollution is caused by natural phenomena such as volcanoes, sandstorms, etc., and on the other hand, part of the pollution is caused by human activity. The agricultural sector is the basis for feeding the population on the one hand, but on the other hand, the development of agricultural activities has negative consequences on the quality of atmospheric air. In fact, emissions from agricultural activities are considered one of the main causes of air pollution worldwide, which is known to harm both the environment and human health. Livestock and crop farming activities, through the use of pesticides and fertilizers, plowing, harrowing, burning biomass for energy and stubble, cultivation, sowing, harvesting, threshing, and grain processing, are examples of agricultural activities that are associated with the release of pollutants into the air, in particular particulate matter (PM), ammonia (NH3), methane (CH4), and carbon dioxide (CO2), which are often used as a proxy for all pollutants generated by intensive agricultural activities. The main reason for the impact of the agricultural sector on air quality is the increase in the world population and the need for continuous development of the food sector, which in turn leads to excessive agricultural activities that have a negative impact on the atmosphere. The aim of the publication is to track and analyze changes related to air quality caused by agricultural activities. The thesis that, in addition to being a major polluter of atmospheric air, the agricultural sector is also seriously affected by air pollution will also be examined. The publication includes the following sections: Theoretical overview of the fundamental links between air pollution and the agricultural sector; Analysis of the situation in the country regarding air pollution from agricultural activities 3) Identification of possible good practices that would have a beneficial effect on pollution levels. Based on the information collected, key findings and conclusions will be proposed.

Challenges for Sustainable Blue Economy Development in Bulgaria

Challenges for Sustainable Blue Economy Development in Bulgaria
(Challenges for Sustainable Blue Economy Development in Bulgaria)

Author(s):Atanaska Nikolova
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, National Economy, Business Economy / Management, Governance, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development, Green Transformation
Page Range:177-193
No. of Pages:17
Keywords:blue economy; sustainable development; governance; PESTEL-G analysis
Summary/Abstract:Bulgarian Blue Economy represents a critical strategic opportunity for national economic diversification, coastal resilience, and sustainable resource management in the context of the EU Green Deal. This report presents a comprehensive analysis of the key challenges that sustainable development of Bulgarian Blue Economy is facing, employing the PESTEL-G framework (Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental, Legal, and Geopolitical factors). The seven dimensions of PESTEL-G framework are further segregated to contextual factors and evaluated using a qualitative document-based methods. Findings from the analysis reveal persistent structural weaknesses: fragmented governance, underinvestment in innovation and infrastructure, skill mismatches, and weak enforcement of marine environmental legislation. The pollution, loss of biodiversity and deterioration of the quality of the natural ecosystems represent serious challenges for sectors of blue economy. Limited human capital and undeveloped workforce skills in combination with difficult access to innovative technologies and insufficient direct and indirect support for business R&D, are serious obstacles for digital and green transformation of companies from Blue economy sectors. Identified institutional, environmental, and technological barriers limit the country’s ability to capitalize on sustainable blue growth. Sectors such as maritime transport, aquaculture, fisheries, coastal tourism, and offshore renewable energy all exhibit varying degrees of exposure to these multidimensional challenges. Additionally, Bulgaria’s maritime sectors remain vulnerable to geopolitical instability in the Black Sea region, with the Russian-Ukrainian conflict reshaping regional trade and security dynamics. To address the major barriers to sustainable blue economic development in Bulgaria, the report recommends enhanced coordination between ministries and local authorities and establishment of cross-sectoral governance, strengthening of the institutional capacity, targeted public and private investment in coastal infrastructure and innovation, strengthening of vocational training and stakeholder engagement, accelerated implementation of marine spatial planning, and geopolitical risk-mitigation strategies.

