Proceedings of the 28th International RAIS Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities
Proceedings of the 28th International RAIS Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities
Contributor(s): Ioan-Gheorghe Rotaru (Editor), Huma Sarwar (Editor)
Subject(s): Social Sciences, Law, Constitution, Jurisprudence, Criminal Law, Behaviorism, Social development, Health and medicine and law, Economic development, EU-Legislation, Administrative Law
ISSN: 2578-8574
Published by: Scientia Moralitas Research Institute
Keywords: social sciences; humanities; economy; criminal law; EU legislation; IT; Covid-19; communication; education
Summary/Abstract: The 28th International RAIS Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities was held at American University, in Washington DC, USA, on June 26-27, 2022, and was organized by the Research Association for Interdisciplinary Studies.
- E-ISBN-13: 978-1-945298-48-6
- Page Count: 176
- Publication Year: 2022
- Language: English
Behavioral International Law: Law-in-books vs. Law-in-action Resembling the Neoclassical Economics vs. Behavioral Economics Debate
Behavioral International Law: Law-in-books vs. Law-in-action Resembling the Neoclassical Economics vs. Behavioral Economics Debate
(Behavioral International Law: Law-in-books vs. Law-in-action Resembling the Neoclassical Economics vs. Behavioral Economics Debate)
- Author(s):Julia M. Puaschunder
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Behaviorism, Law on Economics
- Page Range:1-9
- No. of Pages:10
- Keywords:Behavioral Economics; Behavioral International Law
- Summary/Abstract:International Law historically stems from a collection of international rules and principles to regulate international conduct of nation states towards another. The International Law Commission (ILC) is a gremium of international law experts voted by the United Nations in order to help develop the theory, codification and practice of international law and its wider range into legal diplomacy. The ILC discusses and debates emerging topics of relevance in international law in the pursuit of developing international legal principles and setting out global standards of nation state conduct towards another. A contemporary effort of the International Law Commission is the scientific investigation of the gap between law-in-books and law-in-action. Law-in-books describes all written-down laws, regulations and written legal customs. Contrary to legal writing in law, treaties, statues and cases, law-in-action is a legal theory that examines the role of law how it is actually applied and practiced in society. Law-in-action scholars often draw from observations about the actual behavior exhibited by executives in legal institutions, courts and jurisprudence officials. Law-in-action is also concerned with the effect of laws on actual people in the real world as well as the impact of legal frameworks and societal interpretations of the rule-of-law. The noticed gap between the law as written in books and the law in reality is currently subject to scrutiny by the current ILC in the quest to derive insights about successful environments to help improve efficiency in legal conduct, stability in international law making as well as combat societally-harmful discrepancies, e.g., such as corruption but also human decision making fallibility and preference reversals. In this fairly novel endeavor of the ILC, the wealth of insights derived from the behavioral economics revolution that undermined the neoclassical economic rational choice theory could be tapped into. International Law scholars may derive inferences from the history, methods and applied behavioral insights how to close the gap between stylized aspirational efficiency goals and actual decision making and actions of real-world people. International law may also benefit from the newest critique of the macroeconomic efficiency maximization in the behavioral Post-Keynesian opening for the integration of political, societal, environmental and historical facets as influence factors on the success of macroeconomic measures. In all these endeavors, closing the gaps between scientific aspirational goals and legal models with real-world relevant applied law practice and policy outcomes promises to instigate optimality in scientifically-led ways how to legally rule the world but also to help research understand better what actual real-world actors do when being exposed to different legal choice architectures and policy frameworks.
Open Archive of Hate: Terrorism and Violent Extremism on Internet Archive
Open Archive of Hate: Terrorism and Violent Extremism on Internet Archive
(Open Archive of Hate: Terrorism and Violent Extremism on Internet Archive)
- Author(s):Gabriel Weimann
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Crowd Psychology: Mass phenomena and political interactions, Victimology
- Page Range:10-24
- No. of Pages:14
- Keywords:social media; hate speech; violent extremism
- Summary/Abstract:The recognized correlation between the growing spread of violent extremist and terrorist content on the Internet and online platforms and the significant increase of attacks inspired by these postings caused governments and security agencies to launch various countermeasures. These measures included removal of terrorist and violent extremist online content (or “deplatforming”), suspension of their social media accounts, hacking websites and pressuring social media companies to remove terrorist propaganda. Struggling to adjust to these countermeasures and sustain their online presence, terrorist and violent extremists moved from mainstream online platforms to alternative online channels including anonymous sharing portals and cloud services. The most popular archiving service used by various extremist and terrorist groups is the Internet Archive. While the few studies on hate speech and violent content on Internet Archive focused only on a certain type of content or a specific group, this study attempts to reveal a wide range of contents, groups and organizations who use this archive for sharing and promoting such contents. To examine the use of Internet Archive by various groups and organizations involved in violence, terrorism, hate speech, racism and neo-Nazism we applied several stages of data collection and analysis. The findings highlight an alarming volume of terrorist, extremist, and racist material on the Internet Archive. These findings are discussed in terms of ethical and practical implications.
