FRIBŪRO UNIVERSITETAS IR LIETUVIŲ VEIKLOS ŠVEICARIJOJE REIKŠMĖ XX AMŽIAUS PRADŽIOJE

Author(s): Monika Šipelytė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 37/2016

The activity of Lithuanian emigres in Switzerland until 1918 still lacks attention of Lithuanian historians. If we wanted to analyse the development of Lithuanian organizations before World War I, we should consider three different aspects, examining them in parallel. Firstly, we ought to analyse the social and cultural environment in which these organisations started their activities. In this case, the context is the environment of the Catholic University in Fribourg, Switzerland. Secondly, we should examine the segments of society, which were the most enthusiastic concerning the actions towards the cultural and political independence of Lithuania. Therefore, we are interested in the high ranking clergy who were studying in Fribourg before and during the World War I. Thirdly, it is very important to highlight the input of each person who had participated in the activities of these organisations and had been leading them to success. In this analysis we have chosen two persons to represent this perspective: Dr. Juozas Purickis and Vladas Daumantas-Dzimidavičius. The University of Fribourg, which was established in 1889 by the Catholic clergy and local authorities, became a popular place to study theology as well as humanities from the very beginning of its operation. The young people from all over Europe gathered in this university to gain knowledge and respond actively to the challenges of modern society. Lithuanians, who belonged to the Western part of Russian Empire back then, also travelled to Fribourg for their studies from the first years of the 20th century. The period of the years 1913–1918 was very intense in the life of Lithuanian student organizations because several of them were established, reorganized and even expanded. The works of these associations were influential not only in local Lithuanian student community, but also in the activities of other Lithuanian organizations and their development. Lithuanian students in Switzerland participated in the endowment of prisoners of war and in the works of pro-Lithuanian press. The young priests, who came in touch with Lithuanian Information Office and its chief dr. Juozas Gabrys,soon joined this organization and began to participate in various Lithuanian and international assemblies. Moreover, Juozas Purickis and Vladas Daumantas distinguished themselves in the creation of symbols of the state and in making projects for future Lithuania’s statehood, which soon became a visible reality.

LIETUVIŲ TAUTINĖ MAŽUMA LATVIJOJE (NUO XIX A. PABAIGOS IKI 1940 M.): LIETUVIAI KATALIKŲ KUNIGAI

Author(s): Ēriks Jēkabsons / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 35/2015

Since the second half of the 19. century, Latvian industrial cities – Riga, Liepaja and Jelgava – became important centers of the Lithuanian social life, because they hosted numerous ethnical Lithuanian populations. They were Catholic by confession, with most of their members employed at the industrial enterprises and in other lower occupations. Part of them also lived in some small towns and rural parishes. After World War I, a significant part of Lithuanians migrated back to their ethnic homeland, However, there still remained a significant Lithuanian minority in the independent Latvia. Ethnically, Lithuanian Catholic priests did play a very significant role in the history not only of the Catholic Church, but also in that of the Lithuanian minority and of the Latvian state. In this broader context, their role was of special importance before 1918 when Lithuanian priests were active not only in the Lithuanian social movement in Riga and other places, but also did participate in the processes of the Latvian national revival in Latgale. Given the significance of a parish shepherd and his attitudes in the Catholic parishes at this time, their role was very important. Lithuanian Catholic priests did continue to play a major role in the maintenance and development of the system of culture, education, and social organizations of the Lithuanian minority also during the interwar time.

Дом и представления о нем в русских свадебных приговорах

Author(s): Yulia Krasheninnikova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2021

In this work, a list of the house nominations, stylistic and poetic means and techniques used to describe the groom’s and bride’s houses are considered based on published and archival materials of the 19th — early 21st centuries. The description of the newlyweds’ houses is formed by depicting three macrolocuses: the adjacent territory, or courtyard; the zone connecting the courtyard with the interior of the dwelling (porch, door, threshold) and the interior of the house, the image of which is formed by sequentially naming the loci that are most significant from the ritual viewpoint (place of honor, wide bench, furnace, etc.). The houses of both the groom and the bride are described using the very same poetic means of the ‘house’ semantic group. The concept of the bride’s house as a “strange” space for the groom’s party is manifested in speeches related to climbing the porch, opening doors, crossing the threshold and entrance. As the groomsman progresses and claims the house territory, the sense of the house as “strange” intensifies, reaches a critical point at the moment of crossing the threshold and declines after the entrance to the house. The dynamics of the groomsman’s image is revealed in speeches emphasizing the crossing of the threshold. The entrance of the best man to the house is interpreted as a case of crossing the boundary: penetration of the “strange” space is accompanied by a deterioration in vision, the onset of limpness and muteness, being marked, losing clothes or shoes, and giving away material values (money). As he claims the “strange” space and transcodes it into “own space,” the temporary physical indisposition of the groomsman passes. The courtyard, staircase, steps, porch, and threshold are regularly depicted in the descriptions of houses and adjacent territory. The most frequent epithets are wide and new. Numerous diminutives are another feature of the texts that describe the house.

