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Gender equality in defence system : accomplishments and trends : thematic collection of articles Cover Image

Gender equality in defence system : accomplishments and trends : thematic collection of articles
Gender equality in defence system : accomplishments and trends : thematic collection of articles

Contributor(s): Jovanka Šaranović (Editor)
Subject(s): Gender Studies, Gender history, Security and defense, Military policy
Published by: Institut za strategijska istraživanja
Keywords: Gender Equality; Defence System; UNSC Resolution 1325; Armed Forces
Summary/Abstract: Collection of papers Gender Equality in Defence System – Accomplishments and Trends is dedicated to the 15th anniversary of the UNSC Resolution 1325 – Women, Peace and Security, but also manages to grasp the underlying and increasing relevance gender equality plays in the contemporary times. As the Armed Forces ought to reflect the times, the people and the diversity in its society, it is fair to argue that a modern and relevant military organization also must embrace gender equality as an integrated part of the organization, and reflect the perspectives and values of both men and women. Yet, there is ultimately more to gender equality than just equal rights and opportunities. Consequently, it is also about making use of all available resources and excelling in what we do.

  • Print-ISBN-13: 978-86-81121-15-3
  • Page Count: 445
  • Publication Year: 2016
  • Language: English
EUROPEAN CORNERSTONES OF WOMEN’S HUMAN RIGHTS – CASE STUDY OF SERBIA

EUROPEAN CORNERSTONES OF WOMEN’S HUMAN RIGHTS – CASE STUDY OF SERBIA
(EUROPEAN CORNERSTONES OF WOMEN’S HUMAN RIGHTS – CASE STUDY OF SERBIA)

  • Author(s):Gordana Gasmi
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Politics, Gender Studies, Sociology, Military policy
  • Page Range:23-37
  • No. of Pages:15
  • Keywords:women’s human rights; European Union; Charter of Fundamental Rights; Serbia.
  • Summary/Abstract:The paper analyzes European cornerstones of women’s human rights and provides insight in the state of women’s human rights in Serbia in light of European principles. Women’s human rights are an integral part of universal human rights. However, women are de facto and de jure very often subjected to unequal treatment, wherefore there is a constant need to improve gender equality. In addition to the usual approach to universal human rights, inherent to every human being, the definition of “women’s human rights” includes also the enforcement of specific affirmative actions aimed at achieving real equality for women. There are several areas of concern requiring immediate action and improving gender equality in order to obtain equal human rights opportunities for women. The European Union (EU) requires of candidate countries to fully embrace the fundamental principle of equality between women and men. Furthermore, monitoring the transposition, implementation and enforcement of EU legislation in this area remains a priority of the enlargement process. Accession to the EU is one of the main priorities of Serbia, like of many other Balkan countries. Consequently, Serbia is to transpose European principles on gender equality and to achieve gender mainstreaming in the national system. At the same time, Serbia, as an OSCE participating State, has recognized equality between men and women as a fundamental aspect of a just, secure and democratic society. A case study of Serbia in the field of protection of women’s human rights indicates that Serbia, as an OSCE participating State, has recognized gender equality as part of the universal human rights both in its Constitution and its relevant law. Serbia’s legal framework on women’s human rights is largely harmonized with the relevant European cornerstones. The importance of the European cornerstones lies in the fact that they represent important guidelines for transition countries, like Serbia, which are modernizing their societies and national legal frameworks, together with their public policy measures in the area of protecting women’s human rights.
THE ROLE OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR THE PROTECTION OF EQUALITY IN PREVENTION OF GENDER-BASED DISCTIMINATION

THE ROLE OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR THE PROTECTION OF EQUALITY IN PREVENTION OF GENDER-BASED DISCTIMINATION
(THE ROLE OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR THE PROTECTION OF EQUALITY IN PREVENTION OF GENDER-BASED DISCTIMINATION)

  • Author(s):Nevena Petrušić
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Politics, Gender Studies, Civil Society, Sociology, Military policy
  • Page Range:38-56
  • No. of Pages:19
  • Keywords:Gender equality; Gender-based discrimination; Commissioner for the protection of equality
  • Summary/Abstract:The paper analyzes the role of the Commissioner for the protection of equality in the prevention of gender-based discrimination. The consideration has been given to the legal profile of the Commissioner and the scope of legal authorizations which define his/her preventive and reactive functions. The paper gives the review of activities of the institution of a Commissioner in the sphere of gender discrimination prevention and gender equality promotion in social relations, in the first five-year period of her function.
ROLE OF THE AP VOJVODINA ASSEMBLY IN INSTITUTIONAL CONSOLIDATION OF GENDER DEMOCRACY PROCESSES: 2000-2015

ROLE OF THE AP VOJVODINA ASSEMBLY IN INSTITUTIONAL CONSOLIDATION OF GENDER DEMOCRACY PROCESSES: 2000-2015
(ROLE OF THE AP VOJVODINA ASSEMBLY IN INSTITUTIONAL CONSOLIDATION OF GENDER DEMOCRACY PROCESSES: 2000-2015)