Legislative Analysis of the European Union's Response to Public Health Emergencies
Legislative Analysis of the European Union's Response to Public Health Emergencies
(Legislative Analysis of the European Union's Response to Public Health Emergencies)
- Author(s):Cristina-Luiza Erimia
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Health and medicine and law, EU-Legislation
- Page Range:25-30
- No. of Pages:6
- Keywords:EU legislation; shortages of medicinal products
- Summary/Abstract:Although the European Union has long faced the problem of shortages of medicines in recent years, both due to increased global demand and the COVID-19 pandemic, the problem has worsened exponentially. The shortage of medicines is a growing threat to public health, with a serious negative impact on health systems and on the right of every patient in the EU to have access to appropriate medical treatment. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of a smoothly functioning internal market and strong supply chains for medicines and medical equipment, as well as EU dependence on third countries in the health sector, given that 40% of finished medicines marketed in the EU come from third countries. Although Europe has a large production capacity, the supply chain still depends to a large extent on non-EU subcontractors for the production of active substances, where labor costs and environmental standards are often lower (60 to 80% of the active chemicals in medicines are produced outside the EU, mainly in China and India). In this context, this article aims to examine the legislative measures taken at the EU level to prepare for crisis situations in the field of medicines, mitigate shortages of medicinal products, and improve the security of supply.
Local Government and Community Development: Nurturing Prospective Female Politicians
Local Government and Community Development: Nurturing Prospective Female Politicians
(Local Government and Community Development: Nurturing Prospective Female Politicians)
- Author(s):Janet Serwah Boateng
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Gender Studies, Public Administration
- Page Range:31-37
- No. of Pages:6
- Keywords:Assemblywomen; community development; local government
- Summary/Abstract:Women’s contributions in public space to enhance development at the grassroots ensure their participation in local government administration. Hence, there are efforts to increase assemblywomen in decision-making positions in the district assemblies. Although there is a societal perception about female politicians, assemblywomen encourage prospective women politicians. This study sought to explore assemblywomen’s efforts to nurture other women, build their interest in local politics and improve their political participation and develop communities. The study adopted the qualitative method approach to study four regions in Ghana sampled based on their diverse nature and noticeable female representativeness in district assemblies. Thirty assemblywomen were purposefully selected for in-depth interviews. The results show that their responsibilities gained other women’s support where they could liaise to build their community. This mentee/mentorship initiative would enhance the women’s chances in local government administration. The implication is that once a woman steps out from her private home to contribute to public space, community members recognize her, precipitating the support to engage in local government administration.
Extraneity Elements Inheritance
Extraneity Elements Inheritance
(Extraneity Elements Inheritance)
- Author(s):Andreea-Lorena Codreanu
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Civil Law, EU-Legislation
- Page Range:38-42
- No. of Pages:5
- Keywords:applicable law; successions; competence; residence
- Summary/Abstract:In matters of succession, the European Union has set itself the objective of maintaining and developing an area of freedom, security and justice in which the free movement of persons is ensured, adopting thus measures relating to judicial cooperation in civil matters having cross-border implications, to facilitate the understanding of foreign law. This is also the rationale behind the provisions of Regulation (EU) No. 650/2012 designed to ensure that conflicting judgments are avoided in EU Member States. According to this European legal act, the European Certificate of Succession issued under the Regulation should constitute a valid act for the registration of succession in the registers of another Member State. This is not mandatory since the national authorities are the ones that may impose additional procedures and formalities.
