Oblicza Wojny. Tom 11. Społeczne skutki wojen
Faces of war. Volume 11. Social consequences of war
Contributor(s): Aleksander Bołdyrew (Editor), Tadeusz Grabarczyk (Editor)
Subject(s): History, Archaeology, Military history, Social history, Middle Ages, Recent History (1900 till today), Special Historiographies:, History of Communism, Fascism, Nazism and WW II
Published by: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Keywords: Military history; Middle Ages; World War II; consequences of wars; Prussia; Łódź; Westerplatte; war burials; prisoners of war; Kozelsk; Starobelsk; People's Republic of Poland
Summary/Abstract: The eleventh volume of the Faces of War series is a collection of articles authored by historians and archaeologists, dedicated to the broadly understood consequences of wars. These texts cover various eras and regions, as well as different aspects of social, political, and economic life. As a result, the reader gains insight into both well-known and less obvious repercussions of wars—from local medieval conflicts to contemporary issues related to migration and the manipulation of historical memory. This publication highlights the diverse and lasting ways in which wars and military forces can impact societies.
Series: Uniwersytet Łódzki
- E-ISBN-13: 978-83-8331-662-8
- Print-ISBN-13: 978-83-8331-661-1
- Page Count: 362
- Publication Year: 2024
- Language: Polish
Słowo wstępne
Słowo wstępne
(Introduction)
- Author(s):Aleksander Bołdyrew, Tadeusz Grabarczyk
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History, Military history, Social history
- Page Range:9-10
- No. of Pages:2
Skalowowie/Szalweńczycy ‒ element bałtyjski w organizacji militarnej władztwa Zakonu Niemieckiego w Prusach
Skalowowie/Szalweńczycy ‒ element bałtyjski w organizacji militarnej władztwa Zakonu Niemieckiego w Prusach
(Scalovians/Schalvians – the Baltic Element in the Military Organisation of the Teutonic Order’s Dominion (Herrschaft) in Prussia)
- Author(s):Krzysztof Kwiatkowski
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History, Military history, Social history, Middle Ages
- Page Range:11-52
- No. of Pages:42
- Keywords:Middle Ages; military history; Prussia; the Teutonic Order; castles; Scalovians/Schalvians
- Summary/Abstract:This article deals with the military settlement of the autochthonous Scalovians created by the Teutonic Order on the north-eastern edges of Prussia. Almost two decades after the destruction of the Scalovian tribal community, in the 1290s the Teutonic Order settled a number of Scalovian warriors near Ragnit, thus creating an important military tool that significantly increased its military potential in the area. The text discusses the history of the Scalovians/ Schalvians from the end of the 13th century until the second quarter of the 15th century. It analyses the settlement changes the Scalvinians underwent, first concentrated in 1292/1293 at Schalauerburg and then after 1365/1369 at the castles of Ragnit, Splitter, Neuhaus and Tilsit. Attempts by the Teutonic Order to settle them around the country are also discussed. The issue of the Schalvians numbers and the factors of their decline in the first quarter of the 15th century is addressed next. The relationship of the Schalvian warriors to the Teutonic Order is analysed in detail, as are the forms of their permanent maintenance by the Order’s corporation and the various forms of more or less regular support by the brethren. In this context, the various military functions performed by Schalvian warriors in the military structures of the Teutonic Order’s dominion in Prussia are presented. They ranged from transporting correspondence to serving as guides, carrying out reconnaissance, guarding the areas of the Große Wildnis (‘Great Forest’) in the Prussian-Žemaitian-Lithuanian transition zone, looting (so-called struterie), supporting the crew of the Order’s castle in Ragnit and taking part in the Order’s war expeditions, where the Schalvians were either part of the Ragnit military contingent or formed a separate detachment. Although groups of Schalvian warriors were certainly not a dominant component of the military structures of the Teutonic Order’s dominion in Prussia, due to their proximity to the Neman (Nemunas) area of warfare and their excellent knowledge of the terrain and military conditions there, they significantly increased the efficiency of the Order’s military operations in the long war against Lithuania lasting from the end of the 13th to the beginning of the 15th century.
