Przemiany demograficzne i aktywność ekonomiczna ludności wiejskiej w latach 2010–2013

Author(s): Izasław Frenkel / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2015

The article contains an analysis of main population, employment and unemployment trends in rural Poland in the years of 2010–2013 in comparison with earlier trends (since Poland joined the European Union). With regard to the population changes the article examines in particular demographic factors behind rural population change (natural population change, rural/urban migration and international migration), trends in fertility and life expectancy and changes in the rural population structure by sex, age and educational characteristics, With regard to the labour market situation the analysis concentrates on trends in employment and unemployment rates, changes in the structure of employment by sectors (agricultural-nonagricultural), employment status (wage-earners, self-employed) and changes in the structure of the employed and unemployed populations by demographic characteristics and educational attainment. The trends observed in rural areas in Poland are compared with those in Polish cities and other EU countries.The statistical frame of the study is based mainly on Central Statistical Office data from current population statistics, Labour Force Surveys and labour offices statistics. Also data from General Censuses of Population and Housing held in 2002 and 2011 as well as from General Agricultural Census of 2010 were used. Eurostat data has been used for international comparisons.Artykuł zawiera analizę podstawowych tendencji zmian demograficznych oraz zatrudnienia i bezrobocia na wsi w latach 2010–2013 porównawczo z wcześniejszymi tendencjami od czasu wejścia Polski do Unii Europejskiej. W odniesieniu do zmian ludnościowych przedmiotem analizy są w szczególności czynniki demograficzne zmian liczby ludności wiejskiej (ruch naturalny, migracje wieś–miasto i migracje zagraniczne), tendencje zmian dzietności i trwania życia oraz struktury ludności wiejskiej według płci, wieku i cech edukacyjnych. W odniesieniu do sytuacji na rynku pracy analizowane są głównie tendencje zmian wskaźników zatrudnienia i bezrobocia, zmiany struktury zatrudnienia według działów gospodarczych (rolnictwo – działy nierolnicze) i charakteru zatrudnienia (pracownicy najemni, pracujący na własny rachunek) oraz zmiany struktury populacji pracujących i bezrobotnych według cech demograficznych i poziomu wykształcenia. Tendencje obserwowane na polskiej wsi konfrontowane są ze zmianami zachodzącymi w polskich miastach i w innych krajach Unii Europejskiej. Podstawę statystyczną analizy stanowią głównie dane GUS, pochodzące z bieżącej statystyki demograficznej, Badania Aktywności Ekonomicznej Ludności (BAEL) oraz statystyki urzędów pracy. Wykorzystano także wyniki Powszechnego Spisu Ludności i Mieszkań 2002 i 2011 oraz Powszechnego Spisu Rolnego 2010. Porównania międzynarodowe przeprowadzono na podstawie danych Eurostatu.

Rolnicy a pozostali mieszkańcy wsi i miast. Analiza zmian sytuacji życiowej, postaw i orientacji politycznych po 1989 roku

Author(s): Krystyna Szafraniec / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2015