  • Author(s):Snežana Kresoja
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Gender Studies, Civil Society, Governance
  • Page Range:57-71
  • No. of Pages:15
  • Keywords:anti-discriminatory policies; solidarity; dignity; human security; UNSCR 1325; equal opportunities and gender equality; gender democracy and autonomy.
  • Summary/Abstract:This paper analyzes the role of the AP Vojvodina Assembly in gender democracy institutional consolidation processes, by providing an overview of strategies, decisions and initiatives enacted and launched by the AP Vojvodina Assembly in the 2000-2015 period, with a view to creating the political prerequisites for gender-sensitive institutional infrastructure at the local and provincial levels. By incorporating the political credo of the concept of human security - that living in non-violence is a fundamental, inalienable, inviolable and universal human right - in all its strategic documents, the AP Vojvodina Assembly has qualified violence –from physical to symbolic - as the cause of inequality of men and women.
THE ROLE OF THE WOMEN’S PARLIAMENTARY NETWORK OF THE ASSEMBLY OF THE AUTONOMOUS PROVINCE OF VOJVODINA IN STRENGTHENING THE SECURITY CAPACITIES OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES – “LOCALIZING” THE NAP FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF UNSCR 1325

THE ROLE OF THE WOMEN’S PARLIAMENTARY NETWORK OF THE ASSEMBLY OF THE AUTONOMOUS PROVINCE OF VOJVODINA IN STRENGTHENING THE SECURITY CAPACITIES OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES – “LOCALIZING” THE NAP FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF UNSCR 1325
(THE ROLE OF THE WOMEN’S PARLIAMENTARY NETWORK OF THE ASSEMBLY OF THE AUTONOMOUS PROVINCE OF VOJVODINA IN STPROVINCE OF VOJVODINA IN STRENGTHENING THE SECURITY CAPACITIES OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES – “LOCALIZING” THE NAP FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF UNSCR 1325)

  • Author(s):Stojanka Lekić
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Gender Studies, Civil Society
  • Page Range:72-81
  • No. of Pages:10
  • Keywords:“localization”; NAP; UNSCR 1325; Vojvodina; anti-discriminatory and solidarity policies; partnership; women’s leadership potential; responsibility
  • Summary/Abstract:Activities of the Women’s Parliamentary Network of the Assembly of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina focus on: creating institutional grounds for building a secure and safe environment; strengthening the security capacities of local communities; preventing and controlling all forms of gender-based violence and discrimination; strengthening the role of local gender equality mechanisms; promoting the importance of the role and cooperation of all institutions in the process of protecting and advancing fundamental human and minority rights, and promoting the role of the women’s councilor network.
INTEGRATION OF GENDER PERSPECTIVE IN THE DEFENCE SYSTEM OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA – EMPLOYEES’ VIEWS

INTEGRATION OF GENDER PERSPECTIVE IN THE DEFENCE SYSTEM OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA – EMPLOYEES’ VIEWS
(INTEGRATION OF GENDER PERSPECTIVE IN THE DEFENCE SYSTEM OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA – EMPLOYEES’ VIEWS)

  • Author(s):Milivoj Višacki, Jovanka Šaranović
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Gender Studies, Sociology, Military policy, Socio-Economic Research, Labour and Social Security Law
  • Page Range:85-102
  • No. of Pages:18
  • Keywords:gender; defence system; empirical research; employees’ views
  • Summary/Abstract:This paper presents the results of an empirical research conducted on a representative sample of 1058 members of the organizational units of the Ministry of Defence and units of the Serbian Armed Forces. The aim of the research was to provide answers to the following questions: to which extent are members of the defence system informed of the existing gender equality mechanisms; what are the views and perceptions of integrating certain aspects of gender equality; is there a difference in job satisfaction as compared to gender variable and what support mechanisms may be important to the members of the defence system? The data was registered in questionnaires designed in accordance with the objectives of the research, while job satisfaction was measured by means of the Cooper’s job satisfaction scale.
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE GENDER PERSPECTIVE IN THE UNDERGRADUATE CURRICULUM OF THE FACULTY OF SECURITY STUDIES

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE GENDER PERSPECTIVE IN THE UNDERGRADUATE CURRICULUM OF THE FACULTY OF SECURITY STUDIES
(IMPLEMENTATION OF THE GENDER PERSPECTIVE IN THE UNDERGRADUATE CURRICULUM OF THE FACULTY OF SECURITY STUDIES)