Od bezkrólewia (1382) do rządów Jadwigi i Władysława Jagiełły. Z dziejów awansu społecznego szlachty łęczyckiej w XIV–XV wieku
Od bezkrólewia (1382) do rządów Jadwigi i Władysława Jagiełły. Z dziejów awansu społecznego szlachty łęczyckiej w XIV–XV wieku
(From the Interregnum (1382) to the Rule of Jadwiga and Władysław Jagiełło. From the History of the Social Advancement of the Łęczyca Nobility in the 14th and 15th Centuries)
- Author(s):Łukasz Ćwikła
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History, Military history, Social history, 13th to 14th Centuries
- Page Range:53-74
- No. of Pages:22
- Keywords:Poland; Middle Ages; interregnum (1382); Łęczyca nobility; land offices; social advancement in the Middle Ages
- Summary/Abstract:This article traces the careers of selected noble families whose representatives became active during the interregnum after the death of Louis of Hungary (1382). They represented the Doliwa, Jastrzębiec, Junosza and Sulima families. The situation in the Kingdom of Poland was tense, because Polish society was divided into two camps that pushed for different concepts of taking the Polish throne. The Angevin and Piast options clashed. Due to their location, the lands of Łęczyca and Sieradz were also at the center of these events. In the final phase of the conflict, Siemowit IV decided to take over Łęczyca, and the capital Łęczyca was attacked by a unit commanded by Bartosz from Odolanów – the capital city was devastated and burned. The involvement of the local nobility in current political events brought them tangible benefits soon, because so far they had not played a leading political role. The fortunes of war and the complicated legal and political situation of the Łęczyca region at that time ultimately led to them taking up offices (many received their first offices during Jadwiga’s lifetime) and, as a consequence, brought social advancement, from which subsequent generations also benefited. The key to the promotion was, of course, the policy of Władysław Jagiełło, who gained new supporters by handing out offices. The article also attempts to identify Siemowit IV’s probable supporters among the Łęczyca nobility, pointing to the Junosza family from Orłów, who came from Masovia, where Siemowit III and Siemowit IV ruled.
Społeczne konsekwencje niewoli wojennej w późnym średniowieczu
Społeczne konsekwencje niewoli wojennej w późnym średniowieczu
(The Social Consequences of War Captivity in the Late Middle Ages)
- Author(s):Andrzej Niewiński
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History, Military history, Social history, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries
- Page Range:75-95
- No. of Pages:21
- Keywords:Middle Ages; history of warfare; prisoners of war; ransom
- Summary/Abstract:The article addresses the issue of military captivity as a social phenomenon structured in terms of relationships, as it inevitably involves both sides of the conflict: those who fell into captivity, but also those who became owners of the captives. Added to this are the relationships with those who were (legally or customarily) obliged to try to free the captives. Throughout the Middle Ages, only in the Iberian Peninsula did the legal regulation of the prisoner of war evolve. The peculiarities of warfare and mutual contacts between Christians and Muslims determined this. The Crusades and closer contact with the Muslim world also contributed to an increased sensitivity to the fate of prisoners of war, which was reflected in the institutionalisation of the procedure for their release. Captivity had an important economic dimension, linked to the extraction of ransom money. The raising of funds for ransom rested primarily on the captive and his family, which often had very serious social repercussions.
