Politica socială, factor al dezvoltării societății

Author(s): Ioan Mărginean / Language(s): Issue: 1/2014

The analysis of the relation between the social policies and the development of the society relies on evidences. Various macroeconomic indicators are considered, such as the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and the Gross National Income (GNI), both at the current prices (CP) and at the Purchasing Power Parity (PPP). The analysis also considers the social expenditure and the impact of the social transfers on the population income, income inequality and poverty risk. This analysis addresses the EU member states where acceptable conditions exist in order to compare these indicators (because the differences between countries don’t lead to disparities), but the situation from the EU is also seen within the global context. The data have been selected from reports released by the World Bank, the United Nations Program for Development (UNDP) and the EU Statistical Institute (Eurostat). The results of the analysis show the existence of significant, even large, differences between the EU member states both regarding the macroeconomic indicators, and regarding the income, social expenditure and impact indicators. On the other hand, the analysis shows the role of the social policies in the development of the society through the benefits supplied by fields such as pensions, health care, education, family and children, dwelling. Thus, the developed EU countries usually allocate more for the social benefits, and those who do this also manage to alleviate the social inequities, compared to the countries which make less use of this public policies instrument. The mere allocation of important funds for social protection is obviously not enough, because the system must also be managed properly. Actually, some countries with modest material resources managed to produce favourable results in these fields, while both in the more or less developed countries in which the social transfers account for small proportions of the GDP, the income inequalities display a trend to be larger than in the first two categories of countries.

Simona Maria Stănescu (editor), Romeo Asiminei, Daniela Vîrjan, Recommendations for the development of the social economy: Romania 2013, United Nation

Author(s): Filip Alexandrescu / Language(s): Issue: 1/2014

Maria Buciuceanu-Vrabie, Nina Cesnocova, Olga Gagauz, Gheorghe Paladi, Olga Penina, Mariana Piscenco, Olga Poalelungi, Inga Chistrunga-Sînchevici

Author(s): Florentin Flavius Mihalache / Language(s): Issue: 1/2014

Zagospodarowanie zasobów wodnych województwa łódzkiego na potrzeby energetyki

Author(s): Joanna Sołtuniak / Language(s): Issue: 317/2013

The article raises selected issues in the scope of renewable energy sources. The theoretical, technical and economic energy potential of waters in Poland and Lodz Voivodeship was presented. Estimated economic potential depends on the current energy policy and applied support mechanisms. Generally the utilization of accessible energy potential, both in Poland as well as in Lodz Voivodeship, is low. The article discusses the history, status quo and perspectives for the development of water power in Poland and Lodz Voivodeship. Selected natural, business and economic factors that influence energy production in water-power plants were discussed. The article presents external effects in water-power engineering.

Development of small geothermal and hydroelectric power plants in Poland as a chance for energetic security and regional growth

Author(s): Benedykt Olszewski / Language(s): Issue: 317/2013

The paper provides a short overview of the current situation and directions of development of Polish energy sector. It also considers the chances and limitations that may come from different EU regulations and focuses mainly on the possibilities of developing the extensive geothermal potential in Poland using domestic and foreign examples and experiences. A brief characteristic of the life cycle of a geothermal resource is provided as a proof for its relevance to sustainable development. There is also some potential for developing hydro plants in Poland. This process should be connected with making elaborate plans for multi-purpose projects that would benefit the region in a number of ways, not just energy. Developing those relatively expensive to build but cheaper to maintain technologies can help Poland to be more secure and independent and provide an economic boost for local communities while encouraging them to cooperate on joint projects.

Europa efektywnie korzystająca z energii – kontekst Polski

Author(s): Ewa Mazur-Wierzbicka / Language(s): Issue: 317/2013

From the time of transformation, Poland has overcame a long way and improved its energy efficiency. The further work should be planned in Polish energy sector because of guidelines and liabilities of the European Union. The main aim of this work is the approximation of changes which appeared in the area of improving the energy efficiency in Poland with the prediction of development for Polish energy sector. Individual parts of this work show the main aim of this article which includes the meaning of energy efficiency, current status of energy efficiency in Poland and predictions for the development of Polish energy sector. The work has theoretical-empirical character. Aggregate statistical studies, reports, state documents and literature have been used in this work.