  • Author(s):Vanja Rokvić, Ivan R. Dimitrijević
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Gender Studies, Security and defense, Military policy
  • Page Range:103-125
  • No. of Pages:23
  • Keywords:gender equality; gender stereotypes; education; Faculty of Security Studies
  • Summary/Abstract:In 2010 the Republic of Serbia adopted the National Action Plan (NAP) for the implementation of the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 “Women, Peace and Security”, which stipulates that on the basis of gender equality UN member states should build and adapt mechanisms for conflict resolution and inclusion of women in all levels of decision-making. An important role in the activities undertaken to achieve the goals defined by the National Action Plan is assigned to the ministry in charge of education (currently the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development). These activities include raising awareness of potential conflicts, launching educational programs about gender aspects of conflicts, and introducing the subject matter of gender equality and gender-based violence at all levels of education and specialization in the security sector. Given that the Faculty of Security Studies of the University of Belgrade trains its students to perform a wide range of jobs in the security sector, the introduction of said subject matter at this higher education institution has special importance. In order to determine the extent to which this subject matter is currently being taught at the Faculty of Security Studies and at the same time to work toward the NAP goals, we have conducted a pilot study which included an analysis of the undergraduate curriculum and course syllabuses as well as the opinions of first- and second-year male and female students on gender equality. Having analyzed the syllabuses of undergraduate courses, we have established that the issues of gender equality, gender-sensitive address forms, gender-based violence, and the role and position of women in the security and defense systems, are underrepresented in course syllabuses, teaching units and primary literature. Furthermore, the opinion poll of the first- and second-year male and female undergraduate students on gender equality, conducted in June 2015 at the Faculty, led us to the conclusion that despite the students’ awareness of this subject matter, certain gender-based stereotypes nonetheless exist. Also, the majority of respondents recognized the need for incorporating this subject matter into the curriculum and for organizing informal forms of teaching such as seminars and workshops. It is our belief that educating male and female students to perform jobs in the security and defense systems and better participate in civil society requires that this subject matter be incorporated into the existing undergraduate curriculum at this higher education institution and that the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia assume a more active role in attaining the goals of the National Action Plan and achieving gender equality as an imperative of democratic societies.
GENDER PERSPECTIVE IN MILITARY EDUCATION

GENDER PERSPECTIVE IN MILITARY EDUCATION
(GENDER PERSPECTIVE IN MILITARY EDUCATION)

  • Author(s):Ksenija Đurić-Atanasievski, Nataša Mrdak
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Gender Studies, Education, Security and defense, Military policy
  • Page Range:126-142
  • No. of Pages:17
  • Keywords:gender perspective; gender in military education; teaching on gender; gender in peacekeeping operations.
  • Summary/Abstract:Education on gender equity within the defence forces starts with the question “why is gender important in the military?” It continues with a focus on the issues of gender and gender equality as integral parts of the reforms of the armed forces. In order to address these issues it is necessary to examine two of the most important aspects of teaching gender in the army. The first aspect is the demand to protect the human rights of both women and men in the modern world where the focus is not only on national, but personal security as well. The other aspect is the importance of involving both genders in undertaking successful military operations. The inclusion of women responds to the evolved requirements of modern military forces as well as improving operational capabilities, especially in multinational missions. This paper examines the appropriateness and effectiveness of certain content in military education to uphold human rights within the armed forces. This is applicable to both civil protection during military operations, but also for upholding the personal rights of military personnel. The paper has analyzed general issues but also specific content which relate to matters at tactical, operational and strategic levels. Apart from the specificities that exist in learning about gender when this education is conducted within the military population, additional specificity is learning about gender mainstreaming in peacekeeping operations. Thus, gender topics are analyzed, considered, projected and implemented as an emphasized question of operational capabilities of a unit being deployed, while on the other hand the emphasis is put on having understanding and insight into specificities of gender relations in an area of operation. Having that in mind, education on gender for personnel being deployed in peacekeeping operation is fundamental for understanding protection of civilians, as a basic task of every peacekeeping operation. Children and women, their mothers, belong to the most vulnerable category of population, so understanding the status of women and mothers through this lens imposes itself as the priority request. The issues of gender equality can be integrated into military training and education as part of group or individual education. For this reason, the paper explored optimal learning forms for certain topics on gender and gender perspective.
GENDER IDEOLOGY IN CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY AND ITS IMPACT ON THE DYNAMICS OF MARRIAGE

GENDER IDEOLOGY IN CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY AND ITS IMPACT ON THE DYNAMICS OF MARRIAGE
(GENDER IDEOLOGY IN CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY AND ITS IMPACT ON THE DYNAMICS OF MARRIAGE)

  • Author(s):Helena Rosandić
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Gender Studies, Sociology
  • Page Range:145-165
  • No. of Pages:21
  • Keywords:functionality of marriage; gender ideology; division of labor; clinical implications
  • Summary/Abstract:The appropriate gender ideology and attitudes regarding gender roles play a significant role in many aspects of marriage and family dynamics. We start this paper by with the way employment of women and changes in the traditional division of household labor affect the quality of the marital relationship. We then go on to demonstrate how the adopted gender ideology, whether traditional or egalitarian, acts as an important intermediary between the division of labor and the experienced quality of marriage, affecting the functionality of partner relations. Finally, we deal with the question of how gender behavioral awareness is implemented in an effective clinical practice.
ACTIVITIES OF THE DEFENSE MINISTRY OF THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA AIMED AT PROMOTING GENDER EQUALITY AND THE GENDER PERSPECTIVE, WITH PARTICULAR FOCUS ON THE ROLE OF THE MEDIA

ACTIVITIES OF THE DEFENSE MINISTRY OF THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA AIMED AT PROMOTING GENDER EQUALITY AND THE GENDER PERSPECTIVE, WITH PARTICULAR FOCUS ON THE ROLE OF THE MEDIA
(ACTIVITIES OF THE DEFENSE MINISTRY OF THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA AIMED AT PROMOTING GENDER EQUALITY AND THE GENDER PERSPECTIVE, WITH PARTICULAR FOCUS ON THE ROLE OF THE MEDIA)

