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Digitalisation of Polish TV – an opportunity for development or lost chances

Author(s): Adam Szynol / Language(s): Issue: 2/2014

Głównym tematem artykułu jest cyfryzacja i jej wpływ na telewizję w Polsce. Autor szeroko opisuje podstawy tego procesu, próbując dokonać porównania między drogą rozwoju mediów drukowanych i elektronicznych. Sięgając do przełomowego okresu, analizuje kluczowe wydarzenia i to, jakie piętno odcisnęły na elektronicznym segmencie systemu medialnego w Polsce. Najsilniejszy akcent w artykule jest położony na wyłączeniu analogowego sygnału nadawania telewizji naziemnej: jak do tego doszło i jakie były/są konsekwencje tego fenomenu. Autor wspiera omawiane zjawiska najważniejszymi danymi i niezbędnymi objaśnieniami tego, co wydarzyło się na rynku audiowizualnym.

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Struktura semantyczna pojęć „wolność sumienia i religii”, „wolność sumienia i wyznania” (część I)

Author(s): Bartosz Hordecki / Language(s): Issue: 2/2014

The aim of this paper is to present a general semantic structure of the notions of the “freedom of conscience and religion” and “freedom of conscience and religious denomination.” The text refers to the concept of Ch. L. Stevenson, by means of a differentiation between the descriptive and emotive levels of the notions. The descriptive and emotive senses of both notions are presented vis-à-vis the evolution of the notions of “dignity” and “tolerance”. The persuasive and manipulative potential contained in the notions of the “freedom of conscience and religion” and “freedom of conscience and religious denomination” is also emphasized.

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Product placement na tle innych przekazów handlowych. Prawna regulacja w ustawie o radiofonii i telewizji

Author(s): Aleksandra Bagieńska-Masiota / Language(s): Issue: 2/2014

In 2011, the Polish legislature amended Broadcasting Law to match the laws of the European Union, introducing the definition of product placement, explained in the law as the placement of a product, conducted for a fee and admissible under legally stipulated circumstances, and the placement of a topic as an inadmissible form of promotional activities. In the author’s opinion, the legal provisions pertaining to product placement stipulated in the Broadcasting Law of 2011 are worthy of approval. They clarified a legal ambiguity in terms of the legal qualifications and restrictions on product placement on radio and TV. The said regulations do not pertain to the printed press, computer games and other non-periodical print publications, however.

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Book reviews: Sz. Kadyrov i in, Matrica ètnologii. Očerki o teorii i metodologii (Matryca etnologii. Eseje o teorii i metodologii),Moskva 2013,ss.112

Author(s): Magdalena Karolak-Michalska / Language(s): Issue: 2/2014

Book reviews: Sz. Kadyrov, O. Brusina, L. Perepelkin, A. Kazankov, I. Skarboro, R. Bobochonov, A. Avdeev, Matrica ètnologii. Očerki o teorii i metodologii (Matryca etnologii. Eseje o teorii i metodologii), Moskva 2013, ss. 112.

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Zgromadzenia publiczne w polskim systemie prawnym i ich znaczenie dla kultury i sztuki

Author(s): Maria Gołda-Sobczak / Language(s): Issue: 2/2014

Freedom of assembly is provided by Article 57 of the Constitution, as well as by numerous acts of international law. Neither the term “assembly” nor the provisions concerning the restrictions on the freedom of assembly seem to be entirely clear in the Polish legal system. Within the legal system of the Council of Europe, the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg has tried to define these matters. What raises particular controversy in Poland is the issue of whether assemblies can be attended by people wearing masks, who cannot therefore be identified. The attempts to change this situation have failed as a result of the position taken by the Constitutional Tribunal, but the issue seems likely to be raised again in the future.