ტრადიციულ ღირებულებათა ახალ რეალობასთან ინტეგრაციის ზოგიერთი ასპექტი პოსტტოტალიტარულ ბათუმში

Author(s): Manuchar Loria,Tamila Lomtatidze / Language(s): Georgian Issue: 1/2020

Globalization, rise of urbanization tendencies, standardization of living, breakage of traditions caused irreversible changes of ethno cultural elements. Due to historical peculiarities, mountainous village of Ajara presented a closed, less changeable, tameness-oriented space. Such barriers were broken in post- totalitarian period. Economic instability and decrease of living standards caused and promoted migration processes amng village population. The modern political, social-economic and cultural-religious processes put Batumi (which traditionally represented the platform for meeting and cohabitation of different ethno cultures and religious confessions and characterized with diversity and synthesis of religious beliefs and cultural values) to the epicenter of the changes. The ethno confessional picture of Batumi, in line with other factors, was significantly changed by the internal migration processes, increased in Ajara after the Soviet collapse. The paper presents the analysis of the problems and strategies of adaptation of migrated population in new social-cultural conditions.

Една книга за забравените приятели на България. Александър Гребенаров, Николета Войнова. Чуждестранните почетни членове на Македонския научен институт (1923 – 1947). Македонски научен институт, София, 2021, 380 с. с ил.

Author(s): Slavi Slavov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2021

ОБЩЕСТВЕННОСТЬ РОССИИ О ЦЕРКВИ И ГОСУДАРСТВЕ В ПЕРВЫЕ МЕСЯЦЫ ПОСЛЕ ФЕВРАЛЬСКОЙ РЕВОЛЮЦИИ

Author(s): Irina V. Vorontsova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2022

The Revolution in February of 1917 gave an opportunity to fulfill the long-standing request of the Russian Orthodox Church for independence from the state. Cultural, church and public figures started a discussion about the new status of the church and models of interaction between the church and the authorities, which revealed the readiness of the enlightened circles of Russian society for the separation of church and state. The objective of the article was to analyze all the models of church-state relations proposed in the first half of 1917 and to track the evolution of the request. The purpose of the article was to answer the question, what models of church-state relations were presented in the first half of the year, and how the emphases and priorities were set. The answer would help to suggest that the decree of the Council of People’s Commissars on the separation of church and state and the separation of school and church (1918) only consolidated the internal readiness of many people to make religion a private matter of citizens, with the Orthodox Church being only one of public organizations. Today, it is important to restore religious consciousness in society as a guarantor of social stability, morality and traditional ethics, so, there is a search for mechanisms of interaction between the church and state structures. This indicates the need to address the question of what contributed to the destruction of the church-state union that existed before 1917. The sources were books and articles of cultural, public and church figures published in the first half of the XX century. The study methodology included the problem-based chronological method, the genetic historical method and narrative analysis. The analysis of the content of the proposed church-state interaction models in republican Russia of 1917 showed that from March to June the theocratic model of the early century disappeared from public view. It also confirmed that during the discussion the request for church independence was replaced with the idea of the complete separation of church and state with the gradual expulsion of church beyond cultural and social boundaries

Karta ze stosunków rodzinnych Ormian zamojskich

Author(s): Marcin Łukasz Majewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 8/2021

Death of Helena Kistesterowiczowa, who was murdered by her husband only one year after their marriage, was the most shocking event in the history of the Zamość Armenian commune. On the basis of case files and other sources, the author presents circumstances of this crime and course of the case. Analysing the testimonies of the accused and witnesses as well as the report about examination of the corpse, he reconstructs the events, depicting relations in the marriage of Kistesterowicze, for which the conflict between Eliasz Kistesterowicz and his father-in-law Serhij Zachariaszewicz Browar was the background. This affair constitutes a minor contribution to family relations of Zamość Armenians in the second half of the 17th century.