Barries and Opportunities for the Development of Social Entrepreneurship in Bulgaria

Barries and Opportunities for the Development of Social Entrepreneurship in Bulgaria
(Barries and Opportunities for the Development of Social Entrepreneurship in Bulgaria)

Author(s):Kamelia Kaloyanova
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences, Economy, National Economy, Business Economy / Management, Sociology, Social development, Economic development, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:195-205
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:social enterprises; challenges; development; promotion
Summary/Abstract:The aim of this paper is to examine the evolution of Bulgaria’s social economy and social entrepreneurship over the past fifteen years through a review of the literature, analysis of available statistics on social enterprises, and a comparative perspective with developments in other European countries, with Italy as a reference case. Based on that, proposals for the growth, encouragement, and advancement of social entrepreneurship will be made, along with an identification of the obstacles and problems that social entrepreneurship faces in Bulgaria. The social economy offers an alternative for achieving intelligent, sustainable and socially responsible economic growth, focused on people and social cohesion. They represent an innovative business model that has potential to significantly transform economic and social conditions. In recent years, new trends have been observed related to the development of the circular and shared economy, which create additional opportunities for the growth of social enterprises in Europe, as well in Bulgaria. The study’s analytical component employs a structured desk-based methodology to map the evolution of social entrepreneurship in Bulgaria and to diagnose binding constraints. First, it conducts a longitudinal review of institutional, strategic, and regulatory documents over the past 15 years to trace policy design and implementation consistency. Second, it undertakes a descriptive analysis of national and EU statistical sources on social enterprises (e.g., number, sectors, size, employment, and financing patterns). Third, it synthesizes findings from peer-reviewed literature and policy reports through thematic coding to triangulate evidence. Finally, it benchmarks Bulgaria against selected EU comparators (with attention to Italy) to contextualize national trends. This approach enables the identification of persistent challenges – regulatory instability, insufficient mainstreaming of social entrepreneurship within broader economic and social policy, limited access to finance, and the absence of tax and related incentives. Bulgaria’s social entrepreneurship has grown over 15 years but still faces regulatory instability, weak policy integration, scarce finance and tax incentives, low public awareness, and a fragmented ecosystem. Drawing on Italy’s mature model, the study recommends stabilizing regulation, mainstreaming the field in public policy, expanding finance and fiscal incentives, boosting outreach, strengthening cross-sector partnerships, and diversifying – especially via circular/sharing-economy opportunities in agriculture and ecology.

Policy, Performance, and Gaps: Waste Management under Bulgaria’s Operational Programme “Environment”

Policy, Performance, and Gaps: Waste Management under Bulgaria’s Operational Programme “Environment”
(Policy, Performance, and Gaps: Waste Management under Bulgaria’s Operational Programme “Environment”)

Author(s):Gergana Grozdanova-Dzhoykeva
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, National Economy, Business Economy / Management, Energy and Environmental Studies, Governance, Environmental and Energy policy
Page Range:207-223
No. of Pages:17
Keywords:environment; waste management; operational programme
Summary/Abstract:Environmental protection is a top issue for all countries. In Bulgaria, a number of programs, projects, and initiatives are being conducted to reduce the environmental effect of human activities. Waste regulations in the European Union serve as both environmental tools and strategic levers for attaining climate neutrality, resource efficiency, and green economic transformation. In this respect, Bulgaria's Operational Programme “Environment” (OPE) is an important national tool for harmonizing waste policy with EU environmental regulations. Given the increased social and legislative emphasis on decreasing environmental harm through better waste governance, this article presents a current and relevant assessment of how OPE has helped Bulgaria advance in the waste management sector. It closes a significant vacuum in the literature by providing a thorough, datadriven analysis of the program's effects, problems, and limits, as well as proposing priority areas for policy and operational development over the 2021–2027 programming term. This article examines the Operational Programme “Environment” (OPE)'s ability to enhance environmental protection, with a particular emphasis on waste management programs.To attain this goal, the following research tasks are completed: A literature analysis of current advancements in the waste management component of the OPE; An examination of the types and structures of waste produced in Bulgaria; An assessment of waste-related projects funded by the OPE. The analysis is based on official statistics data and uses both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies. The findings will be used to propose ideas for increasing the program's efficacy, as well as to highlight critical weaknesses in its present performance.

Soil Health: Definitions, Criteriaand Economic Dimensions in the European Context

Soil Health: Definitions, Criteriaand Economic Dimensions in the European Context
(Soil Health: Definitions, Criteriaand Economic Dimensions in the European Context)