The author addresses a question of whether farmers in Poland are still, as was often emphasized economists and sociologists in the 90s, the “ballast of civilization and political change”. The analysis has been based on data from a study of “Poles” (1996, 2000, 2011), conducted from the pre-Solidarity era and uses this as a quasi-panel of large national samples. The period under analysis concerns a post-communist Poland, where two factors seem to be particularly important in the analysis of agriculture and rural areas: membership in the European Union and the increasing globalization of the world economy. After a period of “oppressive freedom”, associated with adopting the rules of a market economy, farmers and (to a slightly lesser degree) the rural areas in Poland have become the main beneficiaries of EU support. It is questioned whether these circumstances are changing attitudes of rural residents (including farmers) to changes in the political system, the state, and their own future? The answer is ambivalent. The tide of EU money may bring better living conditions in the countryside and reduces the differences between rural and urban dwelling, but does not contribute to the same degree to an increase in the competitiveness of farms. This has resulted in greater loyalty of farmers and other rural residents toward the system. This, however is disproportionate to the scale of financial support and very selective and does not eliminate claims of scale against the state, which in an era of globalization mainly influences social expectations.W artykule stawiam pytanie o to, czy rolnicy w Polsce są nadal – jak to często podkreślali ekonomiści i socjologowie w latach 90. – „balastem cywilizacyjnych i ustrojowych przemian”. Podstawą analiz są dane pochodzące z badań „Polacy”, realizowanych od czasów przed-Solidarnościowych pod kierunkiem Władysława Adamskiego jako quasi-panel na dużych ogólnopolskich próbach. Okres, który podlega analizie, dotyczy postkomunistycznej Polski, gdzie dwie okoliczności wydają się szczególnie ważne w analizach wsi i rolnictwa: członkostwo w Unii Europejskiej oraz postępująca globalizacja gospodarki światowej. Po latach „opresyjnej wolności”, związanej z wchodzeniem rolnictwa w reguły gospodarki rynkowej, rolnicy i obszary wiejskie w Polsce stali się głównymi beneficjentami unijnego wsparcia. Czy okoliczności te zmieniają nastawienia mieszkańców wsi (w tym rolników) wobec zmian ustrojowych, państwa, własnej przyszłości? Odpowiedź ma charakter ambiwalentny. Przypływ pieniędzy unijnych przynosi poprawę materialnych warunków życia na wsi i zmniejsza jej cywilizacyjny dystans do miasta, lecz nie przyczynia się w analogicznym stopniu do zwiększania konkurencyjności gospodarstw rolnych.

Religious Identity and Collective Action: the mobilising Potential of Religion among nowadays Youth

Author(s): Ilze Koroļeva,Inta Mieriņa / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2015

The role of religion in enhancing civic activism and democratic participation has attracted the attention of many scholars throughout the years. At the beginning of the 19th century, when Alexis de Tocqueville traveled to America, he became convinced that religion was central to liberal democracy. He saw religious values as largely responsible for the selfless actions and communitarian sentiments he observed in America at the time, and overall a fundamental force in American life. Throughout history churches have mobilized people for collective action, and been a significant political resource. The so-called ‘Black churches’ in the United States were fundamental in the African-American civil rights movement in 1896-1954, acting as leaders and organizers of the movement.

Syria gaśnie

Author(s): Agata Skowron-Nalborczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 662/2015

Types of Youth Religiosity

Author(s): Rita Hegedűs,Ferenc Moksony / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2015

Members of contemporary western societies may on paper be born into their parents’ religion, but this no longer determines their later ideological and community commitment. Individual freedom of choice is clearly present in the realm of religion. Still, religious background undoubtedly affects children in modern societies. Kids of Catholic, Protestant, or Jewish parents will even today most likely be Catholics, Protestants, or Jews – if they will be religious at all. But by what type of religiosity can these young people be characterised? Or are there more types? We examined this question by secondary analysis of two public international data bases from 2008 (International Social Survey Programme and Youth 2008). Two approaches to religion is analysed, using a new typology introduced by Charles Taylor (“seekers” vs. “dwellers”).

К вопросу о ритмической организации славянских гимнографических текстов

Author(s): Mariya Malygina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2014

The article deals with an issue of the skill of Slavic translators working with Greek texts, namely the metric structure of hymnographic Slavonic texts in comparison with the Greek originals. It is a long-standing discussion whether the Slavic translators perceived hymnographic texts as poetry, how consciously they approached the translation of such texts and how adequate the transmission of the Byzantine hymnography in the Slavonic translation is. On the basis of the analysis of several stichera the author shows that Slavic translators strove towards translations that were as close as possible to the Greek originals. Obviously they at least realized the presence of a poetic component in hymnographic texts. However, since in the course of word-for-word translation it is quite difficult to reproduce fully the original metric, only isolated cases of full conservation of the number of syllables of the Greek colon can be found in the Slavonic translation.