EVOLUȚIA IREDENTEI BULGARE DIN DOBROGEA INTERBELICĂ, REFLECTATĂ ÎNTR-O SINTEZĂ MILITARĂ DIN LUNA APRILIE 1938

Author(s): Petrișor Florea,George Ungureanu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: III seria3/2021

Within the complex and dynamic framework of the realities and evolutions of the interwar Romanian Dobrogea, the activity of the so-called Bulgarian Iredent was also registered as a conflicting but notable phenomenon. Under this generic name, we can find a multitude of organizations, associations and groups, composed of ethnic Bulgarians, who, by generally illegal means, often even violent, terrorist, challenged and undermined the authority of the Romanian state in the province between the Danube and the Sea. Bulgarian subversive activities were more intense in the southern part of Dobrogea, in the counties of Durostor and Caliacra (Quadrilater), a territory obtained in Romania in 1913, where ethnic Bulgarians represented over 40% of the population and authoritatively dominated economic and social life. When approaching this topic, one can notice a great Romanian-Bulgarian historiographical imbalance, especially a quantitative one, to the detriment of Romanian historians. The starting point for this communication was represented by the archival file no. 817/1938 from the General Staff fund-Section 2 Information, having the character of historical-informative synthesis. The file contains only 17 pages, but it is dense in information and appreciations on our topic. The data and evaluations in the mentioned file were compared, corroborated and supplemented with other historical sources, both Romanian (primarily, documents and collections of documents), as well as Bulgarian (including volumes of published documents) and Western (synthesis by Alberto Basciani, dedicated to the Romanian-Bulgarian dispute in the interwar Dobrogea). The historical-informative synthesis elaborated in April 1938 is structured in four unequal parts, to which one added two annexes, namely: 1. Brief history and purpose; 2. The activity of the Bulgarian irredentism in 1937; 3. The evolution of the irredentist activity in the period 1919-1937; 4. Proposals to combat the action of Bulgarian irredentism in Romania. Annex 1 consists of a graph illustrating the intensity of irredentist activities in the interwar period, in chronological stages, and Annex 2 represents a map of Dobrogea, on which one chromatically represented the density of Bulgarian irredentist elements. Starting from the finding, pertinent in itself, that the Bulgarian irredentist activities in Romanian Dobrogea could not be carried out without the competition or at least without the permission of the Bulgarian authorities, the authors of the 1938 synthesis divided the period 1919-1938 into eight chronological stages considered and presented as homogeneous, exclusively depending on the succession of the various governments in Sofia. Also, the differences, divergences and internal confrontations within the Bulgarian irredentism, identified exclusively with the Dobrogean Internal Revolutionary Organization (V.D.R.O.), were overlooked. Consequently, due to these abusive generalizations and omissions, the chronological delimitations and the assessments from the synthesis analyzed by us, can only be partially supported today, in the light of the data we have. However, the document in question remains a source worthy of consultation and presentation, being emblematic of the perception of some Romanian military structures on the Bulgarian irredentism.

FENOMENUL MIGRAȚIEI LA RUȘII LIPOVENI DIN DOBROGEA ÎN PERIOADA 1945-1989

Author(s): Cerasela Dobrinescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: III seria3/2021

The Russian-Lipovan population represented a basic element in the ethnic picture of the historical province of Dobrogea even after 1945. After the arrival of Soviet troops, some of the Lipovan Russians who were attracted by the Soviet propaganda, from villages such as Jurilovca, Russian Slava, Slava Cercheza, Sarichioi, Dunavățu de Jos, Old Chilia, showed a strong tendency to emigrate to the U.S.S.R. In 1949, in order to get rid of the „gentry/nobility“, considered the exploiting class in the villages, the process of forced collectivization began, which also included the Russian-Lipovan communities from Dobrogea. Nicolae Ceausescu's era was characterized by a restrictive regime over minorities, which were referred to with the phrase „cohabiting nationalities", the policy of the communist state being one of assimilation of all ethnic groups, especially of those the least numerically significant.

САКРАЛНИ ПРОСТРАНСТВА И ПРЕСЕЛЕНИЯ. НАБЛЮДЕНИЯ ВЪРХУ ОСНОВНИ НАРАТИВНИ МОДЕЛИ ВЪВ „ВЕДА СЛОВЕНА“

Author(s): Miglena Hristozova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 19/2021

This article approaches one of the main motives in “Veda Slovena” (Verkovich (ed.): 1874, 1881) – “The Resettlement From Krajna Zeme to The Danube River”. It puts an accent on the mythopoetic perception and transformation of the own sacred space called Krajna zeme, which was destroyed and newly reorganized (in correlation to the narratives in some medieval apocrypha).

