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Mechanizmy zwiększania partycypacji kobiet w wyborach

Author(s): Andrzej Stelmach / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2013

The degree to which women are represented in the organs of national authorities stirs considerable emotions. Proposals for legal regulations providing guarantees for the adequate representation of women in parliament are presented more and more often. The paper analyzes the means and methods for increasing women’s participation in politics, with particular attention placed on how this is provided for in electoral law. The paper places particular attention on the situation in Poland.

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Kobiety w polskiej administracji publicznej

Author(s): Natalia Klejdysz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2013

The amendments made to the electoral law, and effective as of 2011, introduced a quota system but they did not solve the problem of women’s participation in public life. Each sex was guaranteed a minimum of 35% of seats on electoral lists, without the requirement of alternating the candidates of different sexes, allowing certain political parties to only appear to implement the legislation. Despite the legal regulation imposing a requirement to increase the number of female candidates on electoral lists, the number of women currently in parliament increased only marginally, which raises the question of the degree of women’s participation in those executive organs of the state which are not required to observe a quota. There is much to be desired as regards the participation of women in the organs of state administration at both central and local levels in Poland. Political posts are clearly dominated by men. As regards administrative positions, the proportion of women depends on the degree of power connected with them: the higher the level in the hierarchy, the fewer women there are. As concerns ‘executive’ posts, we can talk not only about a balance of sexes, but even about the prevalence of women, in some cases. Therefore, it is increasingly often postulated in public debate to introduce a quota system into the organs of state administration, the more so as some European countries have already applied similar solutions.

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Rada Federalna i Prezydent Konfederacji Szwajcarskiej. Specyfika i ewolucja rozwiązań kreowania władzy wykonawczej

Author(s): Krzysztof Duda,Magdalena Musiał-Karg / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2013

Switzerland is an example of a state that has adopted specific solutions as regards the election and execution of executive power, which has generated the common conviction that the Swiss Confederation is among the most solid democracies in the world. Recent years have shown, however, that political practice has brought about a significant evolution of Swiss solutions as the distribution of power in the parliament has resulted in the abolition of the ‘magical formula’ that guaranteed the great (and stable) government coalition, and the emergence of initiatives aiming at changing the principles along which executive power is elected in Switzerland. The purpose of considerations presented in this paper is to analyze the specific character of how the executive institutions function in the Swiss Confederation, answer the question of what directions the changes to the composition of the Federal Council are taking, as well as address the directions of evolutionary changes to the principles of electing the members of the Swiss government.

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Ukraiński ruch kobiecy – Femen

Author(s): Elżbieta Lesiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2013

The subject of consideration in this paper is the feminist movement Femen, which emerged in Ukraine in the early 21st century. The movement came into being under post-Soviet conditions, where the protection of women’s rights was marginal in the activities of women’s organizations operating at the time. This common, spontaneous movement was mainly initiated by young women, who struggle against violence using their own bodies in happenings and performance events. Half-naked women resort to the tactics of sextremism, protesting against violence directed at women, sex tourism, male domination and objectification of women. Their naked bodies are frequently displayed during demonstrations, with the intention of addressing issues that are frequently ignored by the authorities when traditional forms of protest are used. There are few places in the world where such protests have not taken place so far. The activities have stirred considerable controversy and provoked a public debate on the discrimination of women. Oppressed by the Ukrainian authorities, Femen activists moved to France in 2013.

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Gospodarka to kobieta – kobiety w życiu gospodarczym Polski – rola, miejsce, wpływ

Author(s): Magdalena Kacperska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2013

The situation of women in the labor market has long been the subject of numerous academic studies and discussions at various levels. This paper touches on the issue of the roles women play in the economy. These roles are related both to the unpaid housework performed by women at home and professional work at different levels (performed either as self-employed workers or as employees in the labor market). The considerations presented in the paper unfortunately corroborate the common conviction that the situation of women in the labor market is worse than men’s. The first group under analysis are housewives, who are frequently unable to make a free decision about whether they should work or stay at home. The second group are professional women who find employment or are self-employed. Women in the former group are frustrated by the fact that they do not generate any income in their household, although their work is in fact extremely valuable. The second group faces the ‘glass ceiling’ phenomenon, finds employment in the so-called pink collar sector, sees a prevalence of women working in the public sector, and faces problems with balancing work and family obligations. The paper also indicates the instruments that could improve the situation of women in economic life in Poland, primarily including flexible forms of employment, improved availability (in terms of price and amount) and quality of child care facilities (nurseries, kindergartens, and others), more extensive activities to promote the equality of the sexes (fighting stereotypes) and more opportunities to share childcare responsibilities (on top of extant legal solutions). It has also been observed that women themselves frequently adapt to fit the stereotypes, that they have lower expectations in terms of remuneration, do not allow themselves to be assertive and become overloaded with responsibilities, and they imprint the stereotypes of social and economic roles of men and women on their children. It is concluded that steps need to be taken to ensure greater appreciation of housework, and to make becoming a housewife a conscious decision rather than a compulsion. As regards women who opt for employment or self-employment, they need to be ensured appropriate remuneration that corresponds to their qualifications, experience and achievements, as well as professional advancement regardless of sex.