Przestrzeń wsi od strony wiedzy i doświadczenia

Author(s): Maria Wieruszewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2015

The “Europe 2020” strategy introduces the concept of “smart growth” in response to the effects of financial crisis and the challenges of globalisation. Priority will be given to development based on knowledge and innovation (smart growth), balanced sustainable growth, and this will be consistent with social, economic and territorial (inclusive growth) criteria. The author evaluates development opportunities and the advantages of the Polish countryside based on these premises. She focuses on a new approach that integrates the dimensions of space with aspects of knowledge and experience. This indicates a return to cultural assets and their inspiration for the concept of smart growth.Strategia „Europa 2020” wprowadza pojęcie inteligentnego rozwoju jako odpowiedź na skutki kryzysu i wyzwania globalizacji. Priorytetem ma być rozwój oparty na wiedzy i innowacjach (smart growth), zrównoważony (sustainable growth) i spójny w wymiarach: społecznym, gospodarczym i terytorialnym (inclusive growth). Wychodząc od tych przesłanek, autorka ocenia szanse rozwojowe i przewagi polskiej wsi. Skupia się na nowym podejściu integrującym wymiary badań przestrzeni w aspektach wiedzy i doświadczenia. Wskazuje na atuty zwrotu kulturowego w humanistyce i jego inspiracje dla koncepcji inteligentnego rozwoju.

Czy to nasza sprawa?

Author(s): / Language(s): Polish Issue: 662/2015

Youth and Religion: Belonging, Believing and Participating

Author(s): Alexandros Sakellariou / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2015

This paper is based on the findings of the MYPLCAE (Memory, Youth, Political Legacy and Civic Engagement) European research project. Among qualitative and quantitative studies, a special attention was paid to specific religion-based groups in five countries (Greece, Portugal, Georgia, Latvia and Slovakia). These ethnographic studies took place in each country and include almost all major religions (Christianity-Protestant, Catholic, Orthodox, Islam and Buddhism) and were based on participant observation and semi-structured interviews. In this paper I am going to present the findings from these ethnographic case-studies following meta-ethnography, using common concepts as an analytical tool and trying to cluster possible similarities and differences. The basic purpose of this paper is to reflect on young people’s religiosity and social participation and activism and the main questions that I will try to answer based on the existing data are the following: Which is the role of religion and religious values in the lives of young people? And in which types of activism are young people involved in and what does this participation mean to them?

Zagrożenia i szanse stojące przed rozwojem sektora przedsiębiorczości wiejskiej

Author(s): Marek Kłodziński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2015

There are major doubts concerning the need to develop non-agricultural sectors of the economy in rural areas. The creation of new jobs in close proximity to places of residence of the rural population is a better solution than long hours of commuting to work in big cities. However, the achievement of the postulate of faster development of rural entrepreneurship is difficult to meet, especially in peripheral municipalities.The small and medium enterprises sector only grows at a satisfactory pace in the immediate vicinity of large cities or in areas attractive to tourists. Existing National rules that support the development of entrepreneurship must therefore be differentiated so as to take into account the specificities of rural areas.Despite the high expectations of the positive effects of the diversification of the rural economy, the process develops slowly in most rural communities as the conditions necessary for the development of entrepreneurship are not well provided. Policy should be oriented towards expenditure for the development of entrepreneurship and focus on specific locations that have a chance of development. The economic recovery of small towns and larger settlements should be a priority in rural development policy.Konieczność rozwoju pozarolniczych działów gospodarki na terenach wiejskich nie budzi obecnie większych wątpliwości. Powstanie nowych miejsc pracy w bezpośredniej bliskości miejsc zamieszkania ludności wiejskiej jest korzystniejszym rozwiązaniem niż wielogodzinne dojazdy do pracy w dużych miastach. Spełnienie postulatu szybszego rozwoju przedsiębiorczości wiejskiej jest jednak trudne, szczególnie w gminach peryferyjnych. Sektor małej i średniej przedsiębiorczości rozwija się w zadowalającym tempie wyłącznie w bezpośredniej bliskości dużych miast lub na terenach atrakcyjnych turystycznie. Dotychczasowe ogólnokrajowe zasady wspierania rozwoju przedsiębiorczości powinny zatem ulec zróżnicowaniu, tak aby uwzględniały specyfikę obszarów wiejskich. Mimo dużych oczekiwań pozytywnych skutków dywersyfikacji gospodarki wiejskiej proces ten będzie przebiegał pomału w większości gmin wiejskich ze względu na to, iż nie potrafią one lub nie mogą zapewnić warunków niezbędnych do rozwoju przedsiębiorczości. Polityka koncentracji wydatków ukierunkowanych na rozwój przedsiębiorczości powinna skupiać się na wybranych miejscowościach, które mają szanse na rozwój. Ożywienie gospodarcze małych miast i większych osiedli powinno być priorytetem w polityce rozwoju obszarów wiejskich.

