Wola stworzona a pełnia „Bóg wszystko we wszystkich” (1 Kor 15,28). Ontologiczny problem wolności w eschatologii Sergiusza Bułgakowa
Created Will and the Fulness of “God All in All” (1 Cor 15:28). The Ontological Problem of Freedom in Sergius Bulgakov’s Eschatology

Summary/Abstract: The article examines the ontological status of created freedom in an eschatological perspective through the theology of Sergius Bulgakov. Its aim is not to reconstruct the entire doctrine of apokatastasis nor to survey contemporary debates on universal salvation, but to analyze the concept of “created will” (воля тварная) as an ontological category. The point of departure is the classical Augustinian-Thomistic model of the irrevocability of angelic choice, grounded in the notion of immutabilitas and the distinction between aeternitas and aevum. Against this background, Bulgakov’s anti-dualist argument is examined, particularly his denial of the possibility that eternal resistance to God could acquire ontological permanence. The study argues that the core of the debate concerns not primarily the scope of salvation but the relation between the definitiveness of an act and an ontology of participation. The systematic section identifies the tensions and limits of Bulgakov’s proposal, especially regarding eschatological freedom and the potential risk of a deterministic interpretation of metaphysical unity. The conclusion proposes a distinction between the definitiveness of an act and the absolutization of resistance as a framework for further theological inquiry.

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