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Rola rynku w kształtowaniu się zarządzania globalnego

Author(s): Marek Rewizorski / Language(s): Issue: 2/2014

This text reflects on the role of the global market, defined as the space where various relations between states and private entities take place. The following examples are provided in the case of the latter: private arbitration, rating agencies, International Standard Organisation, The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, and Codex Alimentarius Commission. The market is depicted in the context of a number of economic and financial phenomena constituting the contemporary face of globalization. The article also presents the diverging standpoints of researchers as concerns the role attributed to the market in global governance as the space of activities of non-state entities, especially considering the fact that – as a more and more vital holder of power exceeding that of state powers – private structures are acquiring broad autonomy within national and international law. Thereby, they become important regulators of jurisdiction and the international economy. From this perspective, globalization leads to the extension of the scope of rules regulating more and more fields of economic activity conducted beyond national borders. The further weakening of the role states have in relation to market powers and entities involved in a broad range of actions in economy, trade, and international finances is therefore plausible.

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Процесс представления политики в Польше средствами массовой информации как эпистемологическая проблема

Author(s): Ryszard Kowalczyk,Wojciech Cisak / Language(s): Issue: 2/2014

The paper reflects on the issue of the epistemological limitations present in the process of the imaging of political reality in the media in Poland. Referring to the theories of reference and of description, the author tries to answer the question of what the image of political reality expressed in the media coverage consists of. He concludes that, apart from the attempt to reflect factual reality in the image of politics presented by the media, there emerges a particular journalistic and political construct of this reality, which is an apparent reality. Therefore, the category of truth usually fails in media communications concerning the field of politics. It can therefore be expected that traditional realism, which finds expression in the factuality of the media on the one hand and their morality on the other, will provide two pillars to support the image of political reality which is presented, interpreted and commented on in the media. This should not, in principle, be naïve realism, which promotes the cognitive spontaneity of an individual over reflection and analysis, or spiritual realism, which seeks the truth about reality solely in human spirituality.

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Ewolucja ideologiczna Partii Konserwatywnej w Wielkiej Brytanii w latach 2005–2012

Author(s): Łukasz Dulęba / Language(s): Issue: 2/2014

The ideology of Conservative Party from its own beginning remains full of contradictions. On the one hand, the governments of Benjamin Disraeli and Harold Macmillan realized the conceptions of state intervention, but on the other hand during Margaret Thatcher’s leadership Conservative Party made a strong turn to free market policies based on privatization of various sectors of British economy, and reduce the redistributive tools. After the leadership contest, won by David Cameron, appeared a possibility of rejection of neoliberal ideology in favor of building a civil society based on egalitarian values. However, despite arguments for a change, after coming to power Conservatives returned to criticized policies. An attempt to build communitarian perspective was challenged by the neoliberal solutions.

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Rosja – autorytaryzm – demokracja – między iluzją i realnością

Author(s): Marian Broda / Language(s): Issue: 2/2014

The prognostications and forecasts concerning Russia, the nature of the Russian state and its socio-political life are frequently characterized by the extreme or even dichotomous polarization, contradiction and volatility. The reasons and explanation for this can be sought both in the objective (the features of Russian reality) and subjective (the ways of how it is perceived, conceptualized and problematized) factors, which coexist and mutually define one another.

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Проблемы дискурсивного и воображаемого в современной мировой политике

Author(s): Maxim B. Kirčanov / Language(s): Issue: 4/2014

Formal theories of international relations in the 20th century dominated in the studies of world policy. The collapse of the European continental empires, ideological separation of the world, two world wars, competition of authoritarianism and liberalism, crisis and fall of the socialist regimes all contributed to the revision of theoretical approaches in international relations studies. The collapse of the Soviet Union strengthened the illusion of the end of history and the triumph of universal values of liberalism, human rights and freedoms. The nationalistic, religious and ethnic conflicts of the 1990s and 2010s destroyed the hopes and optimism of liberals. The methodological and theoretical transformations of the humanities in the second half of the 20th century led to the erosion of traditional forms of knowledge about world policy, and the categories of 'discourse,' 'imagination' and 'invention' became universal for their analysis. The author analyses current international processes in the context of political imagination. The current statuses of the US and Russia are analysed as prescribed and imagined. World politics is imagined in terms of discourse. The dominance of Western centrism in the political, formal languages of the contemporary superpowers promotes the emergence of new actors which were earlier ignored. The process of the imagination and invention of the modern world is incomplete, and the numbers of the world's leading actors are still unstable.

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Book reviews: Kaukaz Północny: elity, reżimy, etnopolityka, bezpieczeństwo, t. VIII, red. T. Bodio, ASPRA-JR, Warszawa 2014, ss. 365.

