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Rysowanie słów. Praktyki pisania wśród Indian E’ñepá (Amazonia wenezuelska)

Author(s): Tarzycjusz Buliński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2015

Buliński’s anthropological interpretation of literacy practices among the E’ñepá in Venezuelan Amazonia consists of four parts. First, he describes the ethnography of literacy practices among this regional ethnic group; second, he summarizes scholarly approaches dealing with writing among the indigenous people of Amazonia; third, he discusses autochtonous terminology used to describe writing, and fourth, he presents the image of writing as a practice that serves to communicate with other kinds of being.

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Из живота на българската общност в Гюмюрджина. Граници и идентичности /края на 19 век – 1912 г./

Author(s): Maria Markova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2016

The research is focused on a Bulgarian group in Komotini from the late 19th century until 1912. The reconstruction is based on autobiographical memories which outline some of the group’s markers, such as norms of behaviour, boundaries and relations with the “others”. Under the conditions of old systems of contact and co-existence, of trade communication and relations connected with the ideological and moral ideas of the Balkan man in general, i.e. in the case of features referring to the so-called low (deep) culture, the Bulgarians and Greeks in the town draw closer together and live under the conditions of the contact zone. In the opposite case, with the emergence of some of the basic features of the nation and the high culture, such as institutions, designation, territory, language, the anthropological boundary hardens and in part of the contact zone a barrier rises up which discriminates between “we” and the “others”.

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Празници и празнуване в Самоков във времето на социализма в спомените на съвременниците

Author(s): Iskra Todorova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2016

The article presents the local festive system of Samokov in the socialist period. Theobservations and conclusions are based on oral biographical stories collected duringethnological field researches in the town of Samokov conducted in 2011–2015 bythe “Ongal“ Association of Anthropology, Ethnology and Folklore Studies using themethod of oral history.The study examines the official and traditional calendar and family rites andpresents some specific forms of socialist festivities – manifestation, solemn meeting,banquet, literary-musical programme, treat in an intimate circle, as well as festiveforms deriving from traditional feasts.Some typical cultural practices understood and referred to as markers of localidentity in Samokov are outlined: throwing sweet loafs from Rido on the Annunciation, visiting in midnight on Easter the cemetery with a red Easter egg and an Eastercake, the post-wedding custom of “Topenitsa“, the Whitsuntide fair known as Štipimarket, as well as the Samokov leek pasty (samokovski zelnik) and mulled brandy(greyana rakiya).The retrospective look at the Samokov feasts shows that the forms of celebrationare not steady. The dynamic of the processes of change in the urban festivity affectsalso the shift of the places of memory in the town.

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Песни и граници във всекидневната култура на гагаузите от Източна Тракия в началото на ХХ век

Author(s): Galin Georgiev,Dinka Angelova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2016

The article is dedicated to the folklore singing of the Gagauzs in Eastern Thrace. The authors analyze primarily archival and published material from the early twentieth century war period and the following displacement of large groups of populations, which raises the question of their cultural traditions and specifics. The songs are used as a source allowing the outlining of a number of specific characteristics of the ethnic and cultural identity of the Gagauzs. Special attention is paid to bilingualism in some records and its ritual functions. The article is reminiscent of Adela Peeva’s film “ Whose is this song?”. Undoubtedly it will again show the development and the fate of the spiritual heritage from the Ottoman period bequeathed to the later national societies and countries in the Balkans, where the heritage (which was previously common) is “assigne” and began to be felt “our” and “native” or, in other cases, is strongly rejected. The aim of the article, however, is to show that this initial space was not always so common and open and that the relationships in it (respectively in the culture in general) depended on local developments, different situations and participants. At least in terms of knowledge about the various cultures and traditions on the Balkans, together with the question “Whose is this song?” goes the question “Whose song is the best?”. That is, except the origin of the songs, which in many cases is common, it is also important to understand it, to know how it is valorized and constantly acknowledged.