Łódź 1914–1918. Obraz miasta doświadczonego wojną w świetle fotografii z zasobu Archiwum Państwowego w Łodzi
Łódź 1914–1918. Obraz miasta doświadczonego wojną w świetle fotografii z zasobu Archiwum Państwowego w Łodzi
(Łódź 1914–1918. The Image of the City Experienced by War in the Light of Photographs from The State Archive in Łódź)
- Author(s):Tomasz Walkiewicz
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History, Military history, Social history, Recent History (1900 till today), Between Berlin Congress and WW I
- Page Range:97-128
- No. of Pages:33
- Keywords:World War I; war photography; Łódź; war destruction; war requisitions; social problems; The State Archive in Łódź
- Summary/Abstract:World War I left a clear mark in the history of Łódź. In November and December 1914, the Łódź Operation took place around the city, after which the German occupation began, lasting until November 1918. As a result of these events, the dynamic development of the „Polish Manchester” was stopped (the industry never reached the pre-1914 level of production) and the number of its inhabitants – including the suburbs – decreased from approximately 600,000 to 370,000. The image of the city’s war reality in the years 1914–1918 is presented by contemporary photographs, a large number of which have been preserved in the State Archive in Łódź, in archival groups: The iconographic collection of the State Archives in Łódź, the Collection of iconographic albums and the Local Assessment Committee in Łódź. They can be divided into two groups. The first includes photographs showing war losses: destruction of railway infrastructure, residential buildings, public buildings and factories, and requisitions made by the occupiers. The second one refers to the everyday existence of the civilian population and documents selected social problems: poverty, lack of fuel (wood, coal) and food, hunger and the fight of municipal services against infectious diseases. The photos of Michał Daszewski and other, mostly anonymous „war reporters” are a unique and extremely valuable historical source, providing objective and reliable information from the distant past. Photographs allow you to experience it firsthand. They show the everyday life of war in a way that is extremely suggestive and at the same time understandable to every viewer.
Społeczne skutki emigracji Polaków oraz ich wkład w odbudowę Francji po pierwszej wojnie światowej
Społeczne skutki emigracji Polaków oraz ich wkład w odbudowę Francji po pierwszej wojnie światowej
(The Social Effects of Polish Emigration and Their Contribution to the Reconstruction of France after the First World War)
- Author(s):Anna Ambrochowicz-Gajownik
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History, Military history, Social history, Interwar Period (1920 - 1939)
- Page Range:129-143
- No. of Pages:15
- Keywords:Polish emigration in France; interwar period; World War I; Poland; France
- Summary/Abstract:The purpose of this article is to present the role Polish emigration played in the process of rebuilding the French economy just after the end of the First World War. The northeastern departments of France, which were the most valuable, were destroyed. It was not until 1924 that the French industrial economy was rebuilt. By May 1, 1920. France had made infrastructure more efficient with an outlay of 10 billion fr.fr. On the other hand, the resurgent Polish state, facing problems on many levels, first of all had to be unified. This situation created favorable conditions to allow Poles to emigrate en masse to France. The emigration was eminently economic in nature. Most Poles emigrated from the most industrialized provinces, where there was great overcrowding and the so-called “Westphalians.” Initially, Polish workers were sent to rebuild devastated areas (Administration des Régions Libérées), and later to mining, agriculture and other industries. From December 1919 to May 1920, more than 13,000 Poles arrived in France. By 1921, on the other hand, it was reported that French mines were bringing in about a thousand emigrants every month. Over time, Polish emigration numbered about half a million people. Mass emigration to France contributed to the initiation and development of socio-cultural and educational life, creating a diaspora.
