ZMIANA WYDATKÓW NA BADANIA I ROZWÓJ (B+R) W KRAJACH UNII EUROPEJSKIEJ I W WIELKIEJ BRYTANII W ŚWIETLE CELU UNIJNEGO
CHANGE IN R&D (RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT) EXPENDITURE IN EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES AND THE UNITED KINGDOM IN THE LIGHT OF THE EU TARGET

Summary/Abstract: The aim of this article is to assess the feasibility and the degree of achievement of the European Union's target of allocating 3% of GDP to research and development (R&D), based on a comparison of data from 2013 and 2023, as well as to identify three groups of countries - leaders (≥ 3%), contenders/aspirants (2-2.9%), and outsiders (<2%) - in terms of R&D expenditure among the Member States of the European Union and the United Kingdom. The discussion also attempts to indicate factors that facilitate or hinder the attainment of this target under diverse economic conditions. The analysis is based on the GERD/GDP (Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D) indicator published by Eurostat. The study covers all EU member states and the United Kingdom, which left the EU in 2020, but their 2023 data were included for comparative purposes. The research procedure comprised: (1) compiling GERD/GDP values for 2013 and 2023, (2) classifying countries into three groups based on 2023 data, and (3) analysing changes in ranking positions. Comparative analysis and trend analysis were applied.

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