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Ружа Нейкова. Етнокултурни паралели по пътя на старите българи в Балкано-Кавказкото пространство и Поволжието. София: Издателство на БАН „Проф. Марин Дринов“/ Фондация „Тангра ТанНакРа“, 2015

Author(s): Veselka Toncheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2016

Book Review

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„Калиница“ в Асеновград като пример за конструиране на съвременен градски празник

Author(s): Zlatina Bogdanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2016

The paper is dedicated to a modern urban festival at the heart of which lies thetraditional celebration of „Kalinitsa“ preserved in Asenovgrad. The study reveals how this tradition is reconstructed today and turned into a cultural resource for the local community. The emphasis is on the cultural representations and functions ofthe festival and the importance attributed by local residents. The analysis identifiesthe main discourses related to „Kalinitsa“, paying attention to the role of collectivememory in shaping modern practices and models of celebration in the community. Who are the carriers of this local memory? To what extent it defines the essence ofthe festivities? In addition, the paper aims to answer the following questions: whatmakes the festival unique to Asenovgrad and what is its place in the modern urbanculture? In the disclosure of all aspects of this tradition the author relies on personal observations, stories of participants and earlier ethnographic researches.

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Тютюневият град: дискурсът на индустриалното наследство

Author(s): Lina Gergova,Yana Gergova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2016

The Tobacco city is a case which at a certain moment attracted significant publicattention; at the same time, it is an example which combines various discourses. Inorder to find the specificity of this case, the article examines three more exampleswhich in geographical and historical aspect are appropriate for comparative researchon the problem, having in mind the commensurability in reference to size and significanceof the settlement and the cultural and industrial traditions, the relevant timecoincidence of the processes, as well as the geographical and economic representativeness.The research questions which the study attempts to answer are analyticalas well as completely practical, related to real management and political decisions.From an anthropological point of view, we are interested in the problem of the correlationbetween re-functionalizing with the purpose of settling, attracting investmentsand publics, and updating the use and access, one the one hand, and, on the other, thenarrative which represents the space itself in its capacity of heritage and the degree towhich this narrative should be preserved.

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A Tale of Two Ahmadiyya Mosques: Religion, Ethnic Politics, and Urban Planning in London

Author(s): Marzia Balzani / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2015

Built on the site of a disused dairy in London, the Ahmadiyya Baitul Futuh Mosque is simultaneously a regenerated postindustrial site, a signal achievement for the community that built it, an affront to local Sunni Muslims, a focus for Islamophobic protest, and a boost to local regeneration plans and tourism. Using town planning documents, media articles, and ethnographic fieldwork, this article considers the conflicting discourses available to locals, Muslim and non-Muslim, centered on the new Baitul Futuh Mosque and an older, smaller, suburban Ahmadiyya mosque located nearby. These discourses are situated in the broader transnational context of sectarian violence and creation of community where ethnicity, faith, and immigration status mark those who attend the mosques. The article considers the different historical periods in which the two mosques were built, the class composition of residents in the neighborhoods of the mosques, and the consequences these have for how the mosques are incorporated into the locality. The strategies diverse local groups use to define the space in different and conflicting terms, and their cross-cutting claims, are discussed to present a range of religious, political, and ethnic positions shaping ideals of self-realization and aspirations for the future at individual and community levels.

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Verejný poriadok v meste Košice v období prvej svetovej vojny

Author(s): Ladislav Gergely / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2013

Management of city of Košice was after outbreak of World War I. exposed to the various types of challenges how to deal with war situation. It was necessary to improvise and adopt measures which were not applied in peace time. During the first phase of the war it was not going well for Austria-Hungary. The pressure of Russian Army upon eastern part of Austria-Hungary resulted in large number of refugees who were looking for shelter in Košice, from north-eastern counties and from region of Galicia. It was necessary to provide sufficient supplies of food and lodging for these people. Also it was needed to fulfill government requirements in regard to taking care of soldiers. A specific problem created upholding public order and security of civilians in Košice. It was no easy task, because war situation placed difficult and for peacetime unknown challenges for the magistrate. Paper is analyzing described issues and is devoted to solving individual aspects of described problems.

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Vplyv prisťahovalectva na etnické pomery stredovekých miest na Slovensku

Author(s): Miloš Marek / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2013

Medieval towns were not an isolated island, but a living organism with intense interactions with its environment. From a demographic point of view they were dependent on the flow of people from beyond its walls. The town needed new people to its natural development and functioning. In the example of five Slovak towns (Bratislava, Trnava, Bardejov, Prešov, Košice), we have shown how immigration and immigrants contributed to their demographic picture. The main sources for exploring this question were the registers of new burghers and also the tax registers. These sources, however, do not register low-income inhabitants forming a significant part of the urban population. Therefore, on the basis of their analysis, we can not form a realistic picture of the immigration. German patriciate played a leading role in researched towns, what is reflected by the data coming from the registers of the burgher rights acceptance. They provide evidence that the burgher rights were granted mostly to the persons of German nationality (except Trnava). The regular trade contacts with foreign countries have led to the immigration of foreigners mostly of German origin. Location of the city and its surrounding neighborhood with different ethnicity played also its role.