Author(s):Sofi-Nikol Petrova
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics, Economy, Agriculture, Energy and Environmental Studies, Environmental and Energy policy, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:215-223
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:soil health; soil health indicators
Summary/Abstract:This report provides a comprehensive overview of the concept of “soil health,” examining its historical evolution, contemporary scientific definitions, key assessment criteria, and economic dimensions within the European Union. Through a structured literature review and analysis of major EU policy documents – including the EU Soil Strategy for 2030, the Farm to Fork Strategy, the Soil Monitoring Law, and the Soil Deal for Europe – the study traces how the understanding of soil health has shifted from a narrow focus on soil fertility toward a multidisciplinary concept that integrates biological, physical, chemical, ecological, and socio-economic perspectives. Historically, soil health was assessed primarily through physical and chemical properties, with particular emphasis on soil fertility and humus content. By the 1930s, biological characteristics such as vegetation, organic matter, and microbial communities became central to the concept. Modern definitions by FAO and international researchers conceptualize soil as a “living system,” whose continued capacity to function determines its health. This includes the ability to sustain plant and animal productivity, maintain or improve water and air quality, regulate nutrient and hydrological cycles, and support biodiversity. European policy frameworks expand this understanding, highlighting soil as a key actor in climate regulation, carbon sequestration, food security, and the resilience of ecosystems and economies. The report reviews the principal groups of soil health indicators – chemical, physical, and biological – and discusses the persistent challenges of establishing harmonized monitoring systems across the EU. European soils are highly diverse, spanning multiple climatic zones, soil types, and land-use practices, which complicates the definition of uniform threshold values. According to the European Environment Agency, coherent assessment requires integrated indicator sets, functional thresholds, and standardized sampling methods. The proposed Soil Monitoring Law aims to address these gaps by setting common criteria, harmonized methodologies, and mandatory monitoring across Member States. From an economic perspective, the report emphasizes that soil health functions both as a private asset and a public good. Healthy soils generate direct economic benefits by improving crop yields, reducing input costs, increasing land value, and enhancing resilience to climate extremes. Indirectly, they provide essential ecosystem services – including carbon storage, water purification, flood mitigation, and biodiversity conservation – that are not reflected in traditional markets but carry substantial societal value. Conversely, soil degradation imposes significant economic losses, estimated at tens of billions of euros annually in the EU, through reduced productivity, environmental remediation costs, and increased vulnerability to climate risks. The report concludes that maintaining soil health requires integrated scientific knowledge, effective policy implementation, and broad societal engagement. Expanding harmonized monitoring, strengthening advisory services and knowledge transfer, and increasing public awareness are essential steps toward achieving the EU’s soil health goals for 2030 and ensuring long-term ecological and economic sustainability.

Environmental Sustainability Through Social Economy and Eco-Innovation

Environmental Sustainability Through Social Economy and Eco-Innovation
(Environmental Sustainability Through Social Economy and Eco-Innovation)

Author(s):Gergana Grozdanova-Dzhoykeva, Kamelia Kaloyanova
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, Business Economy / Management, Energy and Environmental Studies, Sociology, Economic policy, Human Ecology, Economic development
Page Range:225-235
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:social economy; environment; eco-innovation
Summary/Abstract:The aim of this paper is to examine how social economy and eco-innovations jointly contribute to sustainable development by implementing in practice the balance between economic growth, social inclusion, and environmental protection. Building upon the classical and neoclassical economic roots of sustainability and the “triple bottom line” framework, it conceptualizes sustainable development as dependent on the integrated viability of the three pillars – environmental, social, and economic. It also recognizes the growing relevance of strong sustainability, which rejects the substitution of natural capital by other forms of capital. The study situates this discussion within the evolution of the global sustainability agenda from the Brundtland Report and The Limits to Growth to the Millennium Development Goals and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. It also puts and emphasis on the universal, interdependent character of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the European Union’s leading role in their implementation. The methodology used combines a theoretical overview with a review of regulatory and strategic frameworks, as well as illustrative case studies of international and Bulgarian social enterprises. The approach is mixed but primarily is qualitative and is used to explore how eco-innovative and socially oriented business models translate normative sustainability principles into practice. Particular attention is paid to the definitions, types, and mechanisms of eco-innovation, highlighting their role in reducing environmental impacts, enhancing resource efficiency, and reshaping innovation systems toward long-term resilience. The findings demonstrate that innovation, and especially eco-innovation is a critical catalyst of sustainable transitions through renewable energy, circular economy solutions, sustainable agriculture, and smart technologies that lower transition costs while preserving competitiveness and generate green jobs. Simultaneously, organizations in the social economy demonstrate how enterprises can prioritize collective well-being, empowerment of vulnerable groups, and reduction of power imbalances, while remaining financially viable. The synergy between social economy and eco-innovations emerges as a powerful driver for localized, inclusive pathways to achieving the SDGs. The study identifies persistent structural barriers that include limited access to finance and technology, capacity gaps, fragmented policy support, and global socio-economic inequalities that limit the spread and upscaling of such models. The paper concludes that realizing the transformative potential of eco-innovation and the social economy requires coherent public policies, strategic partnerships among state, market, and civil society, and the mainstreaming of environmental and social criteria into business models. Their convergence offers a concrete, practicable route toward a more equitable, competitive, and ecologically responsible development paradigm.