Pomoc społeczeństwa dla żołnierza polskiego w okresie wojny polsko-bolszewickiej w świetle lokalnej prasy oraz wybranych materiałów archiwalnych z zasobu Archiwum Państwowego w Łodzi
Pomoc społeczeństwa dla żołnierza polskiego w okresie wojny polsko-bolszewickiej w świetle lokalnej prasy oraz wybranych materiałów archiwalnych z zasobu Archiwum Państwowego w Łodzi
(Society’s Support for Polish Soldiers during the Polish-Bolshevic War in the Light of the Local Press and Selected Archive Materials from The State Archive in Łódź)
- Author(s):Anna Kaniewska
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History, Military history, Social history, Recent History (1900 till today), Interwar Period (1920 - 1939)
- Page Range:145-165
- No. of Pages:21
- Keywords:Polish-Bolshevik war; social assistance; social organizations; charity organizations; armed conflict; Łódź press
- Summary/Abstract:EBSCO: rok wydania 2024 i 2025Wszystkie: 142Zostało: 70 książek (w tym 11 w trakcie realizacji – sprawdzam zrobione pliki przez Beatę)Tł./drugie wydania/koedycje/tylko druk = 29 Zrobionych: 43Organizing help for soldiers fighting on the war front was one of the most important initiatives on the part of society, in particular groups and circles not directly involved and not taking part in military operations. The subject of this paper is to present and explain selected aspects of this activity undertaken in Łódź during the war between Poland and Bolshevik Russia. Active organizations making efforts to organize multi-directional and multi-faceted assistance for Polish soldiers include: the Polish Soldier Aid Society, the Polish White Cross, the Polish Red Cross Society, the Local Branch in Łódź, and the Craft Resource in Łódź. Equally dynamic activities were carried out by smaller organizations, groups and associations, such as: the National Organization of Women and the Academic Women’s Club. The press was a valuable source material in this respect, from which references and notices appearing regularly in published messages were taken. The press titles used included: „Echo Łódzkie”, „Kurier Łódzki”, „Rozwój”, „Straż Polska”. The source database was supplemented with information from archival materials stored in the State Archives in Łódź, in particular in leaflets and correspondence received by the city authorities and charitable institutions.
Badania archeologiczne na Westerplatte w latach 2016–2022. Dziewięć etapów prac badawczych
Badania archeologiczne na Westerplatte w latach 2016–2022. Dziewięć etapów prac badawczych
(Archaeological Research at Westerplatte in the Years 2016–2022. Nine Phases of Excavation Work)
- Author(s):Adam Dziewanowski, Monika Garas, Przemysław Garlicki, Joanna Jarzęcka-Stąporek, Piotr Kalka, Filip Kuczma, Agnieszka Naleźny-Skurzyńska, Adrian Skurzyński
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Military history, Social history, Fascism, Nazism and WW II
- Page Range:167-192
- No. of Pages:26
- Keywords:archaeology; Westerplatte; archaeological research at Westerplatte; Military Transit Depot at Westerplatte; Museum of the Second World War in Gdańsk; Museum of Westerplatte
- Summary/Abstract:Since 2016, the Archaeological Department of the Museum of the Second World War in Gdańsk has been conducting the first systematic archaeological research in the history of the Westerplatte peninsula. The aim of the research is to locate and document material traces related to the Polish Military Transit Depot and, above all, to find the remains of all Polish soldiers killed during the defense of the peninsula. By 2022, during the nine stages of excavations, an area of almost 6000 sq. m was thoroughly examined. Geophysical research, carried out on most of the currently available area of the former Depot, indicated the places of relics of its buildings along with traces of battles fought in September 1939. Thanks to the cooperation of Polish Army sappers visitors’ safety was ensured by removing over 3,500 explosive and dangerous items from the peninsula. Over seven years of research, over 67,000 objects were obtained – objects depicting the history of the peninsula from the mid-17th century to the present day.
Badania archeologiczne wartowni nr 5 na Westerplatte, miejsca śmierci obrońców wojskowej składnicy tranzytowej
Badania archeologiczne wartowni nr 5 na Westerplatte, miejsca śmierci obrońców wojskowej składnicy tranzytowej
(Archaeological Research on Guardhouse No. 5 at Westerplatte: The Site of the Defenders’ Death at the Military Transit Depot)
- Author(s):Adam Dziewanowski, Przemysław Garlicki, Joanna Jarzęcka-Stąporek, Piotr Kalka
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Military history, Social history, Special Historiographies:, Fascism, Nazism and WW II
- Page Range:193-218
- No. of Pages:26
- Keywords:Poland; Westerplatte; archeology; Poland; 1939; WWII
- Summary/Abstract:In 2021, the Archaeological Department of the Museum of the Second World War in Gdańsk conducted archaeological research of the relics of Guardhouse No. 5 at Westerplatte. The works were carried out as part of the 7th stage of archaeological research on the peninsula, which began in 2016. Within excavation No. 12, relics of the lower storey of the guardhouse were uncovered, which allowed to determine the exact location and size of the building and to reconstruct the layout and function of individual rooms. During the works, several human bones were found – the remains of Polish soldiers who were in the building when German Luftwaffe bombs destroyed it on September 2, 1939. At least seven Polish defenders died in the rubble of the guardhouse. During the examination of the building, 4,645 artefacts (of the highest scientific and exhibition value) were found, for which a separate field inventory of artefacts was kept. Within the excavation no. 12, the remains of a reinforced fence made of Ledóchowski’s mesh and a partially preserved shell-pit from a German 50 kg bomb from September 2, 1939 were also documented. A fragment of the western wall of the upper storey of the guardhouse was found in the shell-pit fill. The remains of the guardhouse no. 5 and the foundations of the reinforced fence made of Ledóchowski’s mesh are now exhibited in the form of a permanent ruin in the access zone to the new military cemetery of Polish Army soldiers at Westerplatte, which was opened on November 4, 2022. Ten defenders of the Military Transit Depot are buried in the new cemetery. Most of them died in the bombed guardhouse No. 5.
