Türkiye’de Kişi Başına Düşen Gelir ile Girişimcilik Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkisi: İl Düzeyinde Panel Bootstrap Analizi
The Causal Relationship between Per Capita Income and Entrepreneurship in Türkiye: A Province-Level Panel Bootstrap Analysis

Summary/Abstract: This study examines the causal relationship between per capita income and the total number of entrepreneurial ventures using data from the period 2009–2023 for ten selected provinces in Türkiye that account for a substantial share of the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP), with the aim of assessing the interplay between economic prosperity and entrepreneurial activity. The Kónya (2006) panel bootstrap causality approach was employed in the analyses. The findings indicate that there is no statistically significant causality running from the total number of enterprises to per capita income for any of the provinces. In contrast, a statistically significant and negative causality relationship from per capita income to the total number of enterprises was identified in all provinces except Eskişehir. These results suggest that increases in income do not always stimulate entrepreneurial activity; particularly in high-income provinces, the attractiveness of wage employment and the rising opportunity cost of entrepreneurship may lead to a decline in the number of enterprises. The findings of the study indicate that the direction and nature of the relationship between entrepreneurship and economic welfare may vary depending on regional dynamics. Furthermore, the results reveal that entrepreneurship policies should not be limited to uniform incentive mechanisms aimed solely at increasing the number of enterprises; rather, selective and qualified policies targeting innovative and high value-added entrepreneurial activities should be developed.

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