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REFLEXIA SITUÁCIE RUSÍNOV V 20. ROKOCH 20. STOROČIA V SLOVENSKEJ ODBORNEJ LITERATÚRE PO ROKU 1989

Author(s): Marián Lukáč / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 4/2014

The year 1989 marked a new stage in the Slovak historiography which allowed a new reinterpretation of the previous research and opened up topics which were considered taboo until then. This article discusses the results of scientific research in the field of Rusyns' history in the twenties of the last century. This later research showed that it was a crucial period for them. On the one hand, in this period began divergent development that separated Rusyns of eastern Slovakia from their countrymen in Ruthenia. On the other hand, while this development was initially perceived negatively, it is argued that of the entire homeland of Rusyns in the Carpathian Mountains, Rusyns in eastern Slovakia have probably the best prospects for their further national development.

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Slovaci u Hrvatskoj u popisima stanovništva između 1880. i 2011. i perspektiva u istraživanju

Author(s): Filip Škiljan,Sandra Kralj-Vukšić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2015

The authors of the text provide information about Slovaks in Croatia in the censuses between 1880 and 2011 with regard to the Slovak language as a native language of Slovaks in Croatia. Authors in the first part bring information about the arrival of Slovaks in Croatia, and then deal with their number, religious and gender structure as well as their literacy. The text is the result of research in the Croatian State Archives and published material in the Central Bureau of Statistics and literature. In conclusion the authors emphasize the need of a systematic approach to the study of Slovak communities in Croatia.

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Slovenská minorita v Rumunsku – etnokultúrne kontexty

Author(s): Miriama Bošelová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2015

Way of life of Slovaks in the Low Land was and remains a continually evolving socio-cultural system which is very vividly and naturally responsive to the surrounding environment and circumstances that have been brought about in different historical periods. The important question is not just which elements of their way of life are typically "Slovak" , but rather to what extent and how can the Slovak community maintain ethnic consciousness, mother tongue and communication links with Slovaks during the entire period of the separation. The paper presents characteristics of current Slovak minority in Romania in the context of historical development, and also presents selected aspects of empirical research of the Slovaks living in Romania.

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Vlna antisemitizmu v Československu vyvolaná politickým procesom s Rudolfom Slánskym a spol

Author(s): MARTIN ŠROMOVSKÝ / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2015

The beginning of 1950s in Czechoslovakia was a period of political processes, among which the Rudolf Slansky et al. trial had possibly the largest impact on the society. It was accompanied by a massive media campaign, characterized by a strong anti-cosmopolitan, anti-Zionist and anti-Israel spirit. Articles in newspapers that tried to accuse, inter alia, the Zionists, cosmopolitans (thus people of Jewish descent) and the State of Israel of the negative economic situation in the country, could not cause any other reaction but the anti-Semitism. In contrast to the so-called Popular anti-Semitism, which was on the scene mainly in Slovakia after the Second World War, in the early '50s the anti-Semitism was caused by government – so-called government anti-Semitism.

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Something from the History of Ukrainian-Czech-Slovak Educational and Scientific Relations in the latter half of the 19th century

Author(s): Oksana Ivanenko / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

On the basis of documents of Central state historical archive of Ukraine (Kyiv), Department of manuscripts and textual studies of T. Shevchenko Institute of Literature of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Institute of Manuscripts of V. Vernadskyi National library of Ukraine this article deals with the significance of Kharkov, St.Vladymyr (Kyiv), Novorossiya (Odessa) Universities’ scientists’ activities for development of Ukrainian-Czech-Slovak relations in the second half of the 19th century. The article notes that Ukrainian-Czech-Slovak scientific and educational links strengthened cultural unity of the Slavonic peoples, enriched inter-Slavic cooperation. National rebirth of the Slavonic peoples, based on French Revolution (1789) ideology and Romanticism, accompanied by the deepening of interest in the history, folklore, ethnography, national languages and literatures, the growth of Slavs’ national consciousness, eventually – the flowering of science, education, art and centuries-old traditions of inter-Slavonic ties.