Gospodarowanie zasobami odnawialnymi – wybrane modele gospodarki leśnej

Author(s): Magdalena Protas,Bogdan Piątkowski / Language(s): Issue: 317/2013

The paper discusses management of forest as a renewable resource with two various possible uses: timber production and providing with non-market amenity services such as recreation, cultural needs, protection of soil and water, conservation of biodiversity. The authors present an overview of the forest management models – the Faustmann model, the C. Clark model, the Hotelling’s rule and describe sustainable timber management approach. The paper also includes description of the most important differences in forest management conducted by public and private owners. The form of ownership is shown as crucial for harvest timing. The authors also present recent data for Polish forest management sector with two forms of ownership distinguished.

Problem wyceny dóbr i usług środowiskowych na obszarach wiejskich

Author(s): Łukasz Popławski / Language(s): Issue: 317/2013

Sustainable and multifunctional development of rural areas requires efficient management of natural resources that are found in the area. Rational management is not possible without full evaluation of resources and their functions. Resources are often treated as public goods and their full value is not reflected in market economic categories. The purpose of this article is to show that the non-production functions of natural resources have their own value, which can be estimated using the methods developed in environmental economics. The concept of the full economic value of natural resources and basic evaluation method is used to achieve this goal. The evaluation of the worth of environmental goods is presented on the selected examples, in particular of biodiversity, landscapes and recreational values. These methods include, for example: WTP, CVM, COIM, HPM, TCM. The aim of this study is to identify the problems of evaluation of environmental goods and services in rural areas based on selected resource stocks acting as public goods. It should be noted that in the current 2014−2020 planning horizon, the planned CAP puts a very strong emphasis on the effectiveness of such protection. In this context, there would be an increasing importance on the evaluation of public goods of an environmental nature. This paper presents a theoretical basis of possibilities to evaluate the natural resources and their worth as delivery of public goods in rural areas.

Obszary przyrodniczo cenne w zrównoważonym rozwoju obszarów wiejskich Podkarpacia

Author(s): Bogumiła Grzebyk / Language(s): Issue: 317/2013

Naturally valuable areas play a double role in the realization of balanced development policy. Their functioning is directly connected with regulations of conservation and environment protection. Being inseparable part of rural environment they contribute to the policy of developing rural areas carried out by economical units (mainly farms). As exemplified by Podkarpackie Voivodeship which features a great ratio of protected areas (almost 45%), basic data concerning the range of functioning of protected areas including areas of Natura 2000 as well as the condition and directions of social-economic development was analyzed. Great attention was paid to possibilities and developmental barriers in protected areas. The research has proved that protected areas in Podkarpackie Voivodeship are not arranged regularly. In five districts – Bieszczady, Lesko, Sanok, Przemyśl and Krosno, in which the part of protected areas constitute 50 to 100% of all areas, they cover over 440 thousand hectares, which makes 55% of all protected areas in Podkarpackie Voivodeship. On the other hand, the districts of Tarnobrzeg, Nisko, Stalowa Wola and Dębica, that is in the northern and western part of the voivodeship, the ratio is very small which is caused mainly by industrial development in this region. Moreover, the research has proved that among social-economic directions of development the most predestined are: agriculture keeping high standards of environment protection, tourism, agritourism and non-agricultural economic activity of farms, including pro-environmental services.

Metodyka badania wpływu inwestycji w odnawialne źródła energii na tworzenie miejsc pracy w wymiarze lokalnym

Author(s): Edyta Sidorczuk-Pietraszko / Language(s): Issue: 317/2013

Like in many other countries, also in Poland the positive employment effects of renewable energy technologies remain an important argument for supporting these technologies. This is particularly important in the local context, when a renewable energy installation may solve specific problems of a particular community. In the paper a method of employment impact assessment of renewable energy sources at the local level is shown. The results of the study which is going to be conducted based on this method will be useful for local decision-makers to assess the potential employment impact of planned renewable energy installations.