  • Author(s):Zhanet Ristoska, Biljana Popovska
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Gender Studies, Media studies, Sociology, Sociology of Education
  • Page Range:166-183
  • No. of Pages:18
  • Keywords:gender; equality; perspective; defense; media; information
  • Summary/Abstract:The Ministry of Defense (MoD) of the Republic of Macedonia has endeavored to respect the standards for including women in all aspects of defense. It has thus consistently adhered to the adopted National Action Plan for the Implementation of UN Security Council Resolution /UNSCR/ 1325 and has adopted other documents for the implementation of the Resolution. Furthermore, numerous efforts have been invested over the past few years in promoting gender equality and the gender perspective in defense. The media, as a means of informing the general public, play a prominent role in modern society. The MoD informs the public via its Sector for Communications, Analytics and Operational Support, notably, the Sector’s Publishing and Production Department, which issues press releases on a daily basis. The MoD has recently expanded the range of topics it writes about to include issues of gender equality and deal with the problems and experiences of women in the field of defense. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the role of the media as a very important mechanism for promoting gender equality and the gender perspective in the defense sector. Moreover, it will also present an analysis of the articles published in the magazine Shield and academic topics published in the MoD’s professional periodical. The aim of this paper is to show that sufficient coverage of the issues in Shield, a journal of the Army of the Republic of Macedonia /ARM/ and the Ministry of Defense, has influenced public opinion on the necessity of implementing the principles of gender equality in the defense sector, thus contributing to the promotion of the profession and attracting female staff. The paper will close with recommendations on how to continuously improve all gender equality mechanisms and the gender perspective in the defense system, specific actions to be taken to further raise awareness and promote the profession, as well as to overcome problems related to gender inequality and stereotypes and identify other vulnerabilities within the country’s defense system.
VOICES OF PEACE AND FREEDOM. CONTRIBUTION OF INTERNATIONAL AND LOCAL WOMEN’S ORGANIZATIONS TO UNSC RESOLUTION 1325

VOICES OF PEACE AND FREEDOM. CONTRIBUTION OF INTERNATIONAL AND LOCAL WOMEN’S ORGANIZATIONS TO UNSC RESOLUTION 1325
(VOICES OF PEACE AND FREEDOM. CONTRIBUTION OF INTERNATIONAL AND LOCAL WOMEN’S ORGANIZATIONS TO UNSC RESOLUTION 1325)

  • Author(s):Judit Acsády
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Gender Studies, Civil Society, Gender history
  • Page Range:184-195
  • No. of Pages:12
  • Keywords:UNSC Resolution 1325; women’s international peace movements; WILPF; pacifism; feminism
  • Summary/Abstract:In 1915, at the Women’s Peace Congress in The Hague, two thousand women delegates from belligerent countries involved in World War 1 established the International Committee of Women for Permanent Peace, which was renamed the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom in Zurich in 1919. It was based on the initiatives of local women’s organizations belonging to the IWSA. The Hague Resolution proclaims the need to stop the war and lays down the foundations for sustainable peace. The congresses discussed the position of women in armed conflicts and their role in peacebuilding. Apart from following how the ideas of Resolution 1325 can be linked to these two congresses and the ideas of earlier pacifist thinkers, this paper will also highlight the connections between the initiatives of earlier feminist organizations and the concerns of UNSCR 1325. The paper will also provide an overview of the activities and anti-war ideas of pacifist feminists in Hungary during WWI linked to international movements.
RELIGION AND GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE

RELIGION AND GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE
(RELIGION AND GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE)

  • Author(s):Milovan R. Subotić
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Gender Studies, Civil Society, Victimology, Sociology of Religion
  • Page Range:196-213
  • No. of Pages:18
  • Keywords:religion; women’s rights; equality; violence; misogyny
  • Summary/Abstract:The development of monotheism as an essential idea of one God is, in principle, valued as a step of humankind towards an abstract way of thinking. This process had been developing under the strong jurisdiction of patriarchy, and the subordinate role of woman is thus visibly reflected in the core of major monotheistic religions – Christianity, Judaism and Islam. The topic of this paper deals with the position of woman in the world’s contemporary major monotheistic religions. The contradiction of this topic is reflected in the fact that women are subordinated in major monotheistic religions of the contemporary world and yet, it can be argued, with considerable certainty, that women are more religious beings than men, a theme which will also be elaborated.
GENDER AND THE INFORMATION SECURITY PROFESSION

GENDER AND THE INFORMATION SECURITY PROFESSION
(GENDER AND THE INFORMATION SECURITY PROFESSION)

  • Author(s):Danijela Protić
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Gender Studies, Security and defense, Secret Service / Secret Police
  • Page Range:214-228
  • No. of Pages:15
  • Keywords:information security profession; gender equality
  • Summary/Abstract:This paper presents the results of gender influence on the information security sector. Research of gender equality in the IT sector in the Republic of Serbia presented in this paper is based on a survey of 96 respondents of both sexes. They were asked about their general understanding of the information security field, awareness and understanding of security treats, security policies, technical knowledge, and IT crises. Researches of the evolving need to empower women in the field of information security are also presented. The results show that women account for approximately ten percent of the information security workforce, which deviates from the gender breakdown in the other professions. The paper demonstrates that information security is not just about information technology but also about educated men and women, who have a general understanding of information security and have the skills and knowledge needed to maintain the highest level of information security.
GENDER EQUALITY AND CONTEMPORARY INTERNATIONAL LAW APPLLICABLE IN ARMED CONFLICTS