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Ako Svätopluk svoju zem za bieleho koňa predal... Vzájomné obrazy Slovákov a Maďarov v slovenských a maďarských dejepisných učebniciach vydávaných v rokoch 1918 až 1989

Author(s): Slávka Otčenášová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2012

This article deals with the mutual images and stereotypes of Slovaks and Hungarians presented in Czechoslovak, Slovak and Hungarian history textbooks published between 1918 – 1989. The textbooks employed the same principles while creating the image of the Self and the Other. In all cases the authors of the textbooks opted for creating a positive image of their own nation by employing images of its cultural and moral superiority, while the Others were characterized as immoral traitors on a lower degree of civilisational development. Narratives presented in official history textbooks reflect the political agenda, desirable values and the efforts the political elites made in order to create a collective identity of the citizens of the state and to develop the loyalty of subjects to the country they live in. Thus, every change of political regime brings with it the necessity to reinterpret the past and to reconstruct the national history – as such, in which the current state, or the current ambitions and political programs of the elites would be seen as the natural, legitimate and most desirable result of historical development.

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The Concept of Good and Evil in Jewish Folklore and Mysticism

Author(s): Vladimir Janev / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

The ethical concept in Jewish folklore and mysticism reflects its heritage from the ancient Middle–Eastern civilisations (Egypt, Syria, Babylon). There are examples of certain myths which were created before the existence of Judaism, and which were eventually somehow ‘adopted’ and preserved (as Jewish myths) until today. In time, these myths changed along with the historical processes of modernity and secularism in Judaism. Another relevant topic in Jewish mysticism was the lack of women theologians until the second half of the XX century. In fact, in traditional Judaism women were not allowed to study theology and mysticism.The ethical concept in Jewish folklore and mysticism reflects its heritage from the ancient Middle – Eastern civilisations (Egypt, Syria, Babylon). There are examples of certain myths which were created before the existence of Judaism, and which were eventually somehow ‘adopted’ and preserved (as Jewish myths) until today. In time, these myths changed along with the historical processes of modernity and secularism in Judaism. Another relevant topic in Jewish mysticism was the lack of women theologians until the second half of the XX century. In fact, in traditional Judaism women were not allowed to study theology and mysticism. The ethical concept in Jewish folklore and mysticism reflects its heritage from the ancient Middle – Eastern civilisations (Egypt, Syria, Babylon). There are examples of certain myths which were created before the existence of Judaism, and which were eventually somehow ‘adopted’ and preserved (as Jewish myths) until today. In time, these myths changed along with the historical processes of modernity and secularism in Judaism. Another relevant topic in Jewish mysticism was the lack of women theologians until the second half of the XX century. In fact, in traditional Judaism women were not allowed to study theology and mysticism.

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Sеmomit in a New Incantation Bowl

Author(s): Gaby Abousamra / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

Magic bowls bear spells meant to disable demons and to protect people from all sorts of bodily and mental illness. Most of these bowls were found in Mesopotamia and dated approximately to the 5th and 7th centuries AD. This kind of magic spell was practiced by the different communities living in this area: Jewish, Christian, Mandaean, and Manichaean. The present research concerns a new incantation text which, as far as we know, has no parallel in publications on magical bowls. The text is an incantation to establish and protect the descendants of Duday, daughter of Makanta, from all kinds of afflictions and from evil angels whose names are mentioned here for the first time. Palḥašat and Abaddon, the good angels, are invoked to redeem and save Duday and her sons from Ṣemomit who snatches the newborns from the breast of their mothers and kills them. The text ends with a Biblical Hebrew verse (Zechariah 3: 2) which is used frequently in this kind of literature.Magic bowls bear spells meant to disable demons and to protect people from all sorts of bodily and mental illness. Most of these bowls were found in Mesopotamia and dated approximately to the 5th and 7th centuries AD. This kind of magic spell was practiced by the different communities living in this area: Jewish, Christian, Mandaean, and Manichaean. The present research concerns a new incantation text which, as far as we know, has no parallel in publications on magical bowls. The text is an incantation to establish and protect the descendants of Duday, daughter of Makanta, from all kinds of afflictions and from evil angels whose names are mentioned here for the first time. Palḥašat and Abaddon, the good angels, are invoked to redeem and save Duday and her sons from Ṣemomit who snatches the newborns from the breast of their mothers and kills them. The text ends with a Biblical Hebrew verse (Zechariah 3: 2) which is used frequently in this kind of literature.

