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A marosvásárhelyi barokk mesterkör kutatásának újabb eredményei

Author(s): János Orbán / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: III-V/2010

Our study analyses the 18th century Marosvásárhely (Târgu-Mures) craftsman society through an approach from the perspective of architectural history based on archival sources, and with special emphasis on the development of the status of masons, not ignoring however the situation of carpenters, joiners, locksmiths and potters, who were in close relation with the construction industry. The results of the study unequivocally state that from the mid 18th century onwards there is a definite headcount increase within the construction industry and pertaining to this, within masonry as well. A key role in this process is held by the mostly German craftsmen migrating to the city. Their linguistic and religious separation makes them clearly distinguishable within the society of the city in this period, bringing thus validation and also a special connotation to the concept of “Craftsman Circle”. Hence, the linguistically isolated, mostly Catholic immigrants (especially in the first decades) have necessarily formed a sort of separated community in the predominantly Hungarian and typically reformat society of the city. We must emphasize that the immigration processes in Marosvásárhely are in line with the contemporary phenomena specified by Margit B. Nagy in other Transylvanian cities such as Kolozsvár (Cluj-Napoca) or Szamosújvár (Gherla). In comparison with Kolozsvár discrepancy can be determined only in the intensity of immigration (number of the immigrants) or in the temporal distribution of the process. The Baroque patterns have permanently spread in Marosvásárhely as a result of the activity of these craftsmen. Arriving from Austria, Bavaria, Silesia, Hungary and from various regions of the German linguistic areas, these craftsmen had already been familiar with the forms and technical solutions of the Baroque, and this knowledge was continuously refreshed and enriched by other influences (even if springing from similar artistic roots) of the various craftsman centers of Transylvania, here it is enough if we mention Anton Schuchbauer working at the Toldalagi-palace, or Romanus Lehr the stucco-modeler from Szamosújvár, or the inevitable import of the products delivered by the stone-cutter workshops from Kolozsvár. Being aware of the rather obsolete architectural circumstances previously prevailing in Marosvásárhely, these immigrants, bearers of a new kind of architectural knowledge, must unquestionably be considered factors of modernization. This basically Late Baroque architectural tradition established due to the 18th century craftsmen was afterwards successfully conserved and prevailed firmly in the city even in the first decades of the 19th century.

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Építészeti művelődés a 18. századi Erdélyben egy korabeli órajegyzet tükrében

Author(s): Áron Tóth / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: III-V/2010

In Transylvania and Hungary, most architectural books were written as coursebooks. Notes taken by students during lectures had a similar function. These handwritten notebooks contain all material presented on courses. To our present knowledge, the earliest 18th century manuscript about civil architecture is a notebook written in Latin around 1743 by Sámuel Nádudvari, teacher at the Calvinist college in Marosvásárhely (Târgu Mures [RO]). The manuscript is kept at the Biblioteca Teleki-Bolyai, Târgu Mures (inv. no. Ms. 72) at present. Only the basics of architecture could be learned from it. The introductory chapter provides a summary of the most significant elements of Vitruvian aesthetics. This part of the document shows correlation with two German mathematics coursebooks titled Anfangs-Gründe aller Mathematischen Wissenschafften (Halle, 1710) and Compendium elementorum matheseos universae (Lausannae – Genevae, 1742), written by Christian Wolff, one of the most important philosophers of the period. Works by this German scholar were well-known in Protestant schools. The second chapter of the notes presents the building materials and column orders, also familiarising students with the basics of the most important architectural forms and elements of design. Remaining chapters contain basic knowledge on technology. The author of the manuscript relied to a great extent on architecture books and mathematics coursebooks published in German territories, written in the first half of the 18th century. Although the author also cited the most important sources of classical Italian treatise-literature in his work, it is more closely related to Central-European culture.