Power Play, Because of Pay? How Pay Transparency Affects Counterproductive Work Behaviors
Power Play, Because of Pay? How Pay Transparency Affects Counterproductive Work Behaviors
(Power Play, Because of Pay? How Pay Transparency Affects Counterproductive Work Behaviors)
- Author(s):Andrew Millin
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Behaviorism, Economic development, Law on Economics
- Page Range:43-47
- No. of Pages:5
- Keywords:social comparison; pay communication; pay transparency
- Summary/Abstract:With social comparison theory as our theoretical foundation, how employees target one another based on the presentation of information that they see and evaluate, we explain how process pay transparency and outcome pay transparency affect the probability of counterproductive work behaviors from employees toward individuals (CWB-I) and organizations (CWB-O). We utilize field study data courtesy of Mendeley (“Pay Communication, Justice and Affect: The Asymmetric Effects of Process and Outcome Pay Transparency on Counterproductive Workplace Behavior,” 2020) and select methods from SimanTov-Nachlieli and Bamberger (2021, 235) using SmartPLS. While three hypotheses failed to produce significant results, and the only hypothesis that produced significant results was not supported (process pay transparency negatively, not positively, related to counterproductive work behaviors directed at the organization), our final bootstrapped SEM fit our data for our saturated model (SRMR = 0.046 < 0.08, NFI = 0.915 > 0.9). Implications are discussed.
Intergenerational Justice and Democracy
Intergenerational Justice and Democracy
(Intergenerational Justice and Democracy)
- Author(s):Julia M. Puaschunder
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Behaviorism, Socio-Economic Research
- Page Range:48-55
- No. of Pages:8
- Keywords:Artificial Intelligence; Behavioral Economics; Behavioral Macroeconomics
- Summary/Abstract:Intergenerational Equity has become the basis for legal codification in different domains in the most recent decades. This article discusses intergenerational representations in the judiciary system and democracy. Age-balanced decision-making of juries that could transpire into the judiciary system, democratic rotation principles with age-sensitive quotas but also futuristic Artificial Intelligence-led governance that pays attention to the mean age of voting circles are prospective intergenerational justice and democracy advancements proposed.
Procedural Aspects regarding the Crime of Thwarting the Fight against Diseases in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Romania
Procedural Aspects regarding the Crime of Thwarting the Fight against Diseases in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Romania
(Procedural Aspects regarding the Crime of Thwarting the Fight against Diseases in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Romania)
- Author(s):Ioana Emilia Milanovici
- Language:English
- Subject(s):National Economy, Criminology
- Page Range:56-60
- No. of Pages:5
- Keywords:quarantine; isolation; freedom of movement; house arrest
- Summary/Abstract:The measure of quarantine or solitary confinement has been compared by some practitioners or contestants of the COVID-19 pandemic to house arrest, as they tried to implement the idea, in the collective thinking, that this measure is a security measure taken against a person accused of committing a crime and who has the capacity of defendant in a criminal case. Are isolation or quarantine a house arrest? Do these two measures represent a restriction on the person’s freedom of movement?
Liability of Investigators and Collaborators for Acts Committed in the Performance of their Duties in Criminal Investigations
Liability of Investigators and Collaborators for Acts Committed in the Performance of their Duties in Criminal Investigations
(Liability of Investigators and Collaborators for Acts Committed in the Performance of their Duties in Criminal Investigations)
- Author(s):Nadia Zlate
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Crowd Psychology: Mass phenomena and political interactions, Criminology
- Page Range:61-65
- No. of Pages:5
- Keywords:undercover investigators and collaborators; criminal liability of undercover
- Summary/Abstract:The special investigative means of using undercover investigators and collaborators has proven to be particularly useful in proving certain crimes, such as corruption offences, where the subjects involved have a high degree of intelligence and commit the crimes in a rather cautious manner so as to avoid the risk of detection. If the conduct of the undercover investigator’s or collaborator’s activity involves participation in certain activities within the meaning of Article 150 of the Romanian Code of Criminal Procedure, the prosecutor shall order by the same order by which he orders the use of the undercover investigator or collaborator or by a separate order the participation in these activities. It may happen that the undercover investigator or collaborator, in the course of the activities carried out, is in a situation where he is forced by circumstances to commit an act provided for by criminal law other than those for which he has been authorised by the prosecutor, otherwise there is a risk that the entire operation will be exposed. In these situations, the Romanian Code of Criminal Procedure does not provide for the possibility of committing such offences without the risk of criminal liability of the undercover investigator or collaborator, if there is none of the justifying or non-imputability grounds regulated in the Criminal Code, such as legitimate defence or state of necessity. There is a unanimous opinion in the Romanian literature that undercover investigators and collaborators must be held criminally liable as instigators of crimes committed by the persons under investigation and who were provoked to commit the acts in order to obtain evidence against them. In carrying out their duties, undercover investigators and collaborators may cause certain pecuniary or non-pecuniary damage to persons, whether they are connected to the criminal environment or are third parties. For example, an undercover investigator who is infiltrated into an organised criminal group must behave in a similar way to persons in that group in order to gain credibility with them and commit certain criminal offences, such as car theft. Or he accidentally causes certain damage to third parties at the criminal investigation in the course of his work. In such cases, the obligation to repair the damage caused to the injured party under the rules of tort law arises.