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IMAGINING GOG AND MAGOG – THE VINICA TABLETS AND THE EMERGENCE OF THE BYZANTINE APOCALYPTIC TRADITION

Author(s): Todor Chobanov / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2025

The current study proposes a new hypothesis about the now famous “Bolgar tablet” (relief) from the Vinica fortress in present day North Macedonia. Studying the works of various Macedonian scholars and utilizing the existing evidence, the author concludes that the object, belonging to a room decoration system of the baptistery entrance (next to the large basilica), was most likely installed in mid-6th c. by artisans that came from Southern Spain. It probably reflected on the then realities on the Balkans – intensive invasions by the Bulgar tribes, that were so devastating so they reminded the artisans about the Biblical prophecies about Gog and Magog – the nations of the North to invade the Christendom. The tablet should be considered an early artistic expression of Byzantine apocalyptic thinking, pre-dating the written works from the 7th c. but reflecting the very popular prophecies and the associations of Gog and Magog with various Steppe peoples.

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FROM THE SARMATIANS TO THE PROTO-BULGARIANS: PALEOGENETIC PERSPECTIVES ON THE POPULATION CHANGES IN THE EURASIAN STEPPE AND THE BALKANS

Author(s): Todor Chobanov,Svetoslav Stamov / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2025

We investigate paleogenomic history of the Sarmatians, Iranianspeaking nomads who dominated the Eurasian steppe in late antiquity. Analyzing ancient DNA from 195 individuals, we explore Sarmatian population dynamics, admixture patterns, and their connections to Scythians, Huns, early Bulgarians, and Balkan groups during the Migration Period. Our results reveal that Sarmatians originated from the Southern Urals, expanded westward, displacing Scythians, and formed two groups in the Hungarian plain. In the 4th – 5th century, Sarmatians from Hungarian Plain experienced gene flow from Baltic and Slavic sources. Tisza Sarmatians exhibited a distinct Illyrian-Italic signal and weaker Caspian signal compared to Danubian Sarmatians, with a larger proto-Slavic and significant Illyrian-Italian component. Conversely, Danubian Sarmatians had larger Siberian and Central Asian components. Demographic shifts leading to Sarmatian and Hun emergence in the Hungarian plain and Scythian decline in the Black Sea region were likely influenced by military and political pressures first from The Xiongnu and later from Imperial China in Central Asia. We identify a genetic component present in early Bulgarians but not in most other Slavic and Balkan individuals. Additionally, we detect a weak but distinct signal from the Kangju, representing a possible late European migration into Asia. While early Bulgarian and Balkan genomes mostly mirrored Tisza Sarmatians, two North Caucasus steppe genomes from the 8th to 10th century demonstrated a historical connection.

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DEVTASHLAR, GROUP 26 IN THE FIELD OF PLISKA

Author(s): Мariela Inkova / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2025

Although the early medieval Bulgarian commemorative monuments, now known by the Turkish word “devtashlar” (pl.), have been studied for more than a century, few of them are systematically excavated. They represent groups of large stone blocks with an irregular parallelepiped shape, in most cases standing in rows along the cardinal directions. They are concentrated in the Pliska field, but mostly by the road sleading from Pliska to the two large earthen fortifications at Kabiyuk and the Stan village. The devtashlar of Group 26 are located east of Zlatna Niva village, Shumen region. The context of all the 27 preserved megaliths has been studied. They are set in 7 by 7 rows, facing northeast. In front of most of them, a small area of levelled stone was cleared, with animal bones and early medieval pottery from the 8th – first half of the 9th centuries, evidence of ritual practices. The quarries in the Pliska area were established and the mass of the stones, exceeding 6 tons. This suggests that the formation of the separate groups of devtashlar was the result of organised and long-term centralised activity connected with official practice in the pagan Bulgarian state on the Lower Danube.