Polityka ochrony klimatu w rolnictwie

Author(s): Karol Kociszewski / Language(s): Issue: 317/2013

Together with the evolution of EU sustainable development strategy, the EU environmental policy and Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), the solutions in order to reduce the impact of agriculture on climate change were increasingly implemented. As a result of activities aimed at greening of agriculture (agri-environmental programs, cross-compliance, organic farming support), GHG emissions were reduced in all groups of Member States (in years 1990−2010). It can be considered that applied instruments effectively contributed to the environmental pressure limitation. Moreover, it took place along with the growth of the value added in agriculture. In Poland the process was conducted in a similar way but the scope of protective action was smaller than in the EU-15. Consequently, it can be observed that the intensification and concentration of agricultural production (which took place after the accession to the EU) contributed to the severity of Polish agriculture impact on climate change. The trend of reduction of GHG emission has been reversed. The most important factor was the increase in the level of fertilization, which was the result of increased financial support from the direct payments.

Gospodarowanie energią w halach sportowych w województwie dolnośląskim

Author(s): Tomasz Żołyniak / Language(s): Issue: 317/2013

The article presents some results of the research conducted in 2012 among 50 sports halls of Lower Silesia. Studies include the analysis of energy audits and analyzes done to improve energy efficiency, prepared as part of doctoral dissertation. The purpose of this paper is to analyze and evaluate the management of energy in sports halls. The work focused on the possibilities of upgrading the existing facilities, but the proposed solutions and management policies can also be used in new projects in the field of sport and recreation.

Zrównoważone wykorzystanie zasobów rolnictwa warunkiem wzrostu gospodarczego

Author(s): Anna Bisaga / Language(s): Issue: 317/2013

The “permanent renewal” scenario proposed in the “Europe 2020” strategy takes “endogenous technological change“ as its base, which is defined as intelligent and balanced development serving social inclusion. The case study proves that this change does not only include new industries but should include all branches of economy, also agriculture. Apart form new industrial policy, which promotes “instructions” supporting the economical use of resources, the external effects of the net generated by the European Digital Platform should be used while introducing this new strategy. The case study shows the directions of transformation of European model of agriculture and the role of the external effects of the net, provided that there should be a rule of strong balance in agriculture.

Analiza gospodarowania ziemią w gospodarstwie rolnym. Studium przypadku RSP w gminie Święta Katarzyna

Author(s): Danuta Gonet / Language(s): Issue: 317/2013

The aim of the study was to analyze the management of the farm land having the status of agricultural production cooperative, which is located in a particularly favorable for agricultural production under natural conditions commune of Święta Katarzyna in Lower Silesia. Using the methods in terms of vertical comparative, descriptive and first-degree synthetic it was possible to present numerical material from the years 2008-2011. Against the background of the characteristics of production factors, structure, organization, technical and economic efficiency, the principles and actions used by the cooperative for the conservation and rational use of the land factor were described. Despite the annual decrease in the area of agricultural land in the country in the analyzed farm, their area has not decreased in the four-year study period. The most important effect rationalizing the efficiency of land use was the establishment of willow plantations in flood plains − marginal. Revenue from the sale of willow in the third year of cultivation, largely contributed to the increase in productivity and marketability of the land in 2010. The use of erosion control treatments, reduced fertilization and partial replacement of it by the use of catch crops legumes, low intensity of farm organizations adapted to market requirements are an expression of caring for the land factor in the era of micro-scale degradation and loss at the macroeconomic level.