Odkrycie mogił polskich obrońców wojskowej składnicy tranzytowej na Westerplatte
Odkrycie mogił polskich obrońców wojskowej składnicy tranzytowej na Westerplatte
(Discovery of the Graves of Polish Defenders of the Military Transit Depot on Westerplatte)
- Author(s):Adam Dziewanowski, Piotr Kalka, Filip Kuczma
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Military history, Social history, Special Historiographies:, Fascism, Nazism and WW II
- Page Range:219-244
- No. of Pages:26
- Keywords:archaeology; Westerplatte; archaeological research at Westerplatte; Military Transit Depot at Westerplatte; Museum of the Second World War in Gdańsk; Museum of Westerplatte and the War of 1939
- Summary/Abstract:In 2019, an archaeological team of the Museum of the Second World War in Gdańsk began a scientific program aimed at locating the burial place of Polish soldiers killed during the seven-day defence of the Military Transit Depot at Westerplatte in 1939. A thorough analysis of all available archival sources (witness accounts, archival photographs, results of geophysical surveys, etc.) made it possible to select the area of excavation work where the remains of the fallen were expected to be located. The work, which began in September 2019, confirmed the validity of the initial assumptions and resulted in the discovery of the remains of the Polish defenders of Westerplatte. During the work, a total of five grave cavities were found, containing the remains of nine people. Four skeletons layed in single graves, while five more were in a mass grave. Damages (injuries, cracks, traces of the impact of the shock wave and high temperature) were visible on the uncovered remains, the nature of which indicated that some of the found soldiers were killed in the guardhouse No. 5, a Polish defenders building destroyed by the German Luftwaffe on September 2, 1939. Numerous elements of Polish-made soldier uniforms and equipment, as well as personal items from the period of the Second Polish Republic, were found next to the uncovered remains. Thanks to the cooperation of three institutions: The Museum of the Second World War in Gdańsk, the Institute of National Remembrance and the Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, which enabled a multi-track analysis of all available sources: archival, archaeological, anthropological, as well as genetic, seven of the nine discovered defenders of Westerplatte have been fully identified to date. The remains of all the soldiers found, as well as their commander Henryk Sucharski, were laid to rest at the new Polish Army Cemetery at Westerplatte on November 4, 2022 after a solemn state funeral.