Tactics of the Search. Collection of Objects and Documents
Tactics of the Search. Collection of Objects and Documents
(Tactics of the Search. Collection of Objects and Documents)
- Author(s):Cosmin Butură
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Criminology, Environmental interactions
- Page Range:66-71
- No. of Pages:6
- Keywords:investigation; tactics; procedures; forensics; evidence
- Summary/Abstract:When a crime is committed that is likely to damage state or private property, a criminal investigation is used, one of the important objectives of which is a search. By search, we mean a criminal procedural act carried out by investigators for the purpose of discovering the truth by uncovering elements of a criminal nature that are favorable to the prosecution of the person who has acquired the status of defendant. Following the ex officio referral to the criminal prosecution authorities or following a referral via the 112 emergency service of a crime against property, the State acquires the status of investigator in solving the reported crime. According to the Civil Code, the right to property is guaranteed, so the violation of this right by malicious persons, by committing offences against property, brings the investigating authorities from both sides into the same sphere of action. They have an obligation to investigate whether there are grounds for bringing the defendant to trial by taking evidence from the scene of the crime and from other places where the defendant is believed to have hidden important evidence in the case. I mention this point in relation to important evidence in the case file because the search itself is aimed at finding evidence that ultimately leads to the conviction of the defendant, such as objects, money, etc. It should be noted that we should not confuse the search with the investigation on the spot, which are two distinct aspects. The on-the-spot investigation involves finding evidence leading to the real suspect. In terms of a search, it is understood that the criminal investigation authorities already have a suspect, and the investigation is carried out at the places where the suspect has spent his day-to-day activities from the beginning of his crime until the time he is apprehended by the authorities. This investigation is therefore called a search. Procedurally, the search starts with the suspect’s home, where he is believed to have spent most of his time, and then to other places where the suspect is believed to have carried out various activities. The most common places where investigators carry out searches are the homes and/or residences of persons close to the suspect or the home/residence of a stranger with whom the suspect has had new contact immediately after the crime was committed. Thus, from an etymological point of view, the notion of evidence comes from Latin and means "to prove," and the word "probation" means proof. Therefore, this article will cover topics such as the importance of the search and the collection of objects and documents, criminal procedural regulations, the classification of searches from a forensic tactical point of view, the preparation of the search, the specifics of probation work and its role in the trial phase and the procedure of probation.
E-government in Public Services
E-government in Public Services
(E-government in Public Services)
- Author(s):Denisa Maria Vîlceanu
- Language:English
- Subject(s):ICT Information and Communications Technologies, Administrative Law
- Page Range:72-77
- No. of Pages:6
- Keywords:electronic administration; internet; public services
- Summary/Abstract:The main objective of e-government is to reduce bureaucracy, provide a framework for debate and decision on the main initiatives, measures and projects on debureaucratization and ensure coherence in the implementation of the e-government policy proposal. Among the objectives of e-government we mention: increasing the cost efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the public services, provided ensuring access to official information through WEB pages, optimizing the use of material and human resources, as well as the time required to provide services providing public services through electronic means for citizens and the business environment, improving relations between the public sector and citizens, simplification of administrative procedures improving public services, development of state information infrastructure. There are many supports for electronic administration. We often think first of the Internet (web services on a computer or mobile phone), but an eGovernment project can rely on any form of telematics, such as near field communication (NFC), Bluetooth and/or radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology, as well as electronic voting procedures, or even video surveillance, which can converge with data processing, database building and biometric facial recognition methods. The term "e-government" emerged around the 1990s with the advent of the Internet. (Castells 2000, 372). In 1998, the launch in France of the government's action programme for the information society is characteristic of the launch of a national drive to develop e-government.