GENDER EQUALITY AND CONTEMPORARY INTERNATIONAL LAW APPLLICABLE IN ARMED CONFLICTS
(GENDER EQUALITY AND CONTEMPORARY INTERNATIONAL LAW APPLLICABLE IN ARMED CONFLICTS)

  • Author(s):Dragan Knežević
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Gender Studies, International Law, Security and defense, Military policy
  • Page Range:231-246
  • No. of Pages:16
  • Keywords:gender equality; women; international humanitarian law; Geneva Conventions; United Nations (UN); combatants; civilians; detainees/prisoners of war
  • Summary/Abstract:The implementation of norms of international law applicable in armed conflicts, namely international humanitarian law, is based on explicit and non-controversial distinctions between the two sides/parties or dichotomies of all kinds – permissible and impermissible objects of hostilities, combatants and civilians, neutrals and belligerents. Under these circumstances, international law has a place reserved for women (as well as for children and the elderly) in the category of civilians protected by the IV Geneva Convention of 1949, which guarantees them the status of victims of war. The Additional Protocols of 1977 follow the same pattern. However, the armed conflicts at the end of the 20thand the beginning of the 21st centuriesshow increased female presence within fighting units and groups, without exception (in international and non-international armed conflicts). Therefore, women, as combatants have quite regularly been in a position to be taken prisoner or detained and the III Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War regulates the treatment of women in a handful of articles. Women are not covered by the rules of maritime warfare or by the I Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces. Gender equality has not been mainstreamed within international humanitarian law so far. Reasons for that probably lie in the mentioned dogmatically promoted dichotomy,according to which extracting the ‘female factor’ from one category (civilians) to another (combatants) with the possibility of it still being found widely in the first group (victims of war) – complicatesthe traditional matrix. Are the recent activities of the UN and the adoption of binding legal instruments applicable in armed conflicts a way to mainstream gender issues in international humanitarian law? To what extent does the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction of 1997 (Ottawa Treaty) make a difference in terms of gender equality and international law in armed conflicts?
ENGENDERING DISASTER MANAGMENT AND RESILIENCE BUILDING: LESSONS FROM THE SEMIPERIPHERY

ENGENDERING DISASTER MANAGMENT AND RESILIENCE BUILDING: LESSONS FROM THE SEMIPERIPHERY
(ENGENDERING DISASTER MANAGMENT AND RESILIENCE BUILDING: LESSONS FROM THE SEMIPERIPHERY)

  • Author(s):Marina Hughson, Višnja Baćanović
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Gender Studies, Security and defense
  • Page Range:247-263
  • No. of Pages:17
  • Keywords:gender; disaster; resilience; risk managment; vulnerability
  • Summary/Abstract:In this paper we exhibit how gender roles and gender regimes are being manifested in disastrous situations, on different levels (individual, group). The influence of gender is visible in exposure to the risks, as well as on institutional level, and in risk management. We claim that the semiperipherial social context, such as the Serbian context, determines the specificity of gender regimes, as well as the potential of good practices, which were and are present due to the recent historical past and a high level of previously achieved gender equality (during socialism). However, the problem is in a discrepancy between a high level of women’s resources and their actual use and recognition in the public sphere. On the other hand, we offer examples to show how women’s specific needs were not recognized during the process of risk management. While we insist on a gender dimension, we also understand the risk of oversimplified approaches, which is why we advocate the intersectional approach as more open and sensitive to individual and human differences in reality. In this text we offer arguments in favor of higher an inclusion of women and their capacities into the process of risk and disaster management. We believe that it would help a better grounding, higher sensibility and a higher efficiency of the whole process of risk and disaster management, as well as a higher level of general resilience of local communities. As we also advocate a transformative approach to gender inclusion, we claim that taking into account gender would lead to the empowerment of women, but also to the transformation of gender roles, which would translate into a higher quality of life, of individuals as well as of communities.
GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE AND NATURAL DISASTERS

GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE AND NATURAL DISASTERS
(GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE AND NATURAL DISASTERS)

  • Author(s):Jelena Vidić
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Gender Studies, Security and defense
  • Page Range:264-284
  • No. of Pages:21
  • Keywords:gender perspective; gender-based violance; natural disasters; gendered intervention programs; social roles
  • Summary/Abstract:In the past three decades gender-based violence has been recognized as an important social and political issue requiring action at local, national and international level. At the same time, greater activistic and academic interest has been directed towards natural disasters and their consequences, and in the past twenty years more attention has been given to its gender aspect. In this paper we will present some of the most important aspect of gender-based violence and then discuss the necessity of including gender perspective and issue of gender-based violence in process of planning and implementing activities related to natural disasters.
GENDER SPECIFIC MANAGING AND COMMANDING CONTINGENTS IN UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS

GENDER SPECIFIC MANAGING AND COMMANDING CONTINGENTS IN UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS
(GENDER SPECIFIC MANAGING AND COMMANDING CONTINGENTS IN UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS)

  • Author(s):Milivoje Pajović
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Gender Studies, Security and defense, Military policy
  • Page Range:285-297
  • No. of Pages:13
  • Keywords:peacekeeping operations; gender perspective; operational necessities; civil protection
  • Summary/Abstract:UN peacekeeping operations represent the biggest effort that a human civilization can undertake in order to prevent, stabilize and put an end to an armed conflict in any part of the world. At the same time, UN efforts represent the best possible contribution to the peace and prosperity of the human kind. As a member of the United Nations, the Republic of Serbia has a prominent role in the aforementioned contribution and throughout the world it deploys its armed forces composed of military and civilian personnel, men and women, operational and support forces.Since 2014, for the first time, Serbia and Serbian Armed Forces have started independently deploying military contingent in MINUSCA peacekeeping mission in the Central African Republic. The very fact that the contingent composition is mixed calls for discussion on specificities of managing and commanding such personnel. Contingent is composed of 2/3 men and 1/3 women. In addition, half of the total number is military, and the other half is civilian personnel. In addition, part of personnel deployed in Africa already has rich multinational experience, and one part of personnel are people who left their home country for the first time. In such circumstances, aspects of equal treatment of every contingent member are very much in focus, in all significant areas regarding the rights and obligations in mission, for the sake of fulfilling basic and other requirements, with reliable force protection, and thus, including the topic of gender mainstreaming as a significant element of mixed teams’ cohesion.
WOMEN OF THE SLOVENIAN ARMED FORCES IN INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS AND MISSIONS

WOMEN OF THE SLOVENIAN ARMED FORCES IN INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS AND MISSIONS
(WOMEN OF THE SLOVENIAN ARMED FORCES IN INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS AND MISSIONS)

  • Author(s):Liliana Brožič, Suzana Tkavc
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Gender Studies, Security and defense, Military policy
  • Page Range:298-312
  • No. of Pages:15
  • Keywords:International; operations; missions; gender; women; Slovenian Armed Forces
  • Summary/Abstract:Female personnel of the Slovenian Armed Forces (SAF) were engaged within international operations and missions since the first deployment of the SAF. Both, NATO and the professionalization of the SAF gave rise to an enhanced acceptance and recognition of women in the military, which led to the support of the deployment of women to international operations and missions. For the purpose of our survey, we launched a questionnaire for Slovenian Armed Forces personnel. Our intention was to get an insight into their personal views related to gender. In this article, we will focus on gender with an emphasis on the involvement of female SAF members in international operations and missions, and on UNSCR 1325. The research was open for both men and women until the end of September 2015. The results showed how many women in the sample had been deployed; what were their experiences during the deployment; what was their opinion about their military role in international operations and missions, and how their presence could influence the role of women in the foreign country according to UNSCR 1325 provisions. The male part of SAF personnel also filled in the same questionnaire and we compared the answers of both groups.
ADVANCEMENT OF WOMEN AND NONDISCRIMINATION IN THE AUSTRIAN MINISTRY OF DEFENCE AND SPORTS AND THE AUSTRIAN ARMED FORCES

ADVANCEMENT OF WOMEN AND NONDISCRIMINATION IN THE AUSTRIAN MINISTRY OF DEFENCE AND SPORTS AND THE AUSTRIAN ARMED FORCES
(ADVANCEMENT OF WOMEN AND NONDISCRIMINATION IN THE AUSTRIAN MINISTRY OF DEFENCE AND SPORTS AND THE AUSTRIAN ARMED FORCES)

  • Author(s):Ursula Hann
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Gender Studies, Security and defense, Military policy
  • Page Range:313-326
  • No. of Pages:14
  • Keywords:Advancement of women; Retention of female soldiers; Austrian Armed Forces; Ministry of Defence and Sports
  • Summary/Abstract:Based upon a solid legal framework, strong efforts have been madeby the Federal Ministry of Defence and Sports of the Republic of Austria and the Austrian Armed Forces to increase the number of female personnel and to improve work conditions,set againstthe overall aim to empower women.However, implementation within the Ministry and the Austrian Armed Forces has met its obstacles, such asbudgetary cuts and structural challenges. Through targeted measures and awareness-raising, the Ministry and the Austrian Armed Forces continue to strive for an increased number of female personnel and better reconciliation of family and work.
ACHIEVEMENTS IN AND PROSPECTS FOR IMPLEMENTING UN SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 1325 ON WOMEN, PEACE AND SECURITY THROUGH THE NATIONAL ACTION PLANS PRACTICE IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

ACHIEVEMENTS IN AND PROSPECTS FOR IMPLEMENTING UN SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 1325 ON WOMEN, PEACE AND SECURITY THROUGH THE NATIONAL ACTION PLANS PRACTICE IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
(ACHIEVEMENTS IN AND PROSPECTS FOR IMPLEMENTING UN SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 1325 ON WOMEN, PEACE AND SECURITY THROUGH THE NATIONAL ACTION PLANS PRACTICE IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA)