Lista śmierci oficerów „inżynierii wojskowej” z Kozielska i Starobielska rozstrzelanych przez Związek Sowiecki w kwietniu i maju 1940 roku
Lista śmierci oficerów „inżynierii wojskowej” z Kozielska i Starobielska rozstrzelanych przez Związek Sowiecki w kwietniu i maju 1940 roku
(List of Death of ‘Military Engineering’ Officers from Kozelsk and Starobielsk, Shot by the Soviet Union in April and May of 1940)
- Author(s):Zdzisław Cutter
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History, Military history, Social history, Special Historiographies:, Fascism, Nazism and WW II
- Page Range:245-264
- No. of Pages:20
- Keywords:military engineering; Polish prisoners of war; Katyn massacre; NKVD; special camps; Kharkov; Katyn; Kozelsk; Starobielsk; Republic of Poland; Soviet Union; World War II
- Summary/Abstract:Our knowledge about the Katyn crime is extensive, but many problems require clarification. One of them is the issue of Polish officers interned in the Soviet Union in 1939–1940. It is particularly important to present the full picture of the crime and the real truth about the fate of prisoners from three special camps in Kozielsk, Starobielsk and Ostashkov. These officers also included command and staff of military engineering, including 195 in Kozelsk and 129 in Starobielsk. At the same time, between April and May 1940, 16 officers were in the first camp and 25 officers in the second camp. Ultimately, it can be assumed that 332 military engineering officers were murdered in the Soviet Union. Their only fault was that they were outstanding citizens of the Republic of Poland and fell victim to a totalitarian system on an inhuman land.
Demobilizacja personalna Wojska Polskiego w latach 1945–1947
Demobilizacja personalna Wojska Polskiego w latach 1945–1947
(Personal Demobilization of the Polish Army in 1945–1947)
- Author(s):Witold Jarno
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History, Military history, Social history, Special Historiographies:, WW II and following years (1940 - 1949)
- Page Range:265-285
- No. of Pages:21
- Keywords:Polish Army after 1945; demobilization; army reorganization
- Summary/Abstract:The article discusses the process of personal demobilization carried out in the Polish Army in 1945–1947. It consisted in the gradual dismissal from the army of soldiers serving in it during World War II and reducing the size of the army, adapting it to the assumptions of its peaceful organization. The final result of this process was the transition in October 1947 to a system of military service covering two age groups at a time. The process of personal demobilization of the Polish Army was not easy and quick, but despite many problems, it was managed to be carried out efficiently and on time. The aim of the article is to discuss the assumptions of this process and the course of its individual phases, which are based essentially on archival documents. The literature on the subject was also used to the extent necessary, as it often contains divergent data on the process of demobilization, which required confronting it with the information contained in the archives.
Wojna i jej wpływ na odbudowę potencjału Marynarki Wojennej RP (PRL) po 1945 roku
Wojna i jej wpływ na odbudowę potencjału Marynarki Wojennej RP (PRL) po 1945 roku
(War and Its Impact on the Reconstruction of the Naval Potential of the Polish People’s Republic after 1945)
- Author(s):Andrzej Drzewiecki
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History, Military history, Social history, Special Historiographies:, Post-War period (1950 - 1989), History of Communism
- Page Range:287-311
- No. of Pages:25
- Keywords:Poland after 1945; Navy; war; capacity restoration; soviet influence
- Summary/Abstract:When it comes to naval potential, we must have at least two dimensions in mind. The one is the social potential identified with the personnel (naval) structures and civilian personnel and their qualifications, while the other is the combat potential expressed in the state of armaments and equipment of the naval forces. There is no doubt that in 1945 Poland faced the necessity of building the naval component of the armed forces, not from scratch but with numerous limitations. We dealt here with internal limitations caused by the aftermath of the war and external ones due to the fact that Poland came under the Soviet sphere of influence, which had a direct bearing on the scope of independence in the military field. This subordination and its consequences were experienced to the full extent by the navy, which undoubtedly translated into its potential and operational independence.