Author(s): Ekaterina Kolb / Language(s): Issue: 4/2014

Book reviews: Kaukaz Północny: elity, reżimy, etnopolityka, bezpieczeństwo, t. VIII, red. T. Bodio, ASPRA-JR, Warszawa 2014, ss. 365. Kaukaz Północny: elity władzy i życie polityczne, t. IX, red. T. Bodio, ASPRA-JR, Warszawa 2014, ss. 431.

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Политические науки в России в эпоху Университетского устава 1863 г.: проблемы институализации

Author(s): Andrey B. Topychkanov / Language(s): Issue: 4/2014

The University Statute of 1863 established new departments and educational courses, provided an opportunity to organise academic societies at universities and thus created favourable conditions for the development of political science in Russia. The field of political science was structured in accordance with the division of the Law Department. The Statute of 1863 imposed a synthesis onto political science, giving it the role of state studies.

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Book reviews: Elena Korosteleva, The European Union and its Eastern Neighbours. Towards a more ambitious partnership?, Routledge 2012, ss. 188.

Author(s): Elżbieta Kużelewska / Language(s): Issue: 4/2014

Book reviews: Book reviews: Elena Korosteleva, The European Union and its Eastern Neighbours. Towards a more ambitious partnership?, Routledge 2012, ss. 188.

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Wzorce postkomunistycznej transformacji. Artykuł recenzyjny

Author(s): Krzysztof Brzechczyn / Language(s): Issue: 4/2014

The paper presents and discusses main tenets of book authored Zenonas Norkus, On Baltic Slovenia and Adriatic Lithuania. A Qualitative Comparative Analysis of Patterns in Post-Communist Transformation. The Author of the paper focuses of comparative methodology applied in the reviewed book and obtained effects: identification of factors influencing transformation in Baltic stated after 1989.

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Book reviews:

Author(s): Marcin Łukaszewski / Language(s): Issue: 4/2014

Book reviews: Europeizacja konstytucji państw Unii Europejskiej, red. K. Ku-buj, J. Wawrzyniak, Wydawnictwo Naukowe SCHOLAR, Warszawa 2011, ss. 360, ISBN: 978-83-7383-508-5, wydanie pierwsze, format B5, oprawa twarda.

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Od transformacji do integracji: wybrane uwagi nt. „bezpośredniej" partycypacji obywateli w procesie podejmowania decyzji politycznych po 1989 r. ...

Author(s): Magdalena Musiał-Karg,Elżbieta Lesiewicz / Language(s): Issue: 4/2014

From transformation to integration: selected remarks concerning the direct' participation of citizens in the process of political decision-making after 1989 on the example of the Visegrad Group states The subject of this paper concerns selected experiences of citizens from the Visegrad Group countries (Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary) participating in the process of 'direct' (that is, exercised by means of the tools of direct democracy) decision making as regards the most important matters, ranging from those related to the process of political transformation to the decision on accession to the European Union. The present considerations dwell on the experiences of Central and East European countries.

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European Union and Kazakhstan: today's state and future

Author(s): Dosan Baymolda / Language(s): Issue: 4/2014

W artykule Autor dokonuje analizy stanu stosunków dwustronnych pomiędzy Unią Europejską a Kazachstanem. Zwraca uwagę na wzrost zacieśniania więzi nie tylko gospodarczych, lecz również w dziedzinie polityki międzynarodowej, bezpieczeństwa i spraw obronnych. Przypomina o podpisanej w 1995 roku umowie o współpracy i partnerstwie między Unią Europejską a Kazachstanem, która stała się podstawą rozwoju stosunków pomiędzy tymi podmiotami. Efekty tej współpracy to między innymi fakt, iż dzisiejsze obroty towarowe między Unią Europejską a Kazachstanem wynoszą około 50 miliardów USD, a jedną ze znaczących płaszczyzn pogłębiającej się współpracy jest energetyka. Autor analizuje jednak również inne płaszczyzny współpracy, w tym rozwijające się więzi społeczne i kulturowe, szczególnie w dziedzinie edukacji. Jako przykład podaje program stypendialny Bolashak, dzięki któremu najbardziej utalentowani studenci z Kazachstanu mogą studiować w najlepszych europejskich uczelniach. Wartym podkreślenia jest w tym kontekście fakt, że Kazachstan w 2010 roku był jednym z pierwszych państw postsowieckich, które przystąpiły do procesu bolońskiego, Kończąc Autor zwraca jeszcze uwagę, że ostatnio Unia Europejska i Kazachstan podpisały umowę o partnerstwie i współpracy, która ma wzmocnić pozycję polityczną i gospodarczą Kazachstanu względem Rosji.