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An Inquiry into the Everyday Life of Townspeople of Košice in the 16th Century

Author(s): Bernadeta Fabová / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2012

Košice represents an atypical European town in the 16th century. Unfortunately, due to numerous destructive events, relatively small number of documents has been preserved from this period. The testaments, which originated in particular period, were selected as the source for the reconstruction of everyday life. The primary aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the existing research on the townspeople of Košice in the 16th century. Secondly, the possible difficulties that might arise during the research of the topic are being listed. The final part of the paper contains specific examples of the life experience of the selected inhabitants of the town.

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Testament Invocations as a Manifestation of the Religiosity of Kraków Burghers in the 17th and 18th Centuries

Author(s): Marcin Gadocha / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2012

The aim of this paper is to provide an overview over the last wills as the historical sources. The first part of this work consists of the overview of published relevant works; it also summarised the well-known facts about purpose and creation of the last wills. The paper describes its form, possible use as well as their development. The emphasis is put on the concrete manuscripts originated from the region of Kraków from the 17th and 18th century. The last part of paper is dedicated to specific section of testament – the invocation.

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Chief Judges and Urban Elite of Miskolc in the Turkish Era (1550 – 1700)

Author(s): Éva Gyulai / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2012

Market town Miskolc has gone into the possession of pledge holders in the Turkish Era who preserved its medieval character and were elected by the serf-burgers. The serf-burgers continued to elect the town’s self-administration i. e. the council and the chief judge, which started to keep permanent protocols (Towns’ Book) from 1565. Chief judges emerged from among the serf citizens of the town, no nobleman could hold this position, but from mid 17th century, only noblemen, what is more, landowners filled this function. In the 16th century, the urban elite consisted of rich serf-burgers, craftsmen and a small number of merchants, but there was also a small ’outsider’ noble elite attached to the castle and dominium of Diósgyőr. In the 17th century, there were significant changes in the town’s society and elite. An increasingly larger numbers of the citizens applied for nobility, and due to the Turkish wars, a lot of noble families also moved into the town from the countryside starting to form a new noble strong group in Miskolc.

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New Institutions in the 18th Century Miskolc (County Administration, Roman Catholic Parish Church, Minorite Order, Royal Dominion and Hungarian Chamber)

Author(s): Éva Gyulai / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2012

At the end of the Turkish era the royal administration recovered the Diósgyőr dominium, including Miskolc, and in 1702 the inhabitants of Miskolc took loans and redeemed themselves from the serfdom for half a century. In 1755 the town returned to the administration of the crown’s dominium falling under royal property law, and o ffices of the dominium were established in Miskolc, and the establishments and facilities of the economic and business activities of the dominium appeared. After an almost 150 years’ predominance of the Reformed Church, a Roman Catholic parish was re-established in Miskolc and in the 1720s; a Catholic church was also built. The gaining ground of Catholicism was reinforced by the settlement of the Minorite order in Miskolc. The increase and strengthening of the central functions of the town are indicated by the fact that in the 18th century Miskolc became the permanent seat of Borsod County.

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The Jewish Community in Kraków and Kazimierz and the Jewish Communal Authorities in the Light of Internal Sources (16th – 18th Centuries)

Author(s): Anna Jakimyszyn / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2012

The Jewish community in Kraków were an example of the organizational forms used in the Jewish communities in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. They varied from community to community. The administration system and system solutions were defined under state authority regulations, local and private legislation and internal regulations of Jewish authorities. For the Jewish community in Kraków in the modern period the most important internal sources were the Kraków Community Charter and the community record books – pinkasim. People who worked for the community could be divided into two groups. To the first group belong the Kraków Community Board (parnasim, towim and fourteen kahal members). In addition to the Kraków Community Board there were a number of other officials of the community. They had several areas of responsibility: finances, maintenance of order in the Jewish quarter ad supervision of crafts and trade. To this group belong also judges [three to each of the three governing bodies]. To the second group of the people working for the community belong rabbi, cantor, ritual slaughterer and beadles, community secretary, midwives, doctors, street cleaners, public bath personnel, prison guards and sentries watching over the gates leading to the quarter. The analysis of the list of the Kraków’s community officials and functionaries showed as the power was in the hand of a small groups of inhabitants. Nevertheless, the system of the communal institutions proved very durable, probably because till the end of the 18th century there was no other alternative solutions.