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Освещение глобальных проблем современности в СМИ Казахстана

Author(s): Dosan Baymolda / Language(s): Issue: 1/2014

The author analyzes the global modern problems and their position in the Kazakhstan media. The issues concerned include preventing wars, preventing environmental pollution, overcoming the widening economic gap between the developing and developed countries, the elimination of famine, poverty and illiteracy in the world. In the author’s opinion, Kazakhstan, which is a full member of the international community with considerable future potential, should determine the priorities in how to express and defend the national interests of the Kazakh people. This should be reflected in the media by means of publications evidencing the development of journalism, social awareness and dealing with topics related to the current issues that are important for the country.

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Naukowa synteza historii politycznej wobec komercjalizacji rynku wydawniczego

Author(s): Violetta Julkowska / Language(s): Issue: 1/2014

The paper presents the phenomenon of academic books on history that mass readers have deemed to be worth reading, thus making them a kind of history bestsellers, when it is rare for academic books written by historians to enjoy mass acclaim. In her analysis, the author emphasizes those features of bestsellers that follow from their publishers’ commercial expectations. The analysis concerns the following books, among others: Europa (Europe) and Boże Igrzysko (God’s Playground) by Norman Davies, Historia Świata od 1917 roku (A History of the Modern World from 1917 to the 1980s) by Paul Johnson and Historia Polski 1918–1980 (History of Poland from 1918 to 1980) by Andrzej Alber.

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Politicisation of the Polish media or mediatisation of Polish politics? Where the worlds of the media and politics permeate

Author(s): Maria Wąsicka / Language(s): Issue: 1/2014

Obecnie środki społecznego przekazu określa się mianem tzw. „czwartej władzy”. Do takiej rangi media masowe urosły w stosunkowo krótkim czasie i nazywając je tym terminem stawia się je na równi z trzema pozostałymi rodzajami władzy. Tym samym wskazuje się na silne zależności występujące między systemem medialnym a systemem politycznym. Dlatego zasadne wydaje się postawienie pytania – czy obecne silniejszy jest wpływ mediów na politykę, czy może polityki na media? Czy mamy do czynienia z mediatyzacją polskiej polityki, czy z polityzacją polskich mediów? To tylko niektóre pytania nasuwające się w odniesieniu do relacji występujących między tymi dwiema sferami życia. Celem artykułu jest wyróżnienie i ukazanie płaszczyzn, na których dochodzi do zetknięcia, konfrontacji oraz współpracy między światem polskich mediów a światem polityki. Dlatego niezbędne jest przeanalizowanie: regulacji prawnych dotyczących mediów masowych, ingerencji polskich polityków w kształt i funkcjonowanie instytucji kontrolującej i reglamentującej polskie media – Krajowej Rady Radiofonii i Telewizji, a także zwrócenie uwagi na tzw. teorię porządku dziennego oraz rolę jaką odgrywają dziennikarze w stosunkach z politykami.

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Z historii kałmuckich elit władzy

Author(s): Tadeusz Bodio / Language(s): Issue: 1/2014

The model of the political elite of the Kalmykia Republic has been strongly affected by the four hundred years of processes that have shaped the nation and the state. Historical archetypes constitute a significant element of Kalmykian political psychology. Their synthesis forms a kind of foundation that to a large extent sets the norms by which the power elite is elected and operates. It is also reflected in the internal divisions of this elite and the relations with the central authority of the federation. The power of this psycho-cultural foundation became apparent immediately after the collapse of the USSR, when ideas of reviving the traditional institutions of power became very popular in the republic. This paper attempts to reconstruct the most important aspects of the formation of the power elite and their operation, and to reveal their role in the processes that were decisive for the formation of the Kalmyk nation, with its own state entity in the form of a republic, under the circumstances of Russian colonization.

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Проблемы реформирования системы государственного управления современной Украины

Author(s): Svitlana Plevak / Language(s): Issue: 1/2014

After the adoption of its first constitution in 1996, Ukraine received one of the most democratic constitutions in Europe. For these democratic principles to be implemented, however, other legal acts were necessary to ensure that the constitutional provisions were exercised. The constitutional changes in 2004 were to repair this situation. As it turned out, a hasty and ill-considered reform has brought more harm than good. After the 2010 election, the President of Ukraine Viktor Yanukovych canceled the 2004 constitutional reform and Ukraine returned to the presidential model of government. The paper is an attempt to describe the problems of public administration reform and analyze the positive and negative consequences of constitutional reforms in modern Ukraine.

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Typologia polskich partii politycznych według kryterium programowego

Author(s): Krzysztof Kowalczyk / Language(s): Issue: 1/2014

The author of the paper presents a typology of parliamentary parties in Poland on the basis of what he deems to be the key element when establishing a party, namely its political platform. He outlines social-democratic, liberal, Christian-democratic, conservative, people’s parties, independence parties and the parties he terms as non-standard ones. He concludes by presenting a table with an interesting list of all the parliamentary parties from the first to the seventh term.