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„Hozott a legatus második expediciojából”

Author(s): Mária Márta Kovács / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: III-V/2010

We get more familiar with the subsequent details of the Transylvanian Reformed Diocese assembly’s resources, together with the subsistence of the holy communions service since the 18th century general practice, and least but not lastly the distressed circuit’s modus operandi. The assemblies in the cases of bigger mischief or expenses, not only drew on slush-funds from the members of the parish, but they asked for the subservience of parishes in a narrower and broader apprehension. The present study undertakes, among the only ones, the analysis of the influence on the gathering trips of relics’, which is presented through the Kézdimátisfalva (Mătiseni) parish’s service reminiscence and archive sources. Usually the gathering trips’ turn came with the building operations and rectification of churches, but in the case of fire or war destruction, the parishes’ patrons and assemblies, past to bounties, helped the deadbeats with vessels and textiles. The synod has determined the donation circuit’s legitimate proceedings for several times, the deadbeat letter had been displayed by the Gubernium with the intervention of the Consistorium Supremum. In the reformed parishes did not evolve rich collections, because the assembly’s vessels that were beyond usage had been appropriated to the poorer ecclesiasts. With the help of some data about the inventories and services known by me, I succeeded in justifying the intervention of distress in several assemblies – primarily in the second half of the 18th centuries’ Hunyad-Zaránd parishes that have been plundered for several times. During the 1778 fire, the service of the Kézdimátisfalva church had been significantly damaged, that time the relic-chest together with the relics in it, belonging to the caretaker, completely burned down. In the first half of 1779, there had been taken place two gathering trips, the emissary being Keresztes Ferenc at both times. We do not know the period of the first circuit, but going by the donation, it must have weltered in the Hunyad-Zaránd Diocese, in the outskirts of Déva (Deva), where, from the parishes (Déva) and form the donations of noble families (Barcsai, Kun, Naláczi), have been gathered a very rich service. In April 1779, Keresztes Ferenc from Márkosfalva (Mărcușa), has gone to a charity trip, that time in the Maros Diocese, which is confirmed by the donation of Toldalagi Pál. Throughout the gathering trips, the footed beaker and silver plates, that were in the property of the church, had lasted to the present day, just like the fire-survivor tin flacon, or the tin tankard, tin plate and the hexagonal tin flacon, that were a donation after the ravage.

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Öntöttvas verandarács Bonchidán

Author(s): Gyula Gy. Dávid / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: III-V/2010

A lot of chapters of the construction history of Bánffy castle’s in Bonchida occupy prominent places among the pages of the national arts and culture history. One of them is the west side veranda as an early-romantic relic of the 19th century. The reconstruction of the west wing of the castle is linked by the literature to Antal Kagerbauer, architect-builder in Kolozsvár, despite the fact that at the moment no concrete evidence proves it, so the real construction time is also controversial. As a result of the reconstruction, the veranda was built closing the open veranda with a neo-gothic style ogee shaped tracery, which is unique with its enormous size and the complexity of the design not even in Kagebauer’s life work (who otherwise was very opened to the technical novelties of his age), nor we can find a similar example of the early usage of cast-iron in the whole Transylvanian architectural heritage. The neo-gothic veranda was transformed in the second part of the 1930’s, the cast-iron tracery was demolished and the veranda façade was closed with neo-gothic windows. The name of Károly Kós has arisen as the designer. Three fundamental questions arisen related to the veranda in Bonchida and especially to its neo-gothic grill. Who was the architect, when was it built, and what was its material. But after reviewing, one thing is sure: we have not found the certain answer to these questions. At the same time, while looking for these answers new questions are being formulated. The result of the present, almost ten-year long renovation process of the castle could reveal this secret. It is possible that by investigating the structures to be renewed, as far as possible, answers can be found concerning the veranda among the several ones originating from the troubled building-history of the castle. In our study we try to investigate this issue with our own methods.