Книжовен език на народна основа ли е павликянската книжнина от втората половина на ХVІІІ век?

Author(s): Magdalena Abadzhieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2014

Despite numerous studies on the Bulgarian literary language from the times before the Bulgarian renascence there still exist manuscripts that have not yet been analyzed pro- perly, viz. samples of Paulician literature from the end of the 18th century. In addition to being a valuable source for Bulgarian historical grammar and dialectology they reflect the typical trend of the period towards democratization of the Bulgarian literary language. In previous research examples of the literary language on a vernacular base (KENO) (Demina 1971:121) were only taken from the Damaskini. The aim of my research is to enlarge the corpus of texts assumed to represent KENO and to include in it the Paulician literature from the second half of the 18th century.

Socially Engaged Buddhism in Latvia: “Latvia for Tibet”

Author(s): Marika Laudere / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2015

In recent years there has been growing academic acknowledgement of a contemporary Buddhist phenomenon described as Engaged or Socially Engaged Buddhism (SEB). Finding its roots in Vietnam through the Zen Buddhist teacher Thich Nhat Hanh (1926) who opposed Vietnam War in 1960s, Engaged Buddhism has grown in popularity in the West and at present this movement cuts across the lay-monastic divide. In general, this term refers to contemporary movements that develop Buddhist solutions to political, social and ecological problems. Except Buddhists from traditional Buddhism areas, it also includes Western converts . Inspired by Buddhist values and united by a commonality to reduce suffering in the world, such individuals and groups are socially engaged in many forms of social and environmental protests, social service and analyses. In this way Buddhists try to cultivate inner peace and compassion both introspectively and socially.

Rola instytucji otoczenia biznesu w rozwoju przedsiębiorczości wiejskiej

Author(s): Jerzy Bański / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2015

There is the development of institutions supporting the business sector whose primary objective is to evaluate their role in the development of entrepreneurship in rural areas. These have been assessed in the context of the level of cooperation they have with rural businesses and the appropriateness of the services they provide. This study was performed within the project Development of entrepreneurship in rural areas – diagnosis, trends, recommendations for rural development policy.The findings suggest that the potential of business support institutions is not sufficiently utilized in the countryside. Their services are used only on average by one in every 4-5 business in the country. The best known among these service providers are the agricultural advisory centres (of which 56% of serviced entrepreneurs declared cooperation). More than 30% of respondents said that the information concerning the range of services provided by these business support institutions was insufficient. Improving efficiency requires, above all, the promotion of services and elimination of procedural barriers.Opracowanie poświęcone jest instytucjom otoczenia biznesu, a jego podstawowym celem jest ocena ich roli w rozwoju przedsiębiorczości na terenach wiejskich. Oceniona została przede wszystkim współpraca przedsiębiorstw wiejskich z instytucjami otoczenia biznesu oraz stopień przydatności oferowanych przez nie usług. Badanie wykonano w ramach projektu pt. Rozwój przedsiębiorczości na terenach wiejskich – diagnoza, kierunki, rekomendacje dla polityki rozwoju obszarów wiejskich. Uzyskane wnioski wskazują, że potencjał instytucji otoczenia biznesu nie jest dostatecznie wykorzystany na wsi. Z ich usług korzysta tylko przeciętnie co 4–5 firma na wsi. Najlepiej znane wśród przedsiębiorców są ośrodki doradztwa rolniczego, z którymi współpracę deklaruje 56% przedsiębiorców. Ponad 30% pytanych stwierdziło, że informacja na temat oferty instytucji otoczenia biznesu jest niedostateczna. Poprawa efektywności wymaga przede wszystkim promocji oferowanych usług i likwidacji barier proceduralnych.