Employees Changing Attitude Toward Work
Employees Changing Attitude Toward Work
(Employees Changing Attitude Toward Work)
- Author(s):Minoo Ghoreishi, Xiaobo Fang, Anita Nikzad
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Economic development, Human Resources in Economy
- Page Range:78-82
- No. of Pages:5
- Keywords:work attitudes; motivation; pandemic; income inequality
- Summary/Abstract:This study aims to research the changes in the employees' work attitude and the factors that cause these changes in recent years. Factors in employees’ attitudes toward holding a job and their related factors are examined. This paper is limited to the review of the recent literature for a better understanding of the problem, developing models, and suggesting solutions related to the increasing number of American workers quitting their jobs. This study is significant since several researchers investigated the causes of unemployment issues caused by job outsourcing, shrunken manufacturing industry, trade deficit, and short-term performance mentality. However, only a few research considered the change of attitude of workers as a reason for the employee leaving a job. The findings of this study showed changes in the work attitude of employees in recent years and uncover factors affecting these changes. With respect to the impacts of the pandemic, notable differences were observed in quitting a job based on education and ethnicity. The most impacts were detected among younger employees, lower-wage employees, with lower social status and family income. No significant differences were detected with respect to gender. Other factors that have caused the changes in the workers’ attitudes appear to be the company’s culture, the possibility for advancement at work, lack of trust in management, and emphasis on the quality of life.
Orientation Photography in Forensics
Orientation Photography in Forensics
(Orientation Photography in Forensics)
- Author(s):Gabriel – Irimia Anghel
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Crowd Psychology: Mass phenomena and political interactions, Criminology
- Page Range:83-88
- No. of Pages:6
- Keywords:forensic; photography; orientation; crime
- Summary/Abstract:Crime scene photography, part of forensic photography, knows several procedures. They are usually divided into two categories - general procedures and special procedures. In particular, the general shooting procedures, as their name suggests, are applicable and are carried out in all cases where research is carried out on the spot, and their importance is emphasized by this feature. This is also the reasoning for which, in this paper, I set out to present the first general procedure of forensic photography that takes place on the spot, namely orientation photography. In the presentation of this topic, I will approach in detail the description of this procedure and its membership in forensic photography, the criteria that must be met by the photography equipment, and some rules of execution that must be taken into account.
Innovation through Digitalization of the Romanian Public Administration
Innovation through Digitalization of the Romanian Public Administration
(Innovation through Digitalization of the Romanian Public Administration)
- Author(s):Mihaela-Gabriela Apostol
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Economic development, ICT Information and Communications Technologies
- Page Range:89-93
- No. of Pages:4
- Keywords:innovation; public administration; e-governance
- Summary/Abstract:The article addresses the issue of innovation through the digitalization of public administration in Romania. Even though there are different platforms/portals for making different payments, such as fines, taxes, etc., it is easier to pay these "obligations" directly at a physical counter than through platforms. Objective: To identify the current situation regarding innovation through the digitalization of Romanian public administration. Approach: The research is theoretical but will illustrate along the way different aspects of the reality regarding the issue of digitalization in the Romanian public sector and position Romania in different rankings regarding innovation through digitalization. Results: Romania does not rank high in the digitalization rankings, and the main reason is that Romanian citizens do not trust new technologies and are not educated to use them.
The Legislative and Institutional Framework of National Minorities in Romania
The Legislative and Institutional Framework of National Minorities in Romania
(The Legislative and Institutional Framework of National Minorities in Romania)
- Author(s):Anca-Jeanina Niță
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Constitutional Law, Civil Law
- Page Range:94-100
- No. of Pages:6
- Keywords:national minorities; right to identity; Constitution
- Summary/Abstract:The present study aims to reignite the debate on the variables of the relationships between the majority and the national minorities, as well as stress the importance of the latter being involved, after 1989, in the making of the new democratic and constitutional framework. It briefly observes the internal and EU rules related to the legal protection of national minorities. It presents the current legal and institutional framework on national minorities in Romania, thus highlighting the fact that protecting national minorities has been one of the political requirements that Romania had to comply with as part of the EU accession process. The link between the right to identity – in its ethnic, cultural, linguistic, and religious components – and non-discrimination principle is analyzed from the perspective of both constitutional norms and that infraconstitutional legislation. The existence and implementation of a legal framework that is generally favorable to minority rights allow us to conclude that Romania is an inclusive society, where the principle of diversity is promoted and respected, this being a merit of both the majority and national minorities.