Działalność społeczno-gospodarcza wojsk inżynieryjnych Wojska Polskiego w latach 1945–1956
Działalność społeczno-gospodarcza wojsk inżynieryjnych Wojska Polskiego w latach 1945–1956
(Socio-Economic Activities of the Engineering Corps of the Polish Army in the Years 1945–1956)
- Author(s):Robert Pietrygała
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History, Local History / Microhistory, Military history, Social history, Special Historiographies:, WW II and following years (1940 - 1949), Post-War period (1950 - 1989)
- Page Range:313-327
- No. of Pages:15
- Keywords:Military District; national economy; engineering troops; sappers; demining; elimination of natural disasters; flood actions and anti-snow and ice actions
- Summary/Abstract:The second half of the 20th century was marked by numerous wars and disasters, which consequently caused enormous human, financial, and material losses. Engineering troops played a decisive role in the activities in the face of crises and the elimination of their consequences. This role was mainly determined by the specialized equipment and the adaptation of these formations to this type of operations, which are referred to as non-military operations. The main tasks of the engineering units in 1945–1956 included in particular clearing the territory of the Polish state of the remnants of mines, unexploded ordnance, and dangerous objects, participation in the elimination of natural disasters, and participation in works for the benefit of the national economy and the Ministry of National Defence. Moreover, the soldiers of these troops took an active part in clearing the country of debris, came to the aid of harvesting operations, digging up agricultural produce, assisted in clean-up work, helped in fire extinguishing, and cleared snow from roads and railways. All of the above issues have been synthesized for this article.
Pochówki wojenne na terenie obwodu zaporoskiego jako metoda instrumentalizacji pamięci o II wojnie światowej
Pochówki wojenne na terenie obwodu zaporoskiego jako metoda instrumentalizacji pamięci o II wojnie światowej
(War Burials as a Method of Instrumentalizing the Memory of World War II)
- Author(s):Oksana Varian
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History, Military history, Social history, Special Historiographies:, History of Communism, Fascism, Nazism and WW II
- Page Range:329-343
- No. of Pages:15
- Keywords:memory; types of memory; World War II; Russian-Ukrainian war; cultural heritage
- Summary/Abstract:The practice of Russia’s using burials from World War II to construct an aggressive concept of memory about the war in Soviet and post-Soviet public space and the subsequent use of memory as a tool of military aggression is considered. It was established that Ukraine and Russia formed different types of memories about World War II. Ukraine’s memory of World War II is the happiness of victory combined with the conscious memory of its tragic price, reflected in the phrase “Never again”. Russia’s memory of World War II is different – aggressive, justifying all war crimes with the right of the winner, supported by the militarization of society, personified by the slogans “grandfathers fought” and “we can do it again”. Based on research on military burials from 1941–1944 in the Zaporizhzhya region, three characteristic features of the attitude of the Soviet authorities towards military burials were identified and analyzed using specific examples: depersonalization of the memory of the war; a formal approach to burials; marking central parts of public space in cities and villages with military burials. A typology was carried out and statistical data were presented on the number of burials from the period of World War II in the Zaporizhzhia region. The general situation of the organisation of military burials on the territory of the Zaporizhzhia region is presented on the example of the city of Melitopol – a strategic city in the German-Soviet war of 1941–1945 and the ongoing Russian-Ukrainian war, currently occupied by the Russians. It was determined that Russia used World War II monuments in the occupied territory as a component of ideological propaganda. At the same time, 60% of the cultural heritage monuments of the Zaporizhzhia region destroyed by shelling by Russian troops are military burials from the period of World War II.
Migracja ludności w wyniku wojny w Syrii od 2011 roku jako zagrożenie bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego
Migracja ludności w wyniku wojny w Syrii od 2011 roku jako zagrożenie bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego
(Population Migration as a Result of the War in Syria since 2011 as a Threat to International Security)
- Author(s):Katarzyna Ewa Derlatka
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History, Military history, Social history, Present Times (2010 - today)
- Page Range:345-360
- No. of Pages:16
- Keywords:war; Syria; migration; refugees; security; humanitarian crisis; global security
- Summary/Abstract:This article looks at the migration wave triggered by the war in Syria since 2011 and analyses the possibility of using mass population migration to destabilise the European Union and other areas in the world to influence the geopolitical situation. Mass migration of populations can be a security threat, influencing the domestic and foreign policies of various states. The effect of using migrants for their own ends and changing the international chessboard can be seen especially in 2023. The wave of migration from Syria and then from other countries in the Middle East and Africa, has proved to be an excellent tool in Russia’s hybrid war against the West, in achieving strategic goals by using blackmail and pressure on international players, including on the war in Ukraine, in which many countries in the world are involved.