  • Author(s):Muhamed Smajić
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Gender Studies, Security and defense
  • Page Range:329-349
  • No. of Pages:21
  • Keywords:equality; gender; sex; security; discrimination; peace and implementation
  • Summary/Abstract:Based upon a solid legal framework, strong efforts have been madeby the Federal Ministry of Defence and Sports of the Republic of Austria and the Austrian Armed Forces to increase the number of female personnel and to improve work conditions,set againstthe overall aim to empower women.However, implementation within the Ministry and the Austrian Armed Forces has met its obstacles, such asbudgetary cuts and structural challenges. Through targeted measures and awareness-raising, the Ministry and the Austrian Armed Forces continue to strive for an increased number of female personnel and better reconciliation of famiThe adoption of UNSC Resolution 1325 implies a greater presence and participation of women in peace processes, strengthening protection mechanisms and mainstreaming gender equality in the democratic systems. Gender equality activities in Bosnia and Herzegovina have, inter alia, involved the adoption of the Action Plan for the Implementation of UNSCR 1325. Bosnia and Herzegovina is the first country in the region to have adopted such an action plan. This paper presents the practical scale and scope of applying UNSCR 1325 and the National Action Plan in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The implementation of the adopted Action Plan has required the involvement of the state authorities, as well as individual action, which is one of the key factors in this process. The paper includes an analysis of the stages of implementing the Action Plan in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the difficulties and challenges experienced in the process. It sheds light on the effects of implementing the Action Plan and formulates recommendations for its further implementation. Although the commitment to fulfil the NAP objectives has been declared in a planned manner, greater participation of women in security is still undermined by their status in society and prejudices about their involvement in the security sector and their position and role in the decision-making process, which have reflected on all forms of organized structures, companies, local authorities and the highest political authorities. Factors influencing the presence of women in the security sector can be economic and material in character. The stereotype - that security is a man’s job – is another factor preventing greater participation of women in the security sector, wherefore any other opinion meets with the disapproval of the family and coworkers. Therefore, awareness of the equitable participation of women in social life, especially in the security sector, is correlated with the country’s social values, and economic and material constraints. ly and work.
SUSTAINABILITY OF UNSCR 1325 IMPLEMENTATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA

SUSTAINABILITY OF UNSCR 1325 IMPLEMENTATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA
(SUSTAINABILITY OF UNSCR 1325 IMPLEMENTATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA)

  • Author(s):Biljana Stojković, Svetlana Janković
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Gender Studies, Security and defense
  • Page Range:350-366
  • No. of Pages:17
  • Keywords:gender; equality; analysis; sustainability; development
  • Summary/Abstract:The authors deal with the issue of sustainability of further implementation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 – Women, Peace and Security in the Republic of Serbia, and the extension of its implementation for the next five years (2016-2020) in light of the announced creation of a new action plan. Based on the methods and techniques of gender analysis and evaluation, this paper summarises the results achieved and provides a summary of the achieved goals and implemented activities envisaged by the National Action Plan to Implement UNSCR 1325 in the Republic of Serbia (2010-2015). It also highlights the salient challenges and problems from the past five years of implementation. The paper concludes by underscoring the need on further implementation of the Resolution 1325 at the local level, with a greater involvement of civil society and women in the post-conflict rehabilitation of society, conflict prevention and protection of human rights of vulnerable persons in the Republic of Serbia.
REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA’S EXPERIENCES IN IMPLEMENTING UNSCR 1325

REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA’S EXPERIENCES IN IMPLEMENTING UNSCR 1325
(REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA’S EXPERIENCES IN IMPLEMENTING UNSCR 1325)

  • Author(s):Stojan Slaveski, Biljana Popovska
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Gender Studies, Security and defense
  • Page Range:367-383
  • No. of Pages:17
  • Keywords:equality; women; implementation; standards; security
  • Summary/Abstract:The Republic of Macedonia has prepared a National Action Plan (NAP) for the implementation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security (WPS) in order to advance the status and role of women and their participation in security policy and peace processes locally, nationally and internationally. It may be noted that some of the guidelines and obligations arising from UNSCR 1325 have already been covered by the institutions’ gender policy activities. However, the part of UNSCR 1325 referring to the role of women in peace and security remains underdeveloped within the strategic documents. An analysis of the activities undertaken in this area shows that additional activities need to be launched to sensitize institutions, governmental and non-governmental alike, and develop gender-sensitive policies in the fields of peace and security. This paper presents in detail the results of implementing UNSCR 1325 at the national level, as well as the problems that have arisen in the process.
GENDER ISSUES IN MONTENEGRO, DEFENCE SYSTEM AND THE ARMED FORCES OF MONTENEGRO

GENDER ISSUES IN MONTENEGRO, DEFENCE SYSTEM AND THE ARMED FORCES OF MONTENEGRO
(GENDER ISSUES IN MONTENEGRO, DEFENCE SYSTEM AND THE ARMED FORCES OF MONTENEGRO)