Dostępność instytucji otoczenia biznesu na obszarach wiejskich w Polsce – zróżnicowanie przestrzenne

Author(s): Wioletta Kamińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2015

The aim of this paper is to determine the availability of chosen business support providers in rural areas, in Poland. The number of providers per 100 economic entities registered in the National Business Registry system and their number per 100 inhabitants of working age were used as an indication of their availability. All rural communities and rural parts of urban-rural communities were included in the research. Towns with up to 10,000 citizens were also included in the analysis. Legal Entities, determined as Business Support providers included postal and courier activities, financial services, real estate services, legal and accounting firms, and also conducting advertising and market research and activities connected with office administration. Based on this research, it can be stated that that the level of institutional business support availability in rural areas in Poland was low regardlessits type. This was particulairly evident when analysed indicators were compared to analogous indexes for the state and for cities. Around 1/3 of communities were characterised by a low level of institutional support availability, and only around 8% of spatial units by very high and high availability. Urban-rural communities are characterised by higher instituonal support availability than rural communities. Rural areas with polifunctional nature were characterised by higher availability than areas with monofunctional character.Celem pracy było określenie dostępności wybranych instytucji otoczenia biznesu (IOB) na obszarach wiejskich w Polsce. Jako miernik dostępności przyjęto liczbę IOB na 100 podmiotów gospodarczych wpisanych do systemu REGON oraz ich liczbę na 100 mieszkańców w wieku produkcyjnym. Badaniem objęto wszystkie gminy wiejskie oraz część wiejską gmin miejsko-wiejskich. Do analizy włączono również miasta do 10 tys. mieszkańców. Do instytucji otoczenia biznesu zaliczono podmioty reprezentujące: działalność pocztową i kurierską, usługi finansowe, obsługę nieruchomości, działalność prawno-księgową, reklamową i badanie rynku oraz działalność związaną z administracyjną obsługą biura. Na podstawie badań stwierdzono, że dostępność instytucji otoczenia biznesu na obszarach wiejskich w Polsce była niska, niezależnie od przyjętego miernika. Około jednej trzeciej gmin odznaczało się niską lub bardzo niską dostępnością, a tylko ok. 8% jednostek przestrzennych cechowało się bardzo wysoką i wysoką dostępnością. Gminy miejsko-wiejskie charakteryzowały się wyższą dostępnością IOB niż gminy wiejskie. Wiejskie obszary o charakterze polifunkcyjnym cechowały się wyższą dostępnością IOB niż obszary o charakterze monofunkcyjnym.