Instruments for Managing Price Risk in Grain Markets

Instruments for Managing Price Risk in Grain Markets
(Instruments for Managing Price Risk in Grain Markets)

Author(s):Plamen Penev
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, Business Economy / Management, Agriculture
Page Range:237-249
No. of Pages:13
Keywords:futures markets; price risk; derivates; hedging tools
Summary/Abstract:Price risk management in the grain market is a fundamental component of economic stability within the agricultural sector. Given the exposure of grain producers, traders, and processors to fluctuations in global and domestic prices, effective risk management strategies are essential to ensure income predictability and financial resilience. This report analyses the principal instruments used to manage price risk in grain markets, focusing on forwards, futures, options, swaps, and insurance schemes. Each instrument is examined in terms of its structure, operational mechanisms, advantages, and limitations, as well as its suitability under different market and institutional conditions. The study explores how forwards and futures contracts allow market participants to lock in prices and reduce exposure to unfavourable movements, while options provide greater flexibility by offering the right, but not the obligation, to trade at predetermined prices. Swaps are discussed as tools for more complex or long-term hedging arrangements, particularly in contexts where counterparties seek to exchange floating and fixed price exposures. In addition, the role of crop insurance and revenue insurance programs is assessed as complementary instruments that protect against both price and yield variability. The study indicates that the performance of price risk management instruments varies across regions and market structures. Factors such as market depth, transaction costs, access to credit, and the transparency of pricing mechanisms significantly affect their efficiency. In developing or thinly traded markets, limited liquidity and high margins may restrict participation, reducing the effectiveness of derivative-based strategies. Conversely, well-developed markets with active exchanges and robust regulatory oversight tend to offer more reliable hedging opportunities. The report further notes that successful application often depends on the user’s financial capacity, managerial skills, and ability to interpret market signals, underscoring the importance of education and institutional support in enhancing the practical use of risk management instruments. The findings underscore that optimal price risk management in grain markets requires not only technical knowledge of available instruments but also an understanding of broader market dynamics and policy environments. Effective implementation depends on the alignment of risk management strategies with business objectives, cost structures, and the timing of market participation. Overall, the study contributes to the discussion on improving resilience in the agricultural value chain by demonstrating how a well-designed mix of price risk management instruments can reduce income volatility, support investment decisions, and enhance the long-term sustainability of grain sector enterprises.

Impact Analysis of the Local Action Group “LAG – Lom” on Rural Development in Northwestern Bulgaria

Impact Analysis of the Local Action Group “LAG – Lom” on Rural Development in Northwestern Bulgaria
(Impact Analysis of the Local Action Group “LAG – Lom” on Rural Development in Northwestern Bulgaria)

Author(s):Adelina Angelova
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, Business Economy / Management, Micro-Economics
Page Range:251-266
No. of Pages:16
Keywords:Local Action Group (LAG); LEADER approach; Community-Led Local Development (CLLD); rural areas; sustainable development
Summary/Abstract:The purpose of this report is to analyze the impact of the Local Action Group (LAG) – Lom as a successful model for implementing the Community-Led Local Development (CLLD) approach in the context of sustainable rural development. The selection of LAG Lom as the subject of this study is based on the fact that the Northwestern Planning Region is one of the least socio-economically developed regions not only in Bulgaria but also within the European Union. This region is characterized by extremely unfavorable demographic trends, while at the same time possessing a rich variety of natural resources. These contrasting features prompted our interest in exploring the influence of the LAG’s activities on harnessing local potential and improving the living standards of the local population. Understanding the trends and intensity of ongoing processes is of particular importance for revealing regional development disparities and for identifying the need for appropriate measures to reduce and mitigate them. In this context, the report presents an analysis of the activities of LAG – Lom, identifying several key achievements, including the promotion of entrepreneurship, diversification of the local economy, and activation of social capital. It has been established that innovative aspects in the management and implementation of the CLLD Strategy – such as new forms of partnership, digitalization, and support for social entrepreneurship – contribute to greater competitiveness and social cohesion. The use of a SWOT analysis to outline the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and potential threats during the previous programming period (2014-2020) helped minimize challenges, although it did not eliminate them entirely. These challenges are generally linked to external factors that hinder the development of LAG – Lom. The preparation of the new Strategy for the 2025–2029 period builds upon accumulated experience, newly acquired knowledge, and competencies, with the clear aim of enhancing the organization's capacity for future initiatives. Thus, the implementation of the CLLD approach in the territory of Lom Municipality demonstrates the high potential of local communities to act as active agents of change and provides a solid foundation for achieving strong results by the end of the current programming period (2025-2029), with promising prospects for sustainable growth and innovative rural development.