The Analysis of the Adverse Effects of Medication - A New Approach in Cardiovascular Diseases
The Analysis of the Adverse Effects of Medication - A New Approach in Cardiovascular Diseases
(The Analysis of the Adverse Effects of Medication - A New Approach in Cardiovascular Diseases)
- Author(s):Georgeta Stoica-Marcu
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Substance abuse and addiction, Health and medicine and law
- Page Range:101-110
- No. of Pages:9
- Keywords:cardiovascular diseases; the adverse effects; coronary heart disease
- Summary/Abstract:By centralizing the data from the presentation leaflets of a number of 83 drugs specific to the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, a database with side effects and frequency of occurrence was ensured. Their association with a number of 20 medical conditions / disorders and summary of medical tests affected by these adverse effects could have led to questions about the characteristics of these active substances individually as well as those of the group / class of drugs to which it belongs. At the end, it was possible to graphically determine the adverse effect according to the package leaflet published by the manufacturer, individually or by the group / classes of medication and with the possibility of combining them in case of using several drugs. Knowing these medication-related side effects may lead to a new approach to preventing and improving the symptoms of the disease as well as the side effects of medication from cardiovascular disease.
Assessing the Effects of Changing Media Technology and Alternative Media on Political Communication in Nigeria
Assessing the Effects of Changing Media Technology and Alternative Media on Political Communication in Nigeria
(Assessing the Effects of Changing Media Technology and Alternative Media on Political Communication in Nigeria)
- Author(s):Hadiza Wada, Buba Misawa
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics and communication, Politics and society
- Page Range:111-119
- No. of Pages:8
- Keywords:Political communication; new media impact; communication technology
- Summary/Abstract:The rapidly changing media environment, as a result of technological advances, is proving hard to track and control for those who hold stake in the way information reaches people of interest, such as politicians and their voters. As a result, political communication has been facing several challenges in recent years. The mediation role of professional media seems to be losing grounds to a growing echo of alternative media voices, for example, leading to increased personalization or skewing of electoral campaigns to personalities rather than national issues, just as imagery and perception of individual candidates through political marketing by the media become more mainstream. With that in mind, 300 questionnaires were distributed to voter age population in Nigeria out of which 289 were retrieved and used. The intent was to see how alternative media is shaping political discourse and to what extent. The result shows an extensive use of alternative media at 64%. One of the most significant findings is: a much higher rate of citizen participation recorded at 84% of respondents brought about by popular use of alternative media, has not translated into satisfaction with the current state of politics and politicians which was rated at 48% and dissatisfaction at 52%. With 44% of the same respondents citing non relevance of contents disseminated by professional media as the main reason for the shift to alternative media, recommendations include the need for professional media to make concerted efforts in following new developments in technologies and user taste, in order to match those changes with favorable contents
Digital Inequality: A Research Agenda
Digital Inequality: A Research Agenda
(Digital Inequality: A Research Agenda)
- Author(s):Julia M. Puaschunder
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Behaviorism, Socio-Economic Research
- Page Range:120-127
- No. of Pages:8
- Keywords:Artificial Intelligence; Behavioral Economics; Behavioral Macroeconomics
- Summary/Abstract:We live in the age of digitalization. Digital disruption is the advancement of our lifetimes. Never before in the history of humankind have human beings given up as much decision-making autonomy as today to a growing body of artificial intelligence (AI). Digitalization features a wave of self-learning entities that generate information from exponentially-growing big data sources that are encroaching every aspect of our daily lives. Inequality is one of the most significant pressing concern of our times. Ample evidence exists in economics, law and historical studies that multiple levels of inequality dominate the current socio-dynamics, politics and living conditions around the world. Social inequality stretches from societal levels within nation states to global dimensions but also intergenerational inequality domains. While digitalization and inequality are predominant features of our times, hardly any information exists on the inequality inherent in digitalization. This paper breaks new ground in theoretically arguing for inequality being an overlooked by-product of innovative change – featuring concrete examples in insights and applications in the digitalization domain. A multi-faceted analysis will draw a contemporary digital inequality account from behavioral economic, macroeconomic, comparative and legal economic perspectives. This paper targets at aiding academics and practitioners in understanding the advantages but also the potential inequalities imbued in digitalization. It sets a historic landmark to capture the Zeitgeist of our digitalization disruption heralding unexpected inequalities stemming from innovative change. The article may open eyes to understand our times holistically in its advantageous innovation capacities but also potential societal, international and intertemporal unequal gains and losses perspectives from digitalization.
