The Impact of EU Integration on Poland’s Foreign Trade from 2004 to 2023
The Impact of EU Integration on Poland’s Foreign Trade from 2004 to 2023

Summary/Abstract: The article analyses the evolution of Poland’s foreign trade between 2004 and 2023, set within the broader framework of the European Union’s (EU) Common Commercial Policy (CCP). International trade remains a key driver of global economic integration, shaped by classical theories such as Smith’s absolute advantage and Ricardo’s comparative advantage, as well as modern concepts of economic integration. Poland’s accession to the EU in 2004 marked a turning point in its trade development, providing access to the single market and the EU’s extensive network of trade agreements. The study examines changes in trade volume, dynamics, and structure – both geographical and product-based – to assess the impact of EU membership on Poland’s position in the international division of labour.A descriptive approach was applied, combining a review of the literature with statistical data from OEC to identify trends and structural shifts in Polish exports and imports. The analysis reveals that EU integration led to a substantial increase in trade value, stronger ties with EU markets, and gradual diversification towards non-EU destinations. The period studied includes key external shocks such as the 2008–2009 global financial crisis, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the economic repercussions of the war in Ukraine, each leaving a distinct imprint on trade flows.The findings confirm the research hypothesis, showing that Poland’s EU membership significantly boosted the value, dynamics, and geographical diversification of its foreign trade. While Germany remains Poland’s dominant trading partner, the growing role of other EU members and China highlights an ongoing diversification strategy. The study contributes to the literature on trade integration by offering an in-depth analysis of a post-transition economy’s trade trajectory within the EU framework, providing insights into the interplay between policy alignment, market access, and external shocks in shaping trade patterns.

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