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Egy fel nem fedezett alkotás

Author(s): Boglárka Veress / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: III-V/2010

Near the industrial area of Kolozsvár (Cluj-Napoca), within the “Iris” quarter, on the hill near “Deportáltak” (Oasului) street stands the “Szent Békesség” (Holy Peacefulness) church, also known more commonly as the “Iris quarter church”. The church was planned by Károly Kós in 1948 and was finally erected between 1950 and 1957. This building is worthy of attention because of several reasons and has yet to become the object of any research. Due to this, my study focuses on the reconstruction of its history and building process with as much detail as possible, based on the materials uncovered during my earlier archives research. As a result of the description of the building’s architectural style, I have placed it within the frames of Károly Kós’s vision of architecture. The church building clearly shows the features of the vision and experiences that were so characteristic of Károly Kós architectural designs. Aproaching the end of his career, Kós created something in which he expressed the concepts which he had admitted and supported his entire life, this time brought together in a pure crystallized form. Offering to answer a question that has stood since the turn of the century, question focusing on the genesis of contemporary reformed architecture, with this building Kós created the prototype of the contemporary reformed church.

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Ferencz András (1904–1987) plébános egyházművészeti munkássága

Author(s): Kisanna Barabás / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: III-V/2010

András Ferencz was a Roman Catholic priest with an extensive activity in the field of religious art. The subject of this study is the 1975 list he enclosed as Afterword to the historia domus of the Kerelőszentpál (Sânpaul) parish. The list contains eighty locations of his activity, the different works he undertook in Roman Catholic churches in Transylvania, as well as in the field of ecclesiastical art. His activity, unfolded in the late 1950’s, was comprehensive and included designing and carrying out decorative painting in churches, cleaning, mending, repainting or restoring paintings and sculptures. He also took part in renovational works, acting as executor, manager or coordinator. He contributed to the revealing of medieval murals, stone carvings and architectural elements in Magyarfenes (Vlaha), Csíkszentlélek (Leliceni), Székelykeresztúr (Cristuru Secuiesc), Gelence (Ghelința). He described and photographed the remainders of medieval altarpieces in Tordatúr and Csíkszentimre and restored the paintings of Franz Anton Maulbertsch kept at the episcopal court in Gyulafehérvár (Alba Iulia). The altarpiece in the church in Csernakeresztúr (Cristur), as well as the canvas painting on the triumphal arch in the church in Kárásztelek (Carastelec) are his own work. The list he compiled cannot be considered complete. However, it enriches our knowledge on restoration works with interesting and valuable information and also draws attention to perished or potential works.

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SUBJECTIVITY AND INDIVIDUALITY: TWO STRANDS IN EARLY MODERN PHILOSOPHY

Author(s): Andrea Strazzoni / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2015

For generations of scholars the emergence of the notion of human subjectivity has marked the shift to philosophical modernity. Mainly traced back to Descartes’s founding of philosophy on the Cogito and to Kant’s ‘Copernican Revolution’,1 the rise of subjectivity has been linked to the rise of the modern age in terms of a reconsideration of reality starting from an analysis of the human self and consciousness. Consequently, it has been related to long-standing issues of identity, individuation and individuality2 as a foremost topic on the agenda of the philosophers. Only in recent times, however, have comprehensive studies on early modern theories of subjectivity and individuality become available to scholars. Taking into consideration a range of philosophers from Descartes to Wolff and beyond, in his The Early Modern Subject. Self-Consciousness and Personal Identity from Descartes to Hume (2011) Udo Thiel has unveiled two strands in the treatment of these topics. First, an ‘ontological’ approach, i.e. the definition of what is an individual (either human or natural) in the light of considerations involving the notions of body, soul, and related concepts. This approach characterized the Scholastic debates on the individuation of natural and human beings, but also the analysis of Descartes: he faced the problems of subjectivity and individuation from the same standpoint of the Scholastics, i.e., by using the ontological notions of substance and mode.3 Secondly, the consideration of individual beings from the standpoint of our conceptualization of them, that is, a more ‘subjectivist’ approach, adopted at first by Cartesians such as Johannes Clauberg and Arnold Geulincx, faced the problem of the re-conceptualization of the notions of unity and sameness as entities of reason rather than real attributes of things. Eventually, anti-Cartesian thinkers such as Robert Boyle, Thomas Hobbes and John Locke shifted the attention from the problem of finding any ontological ‘form’ for individual beings to a consideration of the problem of individuality as identity through time;5 as to personal identity, this came to be defined in term of selfconsciousness alone.6 Thiel has reassessed the connections between the notions of subjectivity, consciousness, identity through time and individuality, and has signalled a detachment of the problem of subjectivity from individuation as an ontological issue. Yet, the problems of individuation and subjectivity did not come to be unlinked: in the case of Leibniz, the general problem of individuation and identity constitutes the framework for the specific issue of personal identity,7 notwithstanding the distinction “between the identity of a mental substance and personal identity.”

