Rola organizacji międzynarodowych w zwalczaniu handlu ludźmi – analiza wybranych działań instytucji
The role of international organizations in tackling human trafficking – an analysis of selected institutional actions

Summary/Abstract: Human trafficking is one of the most complex and dangerous crimes of a transnational nature, requiring integrated and coordinated action at the international level. This phenomenon, described by the United Nations as a modern form of slavery, is a serious violation of human rights and a challenge to legal, social and economic systems. This paper undertakes an analysis of the functioning of key organizations involved in countering it, such as the UN: UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime) - the main UN agency that deals with transnational crime, drug trafficking and combating human trafficking, and serves as the guardian of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially women and children, supplementing the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, commonly referred to as the “Palermo Protocol,” which was adopted in Palermo on November 15, 2000. and is a fundamental piece of international law in the fight against human trafficking, UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) an agency that plays a very important supporting and protective role as it protects against forced recruitment, labor, begging, marriage as well as sexual exploitation. It deals with the protection of refugees, migrants and victims of trafficking, OHCHR (Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights), which monitors the rights of trafficking victims, supports the implementation of the Palermo Protocol and other UN legal instruments. Other entities are: International Organization for Migration (IOM), which supports victims of human trafficking, cooperates with governments and conducts information campaigns and reintegration programs, Interpol (International Criminal Police Organization, as a police organization specializing and coordinating concentrated international operations against organized human trafficking networks, in the exchange of information and databases, and issuing international notes against suspected human traffickers, for example. At the European Union level, there are such organizations as: Europol (European Police Office), is the EU’s Head Police Agency, which operates at the police-operational level, collects and analyzes data from the police services of all EU member states, profiles human trafficking networks including: recruitment, forced labor, sexual exploitation, supervises and coordinates police activities in the area of combating human trafficking networks, Eurojust (European Unit for Judicial Cooperation in Criminal Matters). Judicial Cooperation in Criminal Matters), is a European Union agency that promotes cooperation among prosecutors and criminal courts between EU countries in the area of human trafficking, Frontex (European Border and Coast Guard Agency), which monitors borders, combats migrant smuggling and human trafficking at external borders, and CEPOL (European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Training), is a European Union agency that provides training, courses, workshops for police officers and other security services who have combating human trafficking in their scope of work. In addition, a number of EU policy bodies and mechanisms, such as the European Commission - Directive 2011/36/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of April 5, 2011 on preventing and combating trafficking in human beings and protecting victims, or the EU Anti-Trafficking Coordinator - that is, the person strictly responsible for supporting and coordinating member states’ anti-trafficking efforts and EU strategy, we also have the Council of the EU (JHA), whose role is to set the framework for migration policy and security of persons, and the European Parliament, which adopts resolutions and oversees legislative action. It is also worth noting that at the level outside the EU, combating human trafficking, which is a security threat because it affects not only human rights, but also political stability, internal security and economic are dealt with: Council of Europe - the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings, the so-called Warsaw Convention, which was drawn up in Warsaw in 2005, GRETA (Group of Experts on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings) is an independent body of the Council of Europe, which monitors and evaluates how countries implement the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings, and the OSCE (Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe), where we have a designated Coordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings. Combating Human Trafficking - that is, the most important person who is responsible for policies and actions in this area, supports member states, creates strategic documents and recommendations, and places a strong emphasis on prevention and training activities, including prevention, protection of victims and prosecution of perpetrators. The object of the study is to analyze the policies and actions of international institutions, international cooperation and coordination mechanisms, and their effectiveness in identifying victims, prosecuting perpetrators and implementing prevention activities. The research questions are: What strategies and policies in the area of combating human trafficking are undertaken by selected international agencies and institutions?, How do these institutions and organizations define preventive and operational goals for their actions? To what extent do mechanisms for cooperation and information sharing enable effective responses to cases of human trafficking?, To what extent do actions taken by agencies contribute to the prosecution of perpetrators of human trafficking? Research Hypothesis: The effectiveness of the activities of international organizations in combating human trafficking is determined by the level of cooperation between countries, The effectiveness of victim identification depends on access to modern information exchange technologies and standards, and the implementation of comprehensive mechanisms for protecting victims and punishing perpetrators. The effectiveness of prevention activities of international institutions in the field of human trafficking increases proportionally when prevention programs, policies are coordinated within the framework of inter-institutional cooperation and their scope covers the entire migration chain. The purpose of the article is a multidimensional assessment of the effectiveness and consistency of the activities of international organizations in the fight against human trafficking, effective methods of prevention, and identification of the main challenges faced by institutions dealing with this problem. The study focuses on the anti-trafficking activities of international organizations. Their operational strategies, mechanisms of transnational cooperation, as well as the effectiveness of the measures taken in the context of legal and technological solutions were analyzed. Critical analysis of international documents (conventions, reports, anti-trafficking directives). Review of scientific literature on the effectiveness of the activities of international organizations. Case study - analysis of specific anti-trafficking operations carried out by specialized organizations agencies and specialized institutions, including UNODC, Europol, Frontex and Interpol.

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