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„Międzynarodowe życie rzeczy" w świetle „międzynarodowego życia osób"

Author(s): Bartosz Hordecki / Language(s): Issue: 4/2014

The text emphasises that in European culture, the terms 'thing' and 'person', as well as 'subject and 'object', alongside their synonyms, have been changing their meanings, or rather acquiring new ones. Particular attention is given to the presentation of the following: 1. the transformation of the language used in the late Middle Ages which was most likely to have facilitated the modern transformation in thinking about the state and the individual (Ockham, nominalism); 2. parallelism of the modern concept of the state as subject (Richelieu, the concept of sovereignty) and the modern concept of the individual as subject (Descartes, the concept of autonomy). It is also indicated that since the 17th century the belief in the sovereignty of the state has alternated with the autonomy of the individual. Consequently, various types of objectification (for example, when individuals' powers are diminished for the sake of the state, or the other way around). Describing the relations of subjectivity-objectivity and subjectifi-cation-objectification their flagrantly dichotomous nature is emphasised, which has entrenched itself as a consequence of European logic. It is also stressed, however, that relentlessly contrasting 'subjects' with 'objects' and 'things' with 'persons' continues to constitute one of the foundations of Europeanness.

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Studencka „rewolucja na granicie" w kontekście przemian społeczno-politycznych w Ukraińskiej Socjalistycznej Republice Radzieckiej

Author(s): Liana Hurska-Kowalczyk / Language(s): Issue: 4/2014

The paper analyses the student campaign of civil disobedience organised in October 1990 and later named 'the granite revolution.' During the 'granite revolution,' students demonstrated their socio-political awareness, taking decisions of key importance at that time. The author of the paper also analyses the outcomes of the 'granite revolution' and its significance for further socio-political developments in Ukraine.

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Do ut des, czyli rzecz o darze w dyplomacji. Przypadek siodła z daru sułtana Mustafy II dla posła Stanisława Małachowskiego z 1699 roku

Author(s): Magdalena Lorenc / Language(s): Issue: 4/2014

The paper attempts to answer the question of the reasons and consequences of applying the ceremonial custom of exchanging gifts in Polish-Turkish diplomatic relations in the 17th century. The 'gift' was understood as an object presented, that was typically valuable and whose acceptance meant entering into a binding agreement. It signified that the recipient obliged himself to perform a defined obligation for the donor, or it acted as a kind of compensation for a favour granted. The exchange of gifts was governed by the reciprocity principle. Therefore, an object that was a diplomatic gift brought about defined international consequences by virtue of having involved the representatives of the authorities of two states. The acts of presenting a gift and its acceptance were a kind of transaction. These considerations on the practice of presenting objects in diplomacy were inspired by the saddle offered by Turkish Sultan Mustafa II to Stanisław Małachowski, the Polish envoy for peace talks held in Karłowice in 1698-99. Currently, the saddle is exhibited in the Wawel Royal Castle museum. The subject of the present paper is an episode in the saddle's "biography" (as named by Igor Kopytoff) related to its role as a diplomatic gift. Telling the story of the given thing, however, it was impossible to pass over the issue of "its ideal 'biography'" and of what has become of this thing as time went by and it lost its usability. The saddle as a thing, a gift or a museum exhibit illustrates the different statuses of the same object which are determined by the context of its relations with the human, relations that assign meanings to this object. Given the aim of this paper, the first and the last function of the saddle are treated only superficially, whereas the considerations concentrate on the saddle as a thing displaying the property of agency in the ceremonial process of exchanging gifts in Polish-Turkish diplomatic relations.

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