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EARLY MODERN SUBJECTS AND THE SELF-CONCEPTION OF PHILOSOPHY IN GERMANY 1556-1599

Author(s): Stefan Heßbrüggen-Walter / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2015

The paper discusses the concept of a subject as anactor’s category in early modern philosophy and asks whethercontemporary notions of subjectivity can be meaningfully related tothis early modern understanding of the concept. When thinkingabout the early modern subject as an actor's category, we mustdistinguish three different meanings: the subject as a bearer ofproperties, as a reference point for predication, and as the foundationof a discipline. The paper defends the thesis that crucial elements ofsubjectivity in the modern sense, namely reflexivity and selfawareness,are at the same time characteristic features of a certainunderstanding of the subject of philosophy as a discipline in the earlymodern sense: namely for conceptions of philosophy as atransformation of the soul, most notably as a ‘medicine of the soul’.Such conceptions are, however, controversial: other early modernthinkers contend that such proposals do not conform to what weshould expect from a definition of philosophy and that they are opento the objection of intellectualism: we need more than knowledge tobetter our souls, because knowledge in itself is not action-guiding.The paper traces conceptions of the subject of philosophy not onlyin various Ramist tracts, but also in writings of Melanchthon’s son-inlawHeinrich Paxmann, the Helmstedt professor Duncan Liddell, andReformed thinkers like Fortunatus Crell and BartholomaeusKeckermann.

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OLIVA SABUCO AND THE MATTER OF THE MATTER

Author(s): Steven Barbone / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2015

This exploratory study investigates the work ofOliva Sabuco de Nantes Barrera (1562–1626?). Sabuco’s major work,New Philosophy of Human Nature neither Known to nor Attained by the GreatAncient Philosophers, which Will Improve Human Life and Health (1587), inmany ways foresees the Cartesian system but avoids some of itsproblems even though or perhaps because her philosophical systemrests heavily on the foundations of hylomorphism. The mind/soul isseparate from the body, but the two function as a holistic unit. Mindand body affect and are affected by each other within or through thepia mater. This study’s aim is to summarize Sabuco’s thought and toindicate how her work may be able to address or to lend support tocontemporary philosophical concerns.

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THE RECENTIOR NOMINALIS OF LEIBNIZ’S DISPUTATIO METAPHYSICA DE PRINCIPIO INDIVIDUI: FULGENTIUS SCHAUTHEET AND HIS CONTROVERSIA AGAINST THE THOMISTIC DOCTRINE ON THE PRINCIPLE OF INDIVIDUATION

Author(s): Chiara CATALANO / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2015

In his Disputatio metaphysica de principio individui (1663),Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) supports his own account ofthe principle of individuation on the basis of the authority of manyNominalistic (the nominales) theologians and philosophers. Amongthem he quotes a recentior nominalis, Fulgentius Schautheet (1623-1708), the author of the Controversiae philosophicae inter scholasticorumprincipes D. Thomam, Ioannem Scotum et Gregorium Ariminensem nominaliumantesignanum (1660). Indeed, in the Preface of his work, Schautheetpoints out that he aims at reconstruct the Scholastic controversies byfollowing in the footsteps of Gregory of Rimini (1300-1358), which isconsidered by him the antesignanus of the nominales. Leibniz refers tothe Fifth Controversy of the second book, where Schautheetaddresses his criticism against the Thomistic account of the principleof individuation. In this article I analyze Schautheet’s Controversia inorder both to reconstruct the theory of the author and to compare itwith Leibniz’s one.