Trends in Feed Consumption Patterns in Bulgaria’s Livestock Sector: a Decade of Change

Trends in Feed Consumption Patterns in Bulgaria’s Livestock Sector: a Decade of Change
(Trends in Feed Consumption Patterns in Bulgaria’s Livestock Sector: a Decade of Change)

Author(s):Silvia Krasteva
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Agriculture, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:267-273
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:animal feed consumption; distribution channels; supply chains
Summary/Abstract:The manufacturing of animal feed is an essential component for maintaining livestock husbandry and it has a long tradition in Bulgaria. A sizable amount of the feed used in Bulgarian farms is produced locally, allowing for some self-sufficiency and lowering reliance on outside sources. Nonetheless, premium, industrially produced feed that has been enhanced with vital vitamins, minerals, and amino acids makes up the majority of feed used in commercial livestock operations. The main aim of the paper is to propose a trends in the feed consumtion pattern in livestock. The tasks are to 1) categorize the main kinds of animal feed that are sold in Bulgaria and assess their unique uses for different kinds of animals; 2) to track the shifts in feed supply distribution routes and analyze the evolution of market access, supply chain logistics, and retail behaviors over the last ten years; 3) to evaluate changes in feed preferences, demand trends, and buying habits depending on farm size, production intensity, and economic considerations by conducting a field-based study of livestock farms. The study integrates primary empirical insights obtained from livestock farmers via structured surveys and interviews with secondary data analysis.

Sustainable Food Products

Sustainable Food Products
(Sustainable Food Products)

Author(s):Rangel Matanski
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, Business Economy / Management, Agriculture, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development
Page Range:275-286
No. of Pages:12
Keywords:sustainable food; food security; EU policies; value chain; consumer behavior
Summary/Abstract:Sustainable food products are a key component of food security in the context of climate change, biodiversity loss, rural depopulation, and the growing need to produce sufficient quantities of nutritious food. They form the foundation for the sustainable use of ecosystems for food production, ensuring the availability of resources for present and future generations. The purpose of this study is to systematize scientific definitions and indicators of food product sustainability through a review of current literature and official documents of international organizations at the European level. The methodological approach is based on an analytical review of scientific publications and strategic documents issued by FAO, OECD, and the EU. The scope of the review includes the four main pillars of sustainability – environmental, economic, social, and cultural – and examines their manifestation across different segments of the food value chain. Source selection criteria include relevance, scientific credibility, and applicability to the European context. The review also considers policy instruments and consumer behavior as key drivers of sustainability, with particular attention to EU strategies such as Farm to Fork and the European Green Deal. The results indicate that sustainability in food products is a multidimensional concept integrating ecological objectives (reducing carbon footprint, preserving biodiversity), economic aspects (profitability, market access, and fair value distribution), social dimensions (equity, healthy nutrition, and protection of farmers’ rights), and cultural elements (preservation of traditions and local products). The study highlights the role of consumer demand and policy frameworks – ranging from eco-labeling and marketing strategies to legislative initiatives – in promoting sustainable consumption and production. Evidence from literature suggests that consumers are willing to pay a premium for sustainable products, creating opportunities for market-driven sustainability alongside regulatory measures. Practical implications include the need for transparent labeling systems, incentives for organic farming, and support for short supply chains to strengthen rural economies. The discussion proposes a working definition of a sustainable food product as one whose characteristics contribute to achieving long-term EU objectives, provide added value to consumers, and can be leveraged as a tool for both policy implementation and marketing strategies. The conclusion emphasizes the need for an integrated approach that balances environmental, economic, and social goals to avoid unintended consequences, such as those observed in recent farmer protests against overly ambitious green policies. Sustainable solutions can be enforced through regulations or encouraged through informed consumer choices, but their adoption is essential to safeguard food security for future generations.