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THE SECRET UNDERGROUND PASSAGEWAYS IN PLISKA. PROBLEMS OF CHRONOLOGY

Author(s): Andrey Aladzhov,Stanislav Stanilov,Yanko Dimitrov / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2025

This article is focused on some unique structures that are an integral part of the earliest stratigraphic horizon of the first Bulgarian capital, Pliska. Some have been thoroughly investigated, while others have been studied only partially. They are one of the most challenging structures to excavate in Pliska because of their depth (sometimes up to 3.5 m) and length (the longest are over 270 m long). Secret passages are divided into two groups depending on their original purpose. The first includes the tunnels used as emergency exits, and the second includes underground passageways that provide invisible movement between residential, representative and cult buildings. The secret passageways in Pliska are unparalleled in the early medieval town planning in the First Bulgarian Kingdom. Tunnels have not been found during the study of other early medieval urban centres on the territory of Bulgaria. They remain one of the main features of what we define today as the “Pliska Phenomenon”. Their use coincides in general with the pagan capital period (the end of the 7th century until 864 CE) of Pliska.

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POLEMICA ÎNTRE TRADIȚIE ȘI MODERNITATE: ROLUL SĂU ÎN CONTURAREA IDENTITĂȚII ROMÂNEȘTI

Author(s): Dennis Deletant / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 27/2024

The development of Romanian national consciousness in the 18th century hinged on concepts of “nation” and “national identity”. Influenced by the Enlightenment and Latin heritage, intellectuals in Transylvania promoted Romanian identity, sparking a lasting debate between tradition and modernity. This continued through Romania’s interwar period, where avant-garde and traditional currents coexisted, tempered by introspective self-criticism and, later, nationalistic excess. This article discusses this debate in its reinterpretation received in the final decades of national communism.

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CONSIDERAŢII PE MARGINEA VIEŢII ŞI ACTIVITĂŢII UNUI LUPTĂTOR PENTRU DREPTURILE ROMÂNILOR TRANSILVĂNENI, IULIU CEZAR VLĂDUŢIU (1846–1918) DIN TURDA

Author(s): Răzvan Mihai Neagu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 27/2024

The purpose of this study is to present the life and activity of a national fighter less known in specialized literature, Iuliu Cezar Vlăduţiu. Very schematic research on it has been undertaken before, but until now there is no material, article or study dedicated to him. That’s why we set out to fill this void and bring to light (again) a great personality of Turda, an illustrious and valiant fighter for the national rights of Romanians from Transylvania, who made a remarkable contribution to political, national, social, economic and cultural life of the old city on Arieş. It can be said without error, that Iuliu Cezar Vlăduţiu was a forerunner of the Great Union. He came from an illustrious Greek-Catholic priestly family. He studied had an intellectual training in legal sciences, acquired in Cluj, but despite all this he was not able to practice law. He settled in Turda, where he became a close friend of the Raţiu family and contributed significantly to the cultural and material upliftment of the Romanians in this town. He was a man of distinguished moral qualities, regarded with great respect by his compatriots. Also, tireless work was one of the characteristics of his life. With honor, Iuliu Cezar Vlăduţiu represented Turda-Aries county at the national conferences in Sibiu, getting involved in the Transylvanian Memorandum movement. At the local level, he was a virilist, a member of the county general congregation, the most important positions he held were those of executive director of the “Ariesana” Bank (1894–1911) and director of the Turda Division of the ASTRA association (1905–1913).

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Гръкоосманизъм срещу панславизъм: Власис Гавриилидис и неговият поглед върху руската балканска политика

Author(s): Slaveya Kotova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2025

In the years following the Crimean War, a segment of the Greek elite recognized the incompatibility between the so-called “Great Idea” of Greek unification and Russian imperial ambitions regarding the Straits and the Ottoman capital. On an ideological level, the rise of Pan-Slavism also posed a threat to Greek claims of cultural supremacy over the Orthodox Slavic populations in the Balkans, fueling Russophobic sentiments within Greek society. Against this backdrop, the Bulgarian- Greek church dispute erupted, reinforcing fears of a Slavic conspiracy orchestrated by Russia. It was in this context that Vlasios Gavriilidis’ text Greece and Pan-Slavism appeared in 1869. The present article critically examines the historical overview of Russian eastern policy as presented by the author.