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HUME’S INDIVIDUAL: AGENT OR BILLIARD BALL?

Author(s): Hannah DAWSON / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2015

It is hard to make out the agent in Hume’s scienceof man. For the most part, human beings appear operated onpassively by the association and attraction of ideas, creatures ofcustom rather than creators of the future, more predictable even thanthe rising of the sun. However, by inserting Hume’s theory of theartificial virtues into his science of man, an inventive, calculatingagent strides into view. The paper does not conclude, though, thatthis anomalous figure represents a contradiction in Hume’sphilosophy, but rather that Hume’s individual is a far complexcharacter than might appear if one simply read, for example, aboutHume’s theory of induction – as one might spend a lifetime doing.Hume’s individual is not only a rich mixture of reason and sentiment,artifice and nature, action and passion, but these dichotomies, thatorganise so much of Hume’s polemic, evaporate. The result is that arich, holistic picture of agency emerges, together with a view of ‘themind’ that is not static, but rather evolves through time.

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FROM RADICAL MATERIALIST TO IDEALIST: THE HISTORY OF SPINOZISM IN THE NETHERLANDS

Author(s): Frank DAUDEIJ / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2015

Henri Krop, the author of this impressive monograph, declares that he himself is ‘not a Spinozist’. Consequentially, anyone looking for an essentialist interpretation of Spinoza’s work should look elsewhere. Written in a contextualist manner, Krop’s work is a history of the way in which very different Dutch thinkers interpreted Spinoza’s work in the context of the intellectual climate of their own time.Thus, the almost 800 pages of this book offer a thorough reception history as well as an insightful exploration of the intellectual depth of Spinoza’s body of thought itself.Due to its vast subject matter the focus is, understandably, solely on the impact of Spinoza on the Netherlands. The work is also a history of ideas in the classical sense of the word. The author pays some attention to socio-economic and -cultural developments, but philosophy and theology are its main concerns.

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CARTESIAN EMPIRICISMS

Author(s): Alberto Vanzo / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2015

Cartesian Empiricisms is a collection of twelve essays on seventeenth-century and early eighteenth-century authors – mostly natural philosophers – who were active in France, the Netherlands, Germany and England. The editors present them as“Cartesian thinkers heavily involved in the practice, pedagogy, and theory of experiment” (2). Except Antoine Le Grand, none of them was a strict follower of Descartes. However, they all endorsed some Cartesian doctrines – often not the same doctrines – while engaging with a wide set of issues, from the technique of blood transfusion to the denial of demonic action in the world. The volume labels these authors as empiricists not because they rejected innate ideas or substantive a priori knowledge (several of them accepted both), but because they gave “observation,experience, and/or experiment a key role for knowledge acquisition in their natural philosophy” (12). One may prefer to speak of key roles as these authors had varied attitudes toward experience and experiments. The connection between them is “not a shared set of core principles, but a family resemblance” (12-13).

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ROBERT BOYLE’S EXPERIMENTAL PHILOSOPHY REVISITED

Author(s): Dana Jalobeanu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2015

As the two editors inform us in the preface, this special issue arose out of a colloquium held at the Edward Worth Library in Dublin, in December 2011, to mark the 350th anniversary of the publication of Robert Boyle’s most famous work, The Sceptical Chymist (London 1661). It contains seven articles and a substantial introduction and covers a good number of important aspects in the field of early modern studies: the evolution of Robert Boyle’s thought, his ‘conversion’ from moral to natural philosophy, his formative relation with his older sister, Lady Ranelagh, his way of reading and writing, his theology, his experimental practices, and some of his reception and immediate posterity.