POLITISKAIS UN PILSONISKAIS NARATĪVS: LATVIJAS MUSULMAŅU JAUNIEŠU POLITISKĀS LĪDZDALĪBAS NOTEICOŠIE FAKTORI

Author(s): Anita Stasulane,Jānis Priede / Language(s): Latvian Issue: 1/2015

Analyses presented in this paper are a part of a broader FP7 collaborative research project “Memory, Youth, Political Legacy and Civic Engagement” (MYPLACE) on how young people’s social participation is shaped by the shadows of totalitarianism and populism in Europe. It is based on 32 qualitative in-depth interviews with Muslim youth in Latvia and ethnographic research data. The paper briefly covers problems to determine the number of Muslims in Latvia where the Muslim population constitutes the second or even the third generation of immigrants predominantly from former soviet republics. Assuming that the number of Muslims in Latvia does not exceed 0.4 per cent of the country’s population and on the basis of recent studies on the population in Latvia, the author estimates the maximum possible number of nominal Muslims in Latvia to be 7600 out of a total population of 1.9 million. Since the Muslim community states that 10–20 per cent of Muslims are practising, authors estimate that there are approximately 760 to 1500 practising Muslims. Taking into account the steady emigration from Latvia, the total number of nominal Muslims today in Latvia could be about 5000, and Muslims practising on a daily basis may hardly exceed a few hundred. By fully integrating in Western structures, Latvia has fulfilled all preconditions for becoming one of the destination countries for immigrants. Data show that 92% more applicants asked for asylum in Latvia in 2014 compared to 2013. Difficulties and problems Latvia is facing are not local anymore, but they are incorporated in the common “European dilemma.” The paper provides a summary of findings on the main research question on the factors determining the political participation of Muslim youth in Latvia: access to information, understanding of democracy, capacity to identify problems, attitude towards elections and youth involvement in politics, motivation and capacity to take part in political life.

От мисия към месианство?

Author(s): Zlatka Timenova-Valtcheva,Georgi Hristovski / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2014

“I Was Only Human”: Puberty Crisis, Self Identity and Vampire Movies in Religious Context

Author(s): Konstantinos Kornarakis / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2015

During the past decades the thematic of vampires appears increasingly both in Literature, and the Film Industry. Nevertheless, since the publication of Lisa Jane Smith’s, The Vampire Diaries and, later, Stephenie Meyer’s, The Twilight Saga Collection, this subject is becoming more and more a part of teenage culture. In pre-modern communities, vampires’ archaic myths were the products of the collective unconscious. In the age of late modernity, however, the vampire’s thematic seems to be constructed on the basis of pop trends and conveys puberty issues of adolescents. This study, using the method of content analysis, examines the influence of those literature and artistic products on the social, psychological and spiritual development of adolescents.

Увлекателен преглед на кирилометодиевската проблематика на фона на взаимоотношенията между Византия и Рим

Author(s): Margarita Mladenova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2014

Where the Fault Lines Meet: How Religion and Politics Affect the Lives of Lebanese Students

Author(s): Ingrida Khashab / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2015

Lebanese students are inevitably involved in religious issues just because they live in a country with confessionalism as the system of government. As young people try to marry, find jobs, and join political parties in this setting, they discover that their opportunities and choices depend on their religious identities. In this case, religion is intertwined with politics, and both enter people’s private lives with car explosions, marriage restrictions, and fighting in the streets. To understand problems that students encounter and discuss in Lebanon, it is necessary to shortly describe the current situation in the country and mention some most controversial topics that lead to nationwide debates and even violence; however, a comprehensive account would be beyond the scope of this little study. This article was an attempt to describe the situation as impartially as possible using various sources, mainly newspapers, blogs, and articles found on the Internet. Definitely, many of these publications contain partisan views; nevertheless, they are all genuine opinions of some Lebanese, so they help the reader to imagine the eclectic environment and highly-charged atmosphere of Lebanon.

Moral Development in a Developing Economy in Moral Crisis : Evangelical Youth Culture in Contemporary South Africa

Author(s): Ibrahim Abraham / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2015

Adopting ethnographic research into contemporary Evangelical youth culture in South Africa, this paper critically analyses approaches to the development of moral subjects in Evangelical youth ministry. After introducing the moral landscape of South Africa twenty years after the formal end of the racist apartheid system, the paper then introduces the notion of “moral capital”, making use of the work of Sharlene Swartz amongst impoverished youth in Cape Town. Arguing that the nature of contemporary South African society prevents too instrumental a view of the accumulation of moral capital amongst young people, the paper analyses three broad approaches to the development of moral subjects in Evangelical youth culture and ministry. Approaches focusing on piety seek to separate material poverty from spiritual practice; approaches focusing on prosperity seek miraculous gifts of wealth as rewards for personal piety; and approaches focusing on resilience seek to develop religious subjectivities capable of withstanding the inequities of contemporary South Africa without withdrawing from material reality.