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За актуалния статус на личната библиотека на йеромонах Неофит Рилски в Рилския манастир

Author(s): Gabriela Angelova,Kameliya Hristova-Yordanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2025

The article offers a brief overview of the published works on the private library of hieromonk Neophyte of Rila. The research suggests a comparative analysis of the present inventory of his private library collection provided by the library of the Rila Monastery and his own list, written by himself and kept at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. Through this comparative study, the research aims to identify books currently missing from his personal library. This investigation is facilitated by the access granted to the Rila Monastery repository, enabling direct examination of hieromonk Neophyte of Rila’s private book collection.The primary objective of this research is to provide a reference tool that will facilitate the identification and location of missing units within the Library at the Rila Monastery and other pertinent repositories, which may house some of Neophyte’s private books.

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FROM ART TO TRAUMA, COLLECTIVE MEMORY AND RECOLLECTION THE MONUMENT OF GERMAN ETHNIC DEPORTEES IN THE USSR, FROM THE CITY OF REȘITA

Author(s): Iudit Calinescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 40/2025

The monument built in memory of the German deportees in 1945, in the USSR, from the city of Reșita, is a symbol of remembering an individual and collective trauma, of the German community in the city, but also an attempt to recover a historical event that marked the life of this city of Banat, forever. An interesting aspect, related to the construction of this moment, is the fact that, for its realization, an artist born in Reșița, Hans Ion Stendl, was chosen, whose individual history is directly intertwined with this traumatic historical event of the city, his parents being part of the Germans deported to the USSR. In this case, art also becomes an individual attempt to overcome the trauma, beyond the desire to recover the collective history, through a monument loaded with symbols, related to the community's traumatic event. The monument has a crucified Jesus in the center, a symbol of sacrifice, faith and resurrection, but also a symbol of the desire to never forget the past, a traumatic momnet in the history of one of the most important ethnic communities of the Banat region, the Germans.

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THE INFLUENCES OF TOTALITARIAN REGIMES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF ETHNO-ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN INTERWAR AND POSTWAR SPAIN

Author(s): Carmen-Elena Pogonici / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 40/2025

Primo de Rivera's dictatorship proved to be the cornerstone in calibrating the historical, political and social context of Franco's dictatorship. Both regimes defended traditional Catholic and military values. Primo de Rivera's social-Christian ideology was based on Spanish nationalism and the fight against separatism. Franco's regime, with conservative views, was authoritarian rather than totalitarian. Franco's great concern was to maintain power and authority in Spain and not to gain the support of the masses, glory or the formation of an empire. Both regimes used nationalist ideologies, derived from the romantic theory of "cultural identity", by reviving the glorious moments of the nation and promoting traditions and popular customs. Some anthropologists have signaled the formation and promotion of symbols of national identity, of stereotypes, starting from a tradition, often invented. The reduction of a rich popular culture to the symbols on the flags, to some dances or to linguistic differences has led to an annoying and degrading result. The Franco dictatorship slowed down the development of Spanish anthropology and any interest in ethnology research disappeared. People identified with this field were exiled or repressed, and the activity of the institutions was suspended. The regime managed not only to keep the discipline at distance from all the progress registered outside the country, but also an involution inside the country. The only one that enjoyed a relative success in the Franco era, but not development, was the folklore, proving to be a useful tool in propaganda and mass manipulation. The emotional and direct contact with the popular tradition, recreated or invented, as well as the banal use they gave it, made folklore an instrument of transmission and propagation of the ideology of the Franco regime.

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THE TRADITIONAL CULTURE OF BRICKMAKERS IN THE VILLAGES OF MEHEDINȚI COUNTY

Author(s): George Șoavă / Language(s): English Issue: 40/2025

Bricks is one of the oldest occupations of the Roma,wich has played a very important role in the economy of the old village. The research subject of bricks is a complex one. It is a vague and difficult subject. In the case of these, the primary springs are missing, a fact explained by the traveling nature of this people the study consist in the characterization of the Roma culture on the territory of Mehedinți county, as well as highlighting the problems facing the Roma community, which occupations have and how they were integrated in the areas where they have established.

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The Magic of Words in Incantations Against “Nezhit”

Author(s): Ekaterina Todorova / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2025

This study examines several incantations against the disease known as “nezhit”, focusing on the pronunciation of sacred words as a primary method of healing the sick. The connection between these incantations and prayers against this disease, found mainly in various medieval books of both liturgical and apocryphal nature, is also explored.

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