Sustainability Assurance under CSRD: Evaluating Audit Firms’ Readiness and Methodological Approaches

Sustainability Assurance under CSRD: Evaluating Audit Firms’ Readiness and Methodological Approaches
(Sustainability Assurance under CSRD: Evaluating Audit Firms’ Readiness and Methodological Approaches)

Author(s):Nikoleta Stoykova
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, Business Economy / Management, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development, Accounting - Business Administration
Page Range:287-298
No. of Pages:12
Keywords:CSRD; ESRS; ISSA 5000; sustainability assurance; audit readiness
Summary/Abstract:This paper assesses the preparedness of European audit firms to deliver sustainability assurance in accordance with the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) and the initial European Sustainability Reporting Standards (ESRS). The CSRD broadens the requirements for corporate sustainability reporting by mandating a sustainability statement within the management report, which must undergo external assurance. Currently, this assurance is limited in scope, with discussions ongoing regarding a shift to reasonable assurance. The International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (ISSA 5000) and the Committee of European Auditing Oversight Bodies (CEAOB) have issued guidance to promote consistent practices across European jurisdictions. This study employs a comparative documentary review covering the period 2022 to 2025, drawing on three primary sources: European Union legal and regulatory documents (including the CSRD, ESRS, Commission Frequently Asked Questions, and 2025 Omnibus proposals), professional and supervisory guidance (such as ISSA 5000, CEAOB Guidelines, and Accountancy Europe publications), and market evidence from transparency reports and practitioner literature. The analysis categorizes documents into five areas: regulatory alignments, while smaller firms face significant capacity gaps in data quality, controls, and specialist expertise. The findings indicate alignment among firms regarding risk-based limited-assurance processes, especially in materiality assessment, value-chain evidence collection, and data lineage tracking. Firms are increasingly utilizing structured tools, including scoping matrices, materiality logs, and lineage checklists. Nonetheless, significant differences remain in the implementation of double materiality, the reliability of value-chain estimates, the preparation of forward-looking disclosures such as transition plans and scenario analyses, and the development of internal controls. Large audit networks and jurisdictions with numerous public-interest entities demonstrate greater readiness, whereas smaller firms experience substantial gaps in data quality, internal controls, and specialized expertise. The Bulgarian context offers further perspective. National legislation and official guidance specify the required location of the sustainability statement and delineate responsibilities between management and assurance providers. Transparency reports indicate the existence of effective quality management systems and independence safeguards. However, there is limited availability of sustainability-focused training and practical engagement experience. These challenges reflect broader European Union issues related to inconsistent capacity and knowledge gaps. The study identifies several practical measures to enhance assurance readiness, including the development of audit-ready materiality documentation, establishment of evidence hierarchies for value-chain data, implementation of data lineage controls, targeted competence building for environmental, social, and governance (ESG) specialists, and the articulation of clearer scope narratives. Persistent risks include fragmented data, regulatory uncertainty, and excessive reliance on automation. The analysis is constrained by its dependence on publicly available sources and the absence of access to engagement files. Future research should examine live assurance engagements, monitor developments from 2025 to 2028, and analyse report content to standardize scope narratives and clarify inherent limitations.

Digitalization of Rural Areas – Opportunities and Perspectives

Digitalization of Rural Areas – Opportunities and Perspectives (Digitalization of Rural Areas – Opportunities and Perspectives)

The Impact of Public Support on the Economic Performance of Field Crop Farms in Bulgaria

The Impact of Public Support on the Economic Performance of Field Crop Farms in Bulgaria (The Impact of Public Support on the Economic Performance of Field Crop Farms in Bulgaria)

Direct Sales as a Tool to Preserve High Nature Value Grasslands

Direct Sales as a Tool to Preserve High Nature Value Grasslands (Direct Sales as a Tool to Preserve High Nature Value Grasslands)

Organizational Structural Changes in Agriculture in Poland and Bulgaria: a Comparative Analysis

Organizational Structural Changes in Agriculture in Poland and Bulgaria: a Comparative Analysis (Organizational Structural Changes in Agriculture in Poland and Bulgaria: a Comparative Analysis)