Natural Law and Positive Law in Criminal Law
Natural Law and Positive Law in Criminal Law
(Natural Law and Positive Law in Criminal Law)
- Author(s):Cristian Dan
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Criminal Law, Criminology
- Page Range:128-131
- No. of Pages:4
- Keywords:natural law; criminal law; psychology; criminal act; positive law
- Summary/Abstract:The essence of rights is the fact that they largely correspond to the surrounding nature and the way humans relate to it. In this sense, over the course of time, from antiquity to the present day, two major directions have been distinguished in which the law, in general and the laws in particular, must be thought about, interpreted and applied. One of the great currents of thought in law has its essence in the natural norms of nature and the environment of which we are also a part. The second one refers more to the applicative character of the law, in the sense that a legal norm must be thought of in the extent to which it produces its effects and not in one in which it prohibits their production. The problem that arises in criminal law is that of the prohibition of certain behaviors, being considered at the same time to be Positive Law. The article aims to treat, briefly, this issue by identifying the aspects that link criminal law to the two great currents of legal thought, showing through concrete examples what exactly this science has gathered from each of them. Some conclusions at the end of the paper will aim to unify all the information and synthesize the paper.
The Ethnicity and Identity of the Malagasy People: Reflections on the Afro-Indonesian Origins
The Ethnicity and Identity of the Malagasy People: Reflections on the Afro-Indonesian Origins
(The Ethnicity and Identity of the Malagasy People: Reflections on the Afro-Indonesian Origins)
- Author(s):Marcel Șaitiș
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Customs / Folklore, Culture and social structure
- Page Range:132-145
- No. of Pages:13
- Keywords:identity; Malagasy; Malagasy people; Madagascar
- Summary/Abstract:Every people group is distinguished through specific traits that reflect both its identity and ethnicity. While identity refers to the process of ‘becoming’ a people throughout history, and it represents its current dominant image, ethnicity refers to the roots of a people, the particular elements within it that make some say, ‘us’ or ‘them’ (People and Bailey 2009, 383). These features of ethnicity and identity are given by several elements that contribute to the formation of a people: anthropological aspects, linguistic elements, the history of a people and contextual framework. The anthropological aspects refer to a people and the origin of different ethnic groups located in the same geographical area. The linguistic elements point to the origins of the populations set together, characterized by specific vocabulary. The historical framework shows the process by which populations found in the same geographical area, due to specific circumstances, managed to preserve their ethnicity, but also to form a new common identity. The contextual framework refers to the social, cultural, and religious aspects specific to certain groups or mixed in the process of forming a new identity. In this article we aim for two things. First, we would like to make several observations on the ethnicity of the Malagasy people, located in the geographical territory of Madagascar, in the Indian Ocean, in the light of the above-mentioned elements, and then to look at the identity of the Malagasy people today, following the process of homogenization of the different populations and cultures that form it. Although we could not comprehensively cover all these elements that reflect ethnicity and identity, we sketched a picture of the Malagasy people including some of the four elements mentioned above: the genesis of the Malagasy people, the linguistic elements, and a brief historical, cultural, and religious framework reflected in the social life of the Malagasy people.
An Assessment of the Compatibility of Existential Therapy with Christian Theology and Implications for Christian Faith-Based Therapists
An Assessment of the Compatibility of Existential Therapy with Christian Theology and Implications for Christian Faith-Based Therapists
(An Assessment of the Compatibility of Existential Therapy with Christian Theology and Implications for Christian Faith-Based Therapists)
- Author(s):Anda-Maria Constantin (Mogoș)
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Pastoral Theology, Sociology of Religion
- Page Range:146-150
- No. of Pages:5
- Keywords:Existentialism; Frankl; meaning; Christian counseling,
- Summary/Abstract:This paper discusses existential psychotherapy and its compatibility or lack thereof with the elements of Christian Theology that are central to faith-based therapists. The elements that were analyzed were: the existential problem definition – what was, from its point of view, the source of pain – as well as its means of counseling, the goals in the counseling process, and its approach to the termination. As each of these aspects was presented, they were also analyzed from the perspective of their compatibility with Christian Theology. The paper concluded with a reflection on the usefulness of this theory in practice.