СВЕТИ ИВАН РИЛСКИ ОТ ВАРОВИТЕЦ

Author(s): Ivanka Ivanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 19/2021

The paper is an attempt to trace the grounds of a legend stating that St. Ivan Rilski had dwelled a cave near the Varovitets waterfall in the vicinity of Etopole before settling in the Rila Mountains. Although the legend’s lack of veracity has been proven, the community in the mining region and the Holy Trinity monastery make their best to keep it alive and exploit the popularity of the Saint to gain economic and political benefits.

МИТОТВОРЧЕСТВОТО КАТО ПРЕНАСЯНЕ НА САКРАЛНОСТ (РАЗМИСЛИ ВЪРХУ „ИСТОРИЯ СЛАВЯНОБЪЛГАРСКА“ НА ПРЕП. ПАИСИЙ ХИЛЕНДАРСКИ)

Author(s): Iveta Rasheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 19/2021

The following report shows the ethnosaving function of the images of St. Cyril and St. Methodius in “History” by Paisius. The interpretation includes an overlook of the possible sources used by the author, while he had been writing the chapter “For the Slav Teachers”; it gives short reports about the cult of Cyril and Methodius from the ninth century to 1762 and searches for the author’s purposes in his own cult project.

ПОКРЪСТВАНЕТО НА БЪЛГАРИТЕ МОХАМЕДАНИ ПРЕЗ 1912–1913 г. ИСТОРИОГРАФСКИ ПРОБЛЕМИ

Author(s): Silvio Tomov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 19/2021

The text describes the conversion to Christianity of the Slavic Muslims in Bulgaria during the Balkan war (1912–1913). The main focus is on the Historiography about the event by comparing different opinions from memoirs, documents, articles, books and etc. The event is represented in the context of the Balkan war, which effects not only Bulgaria, but the whole Balkan region. This is done by comparing different points of view from different authors – historians or writers. After all it`s a trau- 237 matic event for the Muslims themselves many of whom lost their homes or were forced to live very miserable. Also, it was used to discredit Bulgaria in front of their neighbors who won the wars and got the most benefits. These events made Bulgarian Muslims even more isolated then they were ever before instead of attracting them to the Bulgarian state and national cause.

ТРАДИЦИОНЕН КОСТЮМ И УКРАСА В СТАРИТЕ ОКРЪЖИЯ ‒ СОФИЙСКО, КЮСТЕНДИЛСКО И ТРЪНСКО, СПОРЕД ДЪРЖАВЕН ДОКУМЕНТ ОТ КРАЯ НА XIX В: МЕЖДУ САКРАЛНОТО И ВСЕКИДНЕВНОТО

Author(s): Yavor Ivanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 19/2021

In the 19th century, on the territory of Bulgaria was gathered information on traditional clothing by different population groups. This paper presents just a part of work corpus of handwritten documents, housed 289 in the in the Scientific Archives of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. The article provide information on the domestic production of clothing, fabrics and decoration which the subject of analysis are names of clothes, decoration, material and ornaments in the old districts of Sofia, Kyustendil and Tran.

КРЕМАЦИИ ОД 4 ВЕК ОД ЛОКАЛИТЕТОТ КОКОЛОВ РИД

Author(s): Julijana Ivanova / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 19/2021

With the archaeological excavations at the site Kokolov hill in the vilage Vinichka Krshla municipality of Vinitsa in 2016, in the area east of the third and fourth tumulus eight cremation burials were discovered. According to the discovered material which mainly consists of ceramic dishes that were deposited as burial attachments and according to the coins discovered in some of them, the dating of these burials goes back to the middle of the 4th century. The burial constructions are shallow, oval and rectangular in shape, rounded with larger stones and covered with higher concentrations of stones. In the interior, which is filled with mixed soil and stone, on the cremated remains of small bones and burning there are higher concentrations of ceramic dishes whose most common forms are plates, cups, pitchers and rags. In most cases, this pottery is made of high quality gray clay, decorated with relief and printed ornaments made by embossing and engraving. These types of dishes discovered at other archaeological sites in Vinitsa region such as Vinichko Kale and Goritsa provide evidence that this group of ceramic dishes is from the time of major reforms in the Roman Empire when more political, administrative, military and economic system changes occurred. They are a compulsory grave addition to cremations, which as a local burial tradition continue to be practiced despite the official ban.