Water Use in Bulgaria by Economic Sectors – Trends and Efficiency Analysis

Water Use in Bulgaria by Economic Sectors – Trends and Efficiency Analysis (Water Use in Bulgaria by Economic Sectors – Trends and Efficiency Analysis)

Mechanisms and Interventions for Sustainable and Competitive Agriculture in Implementation of the Objectives of the New CAP 2023–2027 – Institutional Support and Strategic Priorities

Interconnected Systems for Resilience in Smallholder Agriculture: Climate-Smart and Vulnerably Smart Approaches

Interconnected Systems for Resilience in Smallholder Agriculture: Climate-Smart and Vulnerably Smart Approaches (Interconnected Systems for Resilience in Smallholder Agriculture: Climate-Smart and Vulnerably Smart Approaches)

Governance for Food Waste Reduction

Governance for Food Waste Reduction (Governance for Food Waste Reduction)

Manufacturing in Greece and its Development Trend Through the Financing of Subsidized European Programs and Their Impact on the Greek Economy

Manufacturing in Greece and its Development Trend Through the Financing of Subsidized European Programs and Their Impact on the Greek Economy (Manufacturing in Greece and its Development Trend Through the Financing of Subsidized European Programs and Their Impact on the Greek Economy)

The Cost Control System in Bulgarian Agriculture during the Period 1990 – 2025

The Cost Control System in Bulgarian Agriculture during the Period 1990 – 2025 (The Cost Control System in Bulgarian Agriculture during the Period 1990 – 2025)

Effectiveness of Control in the Agrarian Sector

Effectiveness of Control in the Agrarian Sector (Effectiveness of Control in the Agrarian Sector)

Problems in Legalizing the Status of Agricultural Land with Changed Purpose (on the Example of a Survey)

Problems in Legalizing the Status of Agricultural Land with Changed Purpose (on the Example of a Survey) (Problems in Legalizing the Status of Agricultural Land with Changed Purpose (on the Example of a Survey))

Development of Rural Areas through Sustainability in Production and Trade in Goods and Products

Development of Rural Areas through Sustainability in Production and Trade in Goods and Products (Development of Rural Areas through Sustainability in Production and Trade in Goods and Products)

European Challenges for Agriculture and Food

European Challenges for Agriculture and Food (European Challenges for Agriculture and Food)

Agricultural Activities as a Source of Air Pollution

Agricultural Activities as a Source of Air Pollution (Agricultural Activities as a Source of Air Pollution)

Challenges for Sustainable Blue Economy Development in Bulgaria

Challenges for Sustainable Blue Economy Development in Bulgaria (Challenges for Sustainable Blue Economy Development in Bulgaria)

Barries and Opportunities for the Development of Social Entrepreneurship in Bulgaria

Barries and Opportunities for the Development of Social Entrepreneurship in Bulgaria (Barries and Opportunities for the Development of Social Entrepreneurship in Bulgaria)

Policy, Performance, and Gaps: Waste Management under Bulgaria’s Operational Programme “Environment”

Policy, Performance, and Gaps: Waste Management under Bulgaria’s Operational Programme “Environment” (Policy, Performance, and Gaps: Waste Management under Bulgaria’s Operational Programme “Environment”)

Soil Health: Definitions, Criteriaand Economic Dimensions in the European Context

Soil Health: Definitions, Criteriaand Economic Dimensions in the European Context (Soil Health: Definitions, Criteriaand Economic Dimensions in the European Context)

Environmental Sustainability Through Social Economy and Eco-Innovation

Environmental Sustainability Through Social Economy and Eco-Innovation (Environmental Sustainability Through Social Economy and Eco-Innovation)

Instruments for Managing Price Risk in Grain Markets

Instruments for Managing Price Risk in Grain Markets (Instruments for Managing Price Risk in Grain Markets)

Impact Analysis of the Local Action Group “LAG – Lom” on Rural Development in Northwestern Bulgaria

Impact Analysis of the Local Action Group “LAG – Lom” on Rural Development in Northwestern Bulgaria (Impact Analysis of the Local Action Group “LAG – Lom” on Rural Development in Northwestern Bulgaria)

Trends in Feed Consumption Patterns in Bulgaria’s Livestock Sector: a Decade of Change