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EXPERIMENTS IN EARLY MODERN NATURAL HISTORY AND NATURAL MAGIC

Author(s): Doina-Cristina Rusu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2015

This special issue of the Journal of Early Modern Studies aims at contributing to what is considered to be an unstudied field – the emergence of experimentalism in natural history, natural philosophy, and natural magic. The editors present two books for the intersection of natural history and natural magic: Giambattista della Porta’s Magia naturalis and Francis Bacon’s Sylva sylvarum. The first was read by contemporaries as “a treatise on natural ‘white’ magic, a compendium of wonderful‘objects’ and instruments” or as “a source book of experiments, recipes and ideas” (p.9). The second, while inspired from the first, re-interpreted the experiments borrowed from it and placed them in what the editors consider to be a “very different theoretical and methodological context” (p. 10).

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SOCIAL RESENTMENT AND JUSTICE. CONSIDERATIONS ON HUME’S REALIST APPROACH TO PASSIONS

Author(s): Alessio VACCARI / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

The aim of this paper is to show that Hume gives the passion of resentment a crucial role in explaining the origin of justice and society, and that this can be regarded as an important argument in favour of the recent attempts to include Hume in the canon of political realism.In the first part of the article, I shall mention some general realist theses that are supported by Humean philosophy. As Andrew Sabl has recently reminded us, these include the idea that the human passions and their capacity to be civilized are a central factor in explaining the transition from tribal communities to political society. Following Sabl’s general approach, I shall show that Hume thought that resentment played a fundamental role in the passions involved in this process.

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JUSTICE AS AN ARITIFICIAL VIRTUE: SELFISHNESS AND HUMAN NATURE IN THE MORAL AND POLITICAL THOUGHT OF DAVID HUME

Author(s): Eva KISS-KOCZKA / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

David Hume's moral theory states that our moral decisions are based on sentiments, and that the possibility of such sentiments that can effectively motivate our decisions is based on our benevolent nature. Stating that benevolence is part of our nature, however, does not mean that we are generally selfless. I will argue that Hume not only accepts our selfishness but states that it is our strongest motivational force; and that justice conceived as an artificial virtue is in accord with the political realist canon that takes human nature to be essentially imperfect.

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RACE IN EARLY MODERN PHILOSOPHY

Author(s): Dwight K. LEWIS Jr. / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

The ethos of Justin Smith’s Nature, Human Nature, & Human Difference is expressed in the narrative of Anton Wilhelm Amo (~1703-53), an African born slave who earned his doctoral degree in Philosophy at a European university and went on to teach at the Universities of Jena and Halle. Smith identifies Amo as a time-marker for diverging interpretations of race: race as inherently tethered to physical difference and race as inherited essential difference. Further, these interpretations of race are fastened to the discourse of science and human diversity within modern Europe. Smith’s thesis maintains that the rise of the concept of race in philosophy begins with a divorcing of the soul from human nature and a movement to a naturalistic classification of human beings through taxonomies (e.g. botany, mineralogy and zoology), which dissolved into this dichotomy: an essential difference between people of reason and people of nature.

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HALL'S NEW INTERPRETATION OF THE OPUS POSTUMUM

Author(s): Erdmann GORG / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

Over the last two centuries, the work of Immanuel Kant has been discussed intensively. One of the few blind spots in his writings has been the Opus Postumum, a collection of fascicles on which he worked at the end of his live. The main reasons why this text is so interesting is a comment of Kant in a letter to Garve. There he writes:

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WHY THE CONTEXT OF EVALUATION MATTERS

Author(s): Andreea Parapuf / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

The journal New Directions for Evaluation dedicated in the Fall 2012 a special issue to the role of context in evaluation, a rather unexplored topic in this field that deserves much more attention. The goal was to challenge the method-focused evaluation models and to demonstrate that context determines to a large extent the quality of evaluation. Most evaluators struggle to see the potential of understanding the context in which a policy is implemented and how this impacts on the evaluation results.

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