Przemiany obywatelstwa we współczesnych demokracjach – wyzwania dla edukacji
Transformations of Citizenship in Modern Democracies – Challenges for Education

Summary/Abstract: The political culture of a particular society primarily manifests in the common participation of citizens in democratic processes. The concept of so called counter-democracy redefi nes participation closer to the categories of a critical reviewing of the authorities’ actions than to the categories of a direct political commitment. Transformations of understanding of the citizenship essence have various causes, among others the irremovability of a confl ict in the public domain and the ubiquity of manipulation. Confl icts are due to economic reasons but also – because of the increasing multiculturalism – ethnic and religious reasons. The manipulation effect is a presence of stereotypes and mythical thinking in the public space. Civic competences should contain, among others: refl exivity, criticism, tolerance, communication skills, resistance to manipulation and cooperation abilities. New trends of the citizenship understanding require re-raising questions on the importance of education in shaping the requested civic competences.

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