AWS Corporate AI Use Cases
AWS Corporate AI Use Cases
(AWS Corporate AI Use Cases)
- Author(s):Brian Kan, Douglas Klein
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Business Economy / Management, ICT Information and Communications Technologies
- Page Range:151-156
- No. of Pages:5
- Keywords:AWS; Amazon Web Services AI; AWS Machine Learning
- Summary/Abstract:Amazon, with $469 Billion in sales in 2021, has established itself as a world-class user of AI, utilizing Machine Learning (ML) in its search engine to deliver desired results quickly - so millions of shoppers find the products they want to buy. Amazon’s affiliate, Amazon Web Services (AWS), had annual sales of $62 Billion in 2021, making it the 53rd largest company on the Fortune 500 as measured by revenues. AWS provides enterprises with a fully managed AI service with tools needed to execute every step of the ML development lifecycle in one integrated environment. By 2021, more than one hundred thousand companies utilized AWS Machine Learning - more than any other cloud platform. Outside of the traditional search engine applications (finding a product to buy, booking travel arrangements, or looking for a new job) what are some compelling and important business use cases where ML and AI have the greatest impact? Some use cases in this paper: AWS AI and Machine Learning are used by commercial landlords and industrial real estate owners to save energy and reduce carbon emissions. The World Wildlife Federation uses AWS AI tools in Indonesia to better understand the size and health of orangutan populations in their native habitat. And The Walt Disney Company uses ML and AI to organize metadata into one archival system, storing information about the stories, scenes, and characters in every second of Disney’s huge catalog of shows and movies.
Blessings of Mahāguru Prayer – Understanding of the True Nature of Mind
Blessings of Mahāguru Prayer – Understanding of the True Nature of Mind
(Blessings of Mahāguru Prayer – Understanding of the True Nature of Mind)
- Author(s):Tashi Gelek
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Sociology of Religion, Psychology of Religion
- Page Range:157-166
- No. of Pages:9
- Keywords:Pema Lingpa; Terma; Tertön; Guru Padmasambhava
- Summary/Abstract:The Mahāguru Prayer was a prayer by Yeshe Tsogyal to Guru Padmasambhava when he was about to leave Tibet. Later she concealed it as a treasure teaching which Saint Pema Lingpa from Bhutan revealed for the benefit of sentient beings. It explains the suffering of samsara, blessings of prayers, the practice of offerings, Buddhist view, meditation, virtuous activities, Bodhicitta, reincarnation, the three kayas of Dzogchen, and dedication. Although this is a prayer liturgy, it lucidly expounds the essence of Buddhism: the true nature of mind. In particular, this prayer provides precious guidance and clear insights to Buddhist practitioners that the Mahaguru is not only represented by an outer guru but, more importantly, the primordially pure inner guru of our mind— Buddhanature.
Violent Crimes Committed by Participants in Sports Life
Violent Crimes Committed by Participants in Sports Life
(Violent Crimes Committed by Participants in Sports Life)
- Author(s):Nicoleta-Elena Heghes
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Criminology
- Page Range:167-171
- No. of Pages:5
- Keywords:crimes; violent crimes; participants; sports life
- Summary/Abstract:The boundary between sports law and common law is not a clear one, and this uncertainty is exacerbated in the matter of legal liability. Controversies often arise in connection with the applicability of common law rules in the matter of liability in sports. Active subjects of certain crimes, but also passive subjects can be organizers of sports competitions, managers of sports clubs or decision-making staff of federations, athletes, teaching staff, auxiliary staff, spectators and last but not least, athletes. The elements that differentiate a criminal trial from one without sporting connotations are mainly represented by the active and passive subject and by the circumstances of the commission of the crime, which can be assessed as mitigating or aggravating circumstances.
Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations – The Antidote of the Prescription of Criminal Liability
Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations – The Antidote of the Prescription of Criminal Liability
(Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations – The Antidote of the Prescription of Criminal Liability)
- Author(s):Petronela Simona Brezeanu
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Criminal Law, Criminology
- Page Range:172-176
- No. of Pages:4
- Keywords:prescription; deadlines; non-applicability of statutory limitations
- Summary/Abstract:Prescription of criminal liability represents forfeit the right to action if not exercised within the limitation period. Consequently, this institution represents the time factor that constitutes the basis of criminal liability. The New Penal Code provides for a series of offenses for which the criminal statute of limitations does not apply. Such are the prescriptible crimes of genocide, against humanity and war, crime of murder, qualified murder, as well as intentional crimes followed by the death of the victim. In the case of complex offenses that absorb any of the aforementioned offenses (e.g., contempt), the statute of limitations operates even if the offense remained in the stage of an attempt to consume it.