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The Decline of the Kraków Jewish Community in the Early Modern Period

Author(s): Adam Kaźmierczyk / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2012

At the end of the16th century Kraków’s Jewish community was the most important cahal in Poland. This situation lasted until the middle of the17th century. Just a century later Kraków’s elders were begging the voivode of Kraków to protect them against claims of smaller communities, such as Wodzisław, which demanded jurisdiction over Jews in villages just by the walls of Kraków’s agglomeration. The lecture will show how the changes in Jewish demography as well as the king’s resignation from jurisdiction over Jews in private estates and other changes in political system of the Polish Commonwealth affected the situation of Kraków’s community and resulted in its loss of power in the state and among the Jewish population in Lesser Poland.

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Family Strategies of Opavian Burgher Elites in the Period of Religious Transformation

Author(s): Irena Korbelářová,Radmila Dluhošová / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2012

The study deals with the characteristics of Opava, the metropolis of one of the Silesian principalities in the period of completion of political and religious transformation (circa 1630 – 1660) and culminating transformation of the burgher society. Its elites are classified as people (and their families) with the highest extent of social prestige and political rights that shaped the public life of the locality in a fundamental way. It states that in Opava in the given period it concerned estimated 20 – 25 people/families out of circa 300 burgher families and 500 – 600 settled families. It perceives family strategies as intentional steps and activities aimed towards improving and strengthening of the positions of an individual and his or her family in the private, professional and public areas, and ensuring (improving) the status of the descendants in the town, respectively the country society. Based on the present micro-studies, it declares the initial theses for the consequent research considering the following strategies: 1. ensuring and enlarging of the real estates of municipal and free (nobility) character as a source of strengthening the social status and influence, as well as securing the family positions, 2. nobilitation as a source of achieving an exceptional position in the municipal society, 3. transitional rituals (marriage, christening, funeral) where the most substantial role is seen in the marriage policy and the choice of partners for the members of the elites and their children, or alternatively the closest relatives, 4. support of education and directing of the professional orientation of the descendants. The study also indicates further possible activities that may be included into family strategies that so far stand completely (or almost completely) aside from the interest of historical research of Opava in the given period (expansion of the family memory, marriages across the social classes, motivation and features of private bonds and contacts, relations of burghers and household members without blood and relative bonds, etc.)

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The Monarch and the Town. Princes and Kings Versus Kraków at the turn of the 13th and 14th Centuries

Author(s): Andrzej Marzec / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2012

The paper researches the history of manifold political relations between the Kraków monarchs, the developing towns of Lesser Poland growing into an economically important position, the clergy, and in particular the powerful bishops, and the class of knights at the turn of the 13th and 14th centuries. In the history of Poland this is an important period of many and varied pressures in the struggle for power and both political and economic prevalence. In particular the paper focuses on the relations of four consecutive princes, Boleslaus the Shy, Leszek the Black, Wenceslaus II of Bohemia, and Wladysław Łokietek with the town of Kraków, located by the first of them, and then developing under the royal privileges, until the rebellion of Albert and loss of the political and economic position under the last prince.

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Opavian Suburbia from 14th to 16th Century. A Dynamically Developing Territory or a Changeless State?

Author(s): Viktor Pohanka / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2012

In 1965 František Matějek pointed to the mutual rivalry between what we can call municipal and manorial economy in the 16th through the 17th century. However, the question to what extent did the residues of the duchy land tenure made it hard for the municipal council to gain control of all the suburban domains whose legal status was different seems to remain unexplored – the conjecture here is that it was just the foregoing landlord domain that tried to prevent the municipality from making attempts at the use of the considerable economic potential and benefits that the overall area of the Opavian suburbia definitely rendered. The purpose of the following contribution therefore lies in showing whether or not did the municipal council succeed in exploiting at least some parts of the suburbia and, if they did, whether the latter underwent some changes that suited the interests of the community.

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The Position of Opava in the Context of Silesian Cities in the First Half of the 18th Century

Author(s): Rudolf Žáček / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2012

In the legal sense, Silesian towns and cities constituted as early as the 12th century. Up to the half of the 13th century, approximately 20 towns and townlets were established. After the Mongolian invasion in 1241, apart from the economic significance, it was also their defensive role of towns that was valued. During the Middle Ages and the early modern period a rather extensive network comprising altogether 165 towns and townlets was built in Silesia.

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