HISTORYCZNE MECHANIZMY TRANSFERU INNOWACJI – HANDEL, MISJE, MIGRACJE
HISTORICAL MECHANISMS OF INNOVATIONS TRANSFERS – TRADE, MISSIONS, MIGRATIONS

Summary/Abstract: Transfer of innovations is understood as the emergence in a given place or community of new products, technologies, crops, livestock, ways of organizing government and society, beliefs and values from other places or communities. It is the transfer of knowledge in the form of objects, knowledge contained in media and in the minds and skills of people. A distinction is made between indirect and direct modes of innovation transfer. The former takes place on the occasion of other activities: trade, wars and conquests, religious missions, migrations caused by various factors. The latter include deliberate actions by authorities to import knowledge and skills and knowledge transfer as a result of scientific expeditions. This study discusses the general features of innovation transfer and more specifically trade, religious missions and migration as mechanisms of innovation transfer, from the earliest times to the 20th century.

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