  • Author(s):Mehmedin Tahirović
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Gender Studies, Security and defense, Military policy
  • Page Range:384-412
  • No. of Pages:29
  • Keywords:Gender Policies; UNSC Resolution 1325; NATO; Montenegro; the Ministry of Defence; the Armed Forces of Montenegro
  • Summary/Abstract:The UN Security Council adopted Resolution 1325 on “Women, Peace and Security”, on October 31, 2000 in order to promote and protect women’s rights in the world, and particularly in armed conflicts where women and children appear as the biggest victims of these events. Bearing in mind the strategic commitment of Montenegro to adjust its security policy with the EU and NATO during the process of European and Euro-Atlantic integration, it is important to emphasize the alignment of gender issues in the Montenegrin defence system with NATO Committee on Gender Perspectives, which takes care of establishing the equal status of women in the defence system of the Alliance’s member states. The Constitution of Montenegro defines that the state guarantees equality of women and men and developthe policy of equal opportunities. In Montenegro, there are three institutional mechanisms for achieving gender equality: Gender Equality Committee of the Parliament of Montenegro; the Department for Gender Equality Ministry of Human and Minority Rights and the Protector of Human Rights and Freedoms of Montenegro. Three priority areas related to gender equality are in the focus and in the policy agenda of the Ministry of Human and Minority Rights, all together being in line with the commitments and achieving EU standards, are: the political participation of women, combating violence against women and women’s economic empowerment. Duties and activities of the Ministry of Defence in the field of gender equality, arising from the Action Plan for Gender Equality, which is a development document for implementation of gender equality. In order to raise awareness of the gender perspective in the defence system, in the process of Euro-Atlantic integration of Montenegro, through the implementation of NATO’s Partnership for Peace program, a special Partnership Goal –GenderPerspective, was established in 2003, which specifies continuation implementation of UNSC Resolution 1325 in the defence system, in accordance with the recommendations of the NATO Committee on Gender Perspectives for the implementation of Resolution 1325.
GENDER PERSPECTIVE IN THE SLOVENIAN ARMED FORCES; REVIEW AT THE 15TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 1325 ON WOMEN, PEACE AND SECURITY

GENDER PERSPECTIVE IN THE SLOVENIAN ARMED FORCES; REVIEW AT THE 15TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 1325 ON WOMEN, PEACE AND SECURITY
(GENDER PERSPECTIVE IN THE SLOVENIAN ARMED FORCES; REVIEW AT THE 15TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 1325 ON WOMEN, PEACE AND SECURITY)

  • Author(s):Suzana Tkavc
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Gender Studies, Security and defense, Military policy
  • Page Range:413-427
  • No. of Pages:15
  • Keywords:Women; Slovenia; Armed Forces; Gender; Implementation; UNSCR 1325.
  • Summary/Abstract:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security (UNSCR 1325) was issued 15 years ago. However, addressing women in the Slovenian Armed Forces (SAF) we could not avoid the processes which had already taken place before. Women have been an integral part of the SAF from the beginning. During the past fifteen years, the SAF has undergone some vital changes. The major ones refer to the professionalization of the SAF, and to the integration into the collective security system (NATO). There are no lawfully forbidden areas for female personnel nor programs or branches excluding participation of women in the SAF. Female representation is ensured in SAF units and commands at all levels. During the past decade, the percentage of female members has remained between 15 and 16 percent. Women in the SAF hold high positions both at home and abroad. The highest rank held by a female in the SAF since 2012 is that of a brigadier. Women have also been deployed to the international operations and missions since the first Slovenian contingent in 1997. Gender perspective and UNSCR 1325 are performed through different processes, such as pre-deployment trainings, or operational planning with the focus on ensuring the composition of the gender-mixed teams on international operations and missions.
A GENDER PERSPECTIVE ON ROMANIAN CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS. FEMALE ENGAGEMENT TEAMS A BRIDGE BETWEEN TRADITIONAL AND COSMOPOLITAN MILITARIES?

A GENDER PERSPECTIVE ON ROMANIAN CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS. FEMALE ENGAGEMENT TEAMS A BRIDGE BETWEEN TRADITIONAL AND COSMOPOLITAN MILITARIES?
(A GENDER PERSPECTIVE ON ROMANIAN CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS. FEMALE ENGAGEMENT TEAMS A BRIDGE BETWEEN TRADITIONAL AND COSMOPOLITAN MILITARIES?)

  • Author(s):Cristina Rădoi
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Gender Studies, Security and defense, Military policy
  • Page Range:428-441
  • No. of Pages:14
  • Keywords:gender perspective; Romanian Army; civil-military relations; Female Engagement Teams; Security Sector Reforms
  • Summary/Abstract:This paper aims to highlight to what extent the types of Security Sector Reforms adopted by Romania are truly effective regarding the condition of women in the military. Did the adopted reforms manage to advance the women’s rights in Romanian Army, or were they just a prerequisite in the preaccession process? Furthermore, this article tries to highlight whether the society managed to impose a gender agenda in the military, or gender in the military contributed to the developments in politics. If the level of women’s integration is very low, which are the main causes: the low level of gender equality in Romanian society or the resistance of military senior officials to these gender equality policies? Do the Female Engagement Teams (FET) represent a sign of advancing women’s rights in military?
LIST OF AUTORS

LIST OF AUTORS
(LIST OF AUTORS)

  • Author(s):Author Not Specified
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Gender Studies
  • Page Range:442-443
  • No. of Pages:2
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