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Медиакультурные особенности современной Украины

Author(s): Maryian Zhytaryiuk,Wojciech Cisak / Language(s): Issue: 1/2014

The paper is devoted to the specificity of the media culture in modern Ukraine, which is discussed on the basis of a political conflict (Euromaidan) assuming the form of an active shaping of a civic society in conformity with European models. The authors of this survey emphasize the geopolitical component of this issue, stress the place, role and importance of both the traditional mass media and the new media, and, by this token, they highlight a number of issues related to the attempts to manipulate the media by the state authorities, and to the actual passivity of the modern Ukrainian authorities as concerns the implementation of European standards in the fields of legislation, law and democracy.

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Украинские карикатуры как форма отображения внешнеполитической ситуации страны

Author(s): Olga Mikhailuta / Language(s): Issue: 1/2014

The paper deals with the foreign policy of Ukraine using cartoons from the modern Ukrainian news and analysis magazines. In particular, the author examines the themes of the cartoons and their function. Cartoons as a journalistic genre actively respond to events in the foreign policy of Ukraine. The cartoonists tried to show their vision for Ukraine’s prospects in the European Union and Customs Union.

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Ubóstwo i bogactwo w Polsce na początku XXI wieku. Ocena neoliberalizmu z punktu widzenia katolickiej nauki społecznej

Author(s): Stanisław Wójcik / Language(s): Issue: 1/2014

The theory and practice of modern capitalism results in the moral and intellectual degradation of man, limits his rights, and drives him to poverty, while affluence is accessible only to the few. The fundamental error of the system concerns the omnipotence of the market and free competition. An increasing part of society is driven to passivity. Catholic social teaching promotes a social market economy where both the social state and the people care for the common good.

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Kampanie profrekwencyjne a postawy Polaków w kontekście wyborów do Parlamentu Europejskiego

Author(s): Małgorzata Adamik-Szysiak / Language(s): Issue: 1/2014

The article is a part of the reflections on the meaning of pro-attendance campaigns in the context of the increasing election absence in Poland. The considerations concentrate on the causes of electoral passivity and the steps taken by various entities (on the local, regional, national and international level) to encourage citizens to take part in elections. The period of empirical research includes two previous Polish campaigns preceding the elections to the European Parliament in 2004 and 2009. The theoretical basis of the research is provided by the concept of framing and the theory of rational choice. Special attention is paid to the original elements of communication strategies in the campaigns run by non-governmental organizations, national and international institutions. Additionally, allegations against the politicization of pro-attendance campaigns are discussed. In the light of the research results, the pro-attendance campaign in 2004 was primarily focused on informing potential voters about the voting procedure. Addressed mainly to the younger generation of voters, the campaign from 2009 revealed a qualitative change in the way of approaching and implementing the pro-attendance campaigns (use of the potential of the Internet, organization of actions integrating young voters, civic education combined with entertainment).

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Местное самоуправление во взглядах представителя немецкой политической мысли второй половины XIX – начала XX века. Р. Гнейста

Author(s): Irina Mospanenko / Language(s): Issue: 1/2014

The paper presents a general analysis of the political views of the German school of R. Gneist and a detailed analysis of his concept of local government. The author examines R. Gneist’s ideas of the role and function of local government in the system of state administration. The paper also addresses the issue of honorary officials holding posts.

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Book reviews: Wojciech Ziętara, Międzynarodówka Socjalistyczna a socjaldemokracja Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, Wyd.UMCS, Lublin 2012, ss. 160.

Author(s): Beata Kosowska-Gąstoł / Language(s): Issue: 1/2014

Book reviews: Wojciech Ziętara, Międzynarodówka Socjalistyczna a socjaldemokracja Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skodowskiej, Lublin 2012, ss. 160.

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Book reviews: Andrzej Poczobut, System Białoruś, Wydawnictwo Helion, Gliwice 2013, ss. 248.

Author(s): Aleksandra Galus / Language(s): Issue: 2/2014

Book reviews: Andrzej Poczobut, System Białoruś, Wydawnictwo Helion, Gliwice 2013, ss. 248.

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Роль средств массовой информации в избирательном процессе

Author(s): Zhetpisbaj Bekbolatuly / Language(s): Issue: 2/2014

The media play the main role in providing election information to the public. Elections are covered by the media in a free and objective manner. In the national legislative system established after regaining independence, the media play a significant role as an active participant in the electoral process. The analysis of the role of the media in Kazakh electoral campaigns is related to their active involvement in the elections on all levels. The author emphasizes that it is necessary for the media to continue to improve their functioning in the electoral process, by providing a common information space and ensuring a constructive dialogue between the media, government and civic society.

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Региональная периодическая печать Казахстана в глобальном мире

Author(s): Nazgul Shyngysova,Dosan Bajmolda / Language(s): Issue: 2/2014

Currently, Kazakhstan is focusing on the development of regional media, since it is possible in the regions to conduct effective information work on the formation of public opinion and social consciousness, as well as to preserve social, cultural and national identity. Regional Kazakh media have begun to use market mechanisms, such as their own promotional activities, as well as new communication technologies – telephone hotlines, meetings with readers, audience polls, etc. Kazakh regional editions differ in terms of their integrity, audience, versatility and depth in the coverage of local news and events.

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