Racjonalizacja działań na rzecz ochrony środowiska w nowej perspektywie wdrażania WPR

Author(s): Katarzyna Brodzińska / Language(s): Issue: 317/2013

This paper presents the results of analyzes of the impact assessment of selected activities of the CAP in favor of environmental protection. The analysis is based on data of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Management Information System, ARMA, the results of the agricultural census of 2010 and the results of the own research in 2011, covering 8,5% beneficiaries of agri-environmental programme in Warmia-Mazury Voivodeship. The analysis shows that the CAP can make a measurable support efforts towards the environmental protection. The most important step towards the environmental sustainability is certainly the combing area payments with the need to fulfil the cross-compliance requirements, particularly good agricultural condition (GAC). The analyses shows that norms of GAC are too extended and its necessity is the separation of agricultural production support and services provided by farmers to reduce climate change as part of the CAP operations.

Efektywność energetyczna jako element gospodarki zasobooszczędnej

Author(s): Henryk Wojciechowski,Jacek Malko / Language(s): Issue: 317/2013

According to recent conclusions of the European Council, it is necessary to stress the need to increase the energy efficiency in the EU so as to achieve the objective of saving 20% of the energy consumption compared to projections for 2020 as estimated by the Commission in its Green Paper on Energy Efficiency and to make good use of their National Energy Efficiency Actions Plans for this purpose ( i.e. Second NEEAPs from 30 June 2011). It should improve the industrial competiveness of EU with a potential for the creation of substantial benefits for households, business and public authorities.

Wartość przyrodnicza ekosystemów a wycena wartości ekonomicznej na przykładzie jezior pomorza środkowego

Author(s): Małgorzata Cichoń,Arnold Bernaciak / Language(s): Issue: 317/2013

The purpose of this article is the identification of relationships between the natural and the economic value of ecosystem. The authors attempt to answer the question how the natural value of ecosystems affects its economic value. The object of the analysis is 16 lakes of Central Pomerania, Poland. They have been grouped into 4 classes, adequate for their natural value. The natural value of each of the lakes has been determined on the basis of specially adopted criteria. Economic valuation has been based on two methods: the travel costs method and willingness to pay (WTP). The results of the analysis indicate the relationships between the natural value and the economic valuation of ecosystems. Using the travel cost method of valuation, the relation between those values is directly proportional. The WTP method indicates that an average nature valued lakes obtain the highest economic value. Lakes with a high natural value are less valued in terms of their economic value.

Znaczenie dyskontowania w polityce klimatycznej

Author(s): Michał Ptak / Language(s): Issue: 317/2013

The aim of this article is to analyze the role of discounting in the climate change policy. The first part of the paper provides an overview of key issues related to discounting, such as different approaches to the choice of discount rate, the components that make up the so called social rate of time preference and hyperbolic discounting. This part of the study also includes discount rates adopted by chosen economists dealing with the climate change issues. The article also discusses how the level of the discount rate affects the climate policy as well as presents conclusions drawn from the research of climate economists (especially N. Stern and W. Nordhaus) choosing different discount rates in their analysis. The conclusions relate to the optimal rate of carbon tax (carbon dioxide tax) or desired expenditure on the fight against climate change.

Energooszczędne gospodarowanie w gminie Prusice na przykładzie badań ankietowych w ramach projektu ENERGYREGION

Author(s): Alicja Graczyk / Language(s): Issue: 317/2013

The article presents the results of questionnaire investigations of energy efficient management in Prusice poviat conducted in 2012 in the households by ENERGYREGION project. The aim of the article is the analysis and the assessment of the way of energy management in Prusice poviat at individual consumers. Investigations were conducted in August 2012 in the region of Lower Silesia. The first part of the article presents the methodology of investigations. The results of investigations were analyzed in terms of energy management. The results show that it is hard to name the presented energy management energy efficient. The ecological consciousness of energy consumers is still in the early phase of development.

Wybrane problemy metodyczno-metodologiczne wyceny elementów kapitału naturalnego

Author(s): Stanisław Czaja / Language(s): Issue: 317/2013

In the article chosen methodical and methodological problems of the evaluation of the natural capital elements were introduced. The author presented various functions of the natural capital. He discussed the procedures and account challenges connected with the introduction of the natural capital to the economic accounts as well as introduced chosen challenges connected with the evaluation of the components of the natural capital and static and dynamic analysis in the accounts with the natural capital.