Trends in Feed Consumption Patterns in Bulgaria’s Livestock Sector: a Decade of Change (Trends in Feed Consumption Patterns in Bulgaria’s Livestock Sector: a Decade of Change)

Sustainable Food Products

Sustainable Food Products (Sustainable Food Products)

Sustainability Assurance under CSRD: Evaluating Audit Firms’ Readiness and Methodological Approaches

Sustainability Assurance under CSRD: Evaluating Audit Firms’ Readiness and Methodological Approaches (Sustainability Assurance under CSRD: Evaluating Audit Firms’ Readiness and Methodological Approaches)

Digitalization of Rural Areas – Opportunities and Perspectives
(Digitalization of Rural Areas – Opportunities and Perspectives)

The Impact of Public Support on the Economic Performance of Field Crop Farms in Bulgaria
(The Impact of Public Support on the Economic Performance of Field Crop Farms in Bulgaria)

Direct Sales as a Tool to Preserve High Nature Value Grasslands
(Direct Sales as a Tool to Preserve High Nature Value Grasslands)

Organizational Structural Changes in Agriculture in Poland and Bulgaria: a Comparative Analysis
(Organizational Structural Changes in Agriculture in Poland and Bulgaria: a Comparative Analysis)

Water Use in Bulgaria by Economic Sectors – Trends and Efficiency Analysis
(Water Use in Bulgaria by Economic Sectors – Trends and Efficiency Analysis)

Interconnected Systems for Resilience in Smallholder Agriculture: Climate-Smart and Vulnerably Smart Approaches
(Interconnected Systems for Resilience in Smallholder Agriculture: Climate-Smart and Vulnerably Smart Approaches)

Governance for Food Waste Reduction
(Governance for Food Waste Reduction)

Manufacturing in Greece and its Development Trend Through the Financing of Subsidized European Programs and Their Impact on the Greek Economy
(Manufacturing in Greece and its Development Trend Through the Financing of Subsidized European Programs and Their Impact on the Greek Economy)

The Cost Control System in Bulgarian Agriculture during the Period 1990 – 2025
(The Cost Control System in Bulgarian Agriculture during the Period 1990 – 2025)

Effectiveness of Control in the Agrarian Sector
(Effectiveness of Control in the Agrarian Sector)

Problems in Legalizing the Status of Agricultural Land with Changed Purpose (on the Example of a Survey)
(Problems in Legalizing the Status of Agricultural Land with Changed Purpose (on the Example of a Survey))

Development of Rural Areas through Sustainability in Production and Trade in Goods and Products
(Development of Rural Areas through Sustainability in Production and Trade in Goods and Products)

European Challenges for Agriculture and Food
(European Challenges for Agriculture and Food)

Agricultural Activities as a Source of Air Pollution
(Agricultural Activities as a Source of Air Pollution)

Challenges for Sustainable Blue Economy Development in Bulgaria
(Challenges for Sustainable Blue Economy Development in Bulgaria)

Barries and Opportunities for the Development of Social Entrepreneurship in Bulgaria
(Barries and Opportunities for the Development of Social Entrepreneurship in Bulgaria)

Policy, Performance, and Gaps: Waste Management under Bulgaria’s Operational Programme “Environment”
(Policy, Performance, and Gaps: Waste Management under Bulgaria’s Operational Programme “Environment”)

Soil Health: Definitions, Criteriaand Economic Dimensions in the European Context
(Soil Health: Definitions, Criteriaand Economic Dimensions in the European Context)

Environmental Sustainability Through Social Economy and Eco-Innovation
(Environmental Sustainability Through Social Economy and Eco-Innovation)

Instruments for Managing Price Risk in Grain Markets
(Instruments for Managing Price Risk in Grain Markets)

Impact Analysis of the Local Action Group “LAG – Lom” on Rural Development in Northwestern Bulgaria
(Impact Analysis of the Local Action Group “LAG – Lom” on Rural Development in Northwestern Bulgaria)

Trends in Feed Consumption Patterns in Bulgaria’s Livestock Sector: a Decade of Change
(Trends in Feed Consumption Patterns in Bulgaria’s Livestock Sector: a Decade of Change)

Sustainable Food Products
(Sustainable Food Products)

Sustainability Assurance under CSRD: Evaluating Audit Firms’ Readiness and Methodological Approaches
(Sustainability Assurance under CSRD: Evaluating Audit Firms’ Readiness and Methodological Approaches)