ГРАНИЦИТЕ НА БЪЛГАРСКОТО И БЪЛГАРСКАТА ИДЕНТИЧНОСТ В СЪТРУДНИЧЕСТВОТО МЕЖДУ КОНСТАНТИН ФОТИНОВ И ИЛАЙЪС РИГС. ТЕМАТА ЗА АМЕРИКА И БЪЛГАРИЯ ПРЕЗ ОПТИКАТА НА ВЪЗРАЖДАНЕТО

Author(s): Daniela Belichovska / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 20/2021

The theme of America and American reality during the Bulgarian National Revival is present in many of our textbooks, in our journalism, in separate books. Bulgarians during this period were very impressed by the accelerated development in the American Republic. The close relationship and professional cooperation between the American missionaries and our key Bulgarian Revival leaders, on the one hand, strengthens and affirms (gives a stronger foundation) our Bulgarian traditional identity. On the other hand, it rethinks and reformats the boundaries of the Bulgarian. These processes could be identified in the relationship between Bulgarian Revival leaders and American missionaries, and in particular between Konstantin Fotinov and Elias Riggs.

ТРАКИЙСКАТА ЦАРСКА ИДЕОЛОГИЯ ИЛИ НЕСВЪРШЕКЪТ НА ТРАКИЙСКИЯТ СВЯТ

Author(s): Dennis Isaev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 20/2021

In the Thracian world, the concept of religion in the classical sense is not characteristic, since religion implies the restoration of a broken connection with the Creator and the universe. Cicero is the one that justifies 192 the need to be restored the connection between man, society and space. The Thracian world, up to the Hellenistic era, manages to maintain this connection in society and within its small states, which apparently do not expand due to the worn morality in oral, Thracian orphism. This, in turn, brings statehood in Ancient Thrace to the Ideal State of Utopia. The fact that I bring the Thracian world closer to the “Ideal State” of Plato does not mean that I equalize them. The statehood in ancient Thrace is not the Platonic ideal state, but it is the closest manifestation of the ideal monarchy in antiquity. Plato’s ideal of state is the antithesis of Aristotle. The Aristotelian idea of a successful state model is the model for modern Europe. Ancient Thrace is a recognized social and civilization model for its contemporaries, because it is systematic and comprehensive, it constructs the conflict of oral – literary, monarchy – democracy, centralization – decentralization. How do the social relations carried in the oral culture of contemporary Bulgaria work, do they mix with the values of the written norms and rules? Where are we in this European world – we have not yet described it, written it, we have not yet made it history. The cultural heritage of antiquity is not yet a realized and lived reality that is why there are “The different types of time in Thracology”!

ВТОРИЯТ СКАЛЕН РЕЛЕФ КРАЙ МАДАРА – ОПИСАНИЕ И АНАЛИЗ

Author(s): Lubomir Conev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 20/2021

At the beginning of the 20th century Karel Škorpil studied the surroundings of the Madara rocks and registered Thracian sites from the Roman period, Old Bulgarian and even medieval Bulgarian sites. The area has a rich and centuries-old cult history, but the public consciousness is dominated by the Great Madara rock relief of a horseman. However, Škorpil registered another smaller rock relief nearby, which had already been destroyed in his time. The small Madara relief is located on the Daul-Tash rock block between the villages of Madara and Kyulevcha. Today it is practically forgotten, difficult to access, unvisited. Archeologists and historians pay no attention to this object. In the present report the Small Madara relief is rediscovered, a convenient route to it is established, it is photographed with modern equipment and several hypotheses are proposed about its presumed content, as well as about its destruction. The author hopes that the Small Relief deserves to be rehabilitated as a valuable historical site. The presence of a second rock relief is extremely important for clarifying the general picture of the sacred area, including the villages Kalugeritsa-Madara-Kyulevcha.

НОВООТКРИТ РЪКОПИС ЗА ЦАР БОРИС ТРЕТИ

Author(s): Silvio Tomov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 20/2021

The author of the manuscript is Stoyan Peshov – a teacher and a historian of Samokov from the XIX and early XX century. From it, we get information about the ascension to the throne of Tsar Boris in 1918. The manuscript is from 1920 and also contains information about other events. Son of Stoyan Peshov is Varlaam of Plovdiv. One of his daughters was a nurse and the other one was a teacher. His granddaughter is Rositsa Trenkova – an opera singer and public figure in Samokov. Stoyan Peshov is not widely known in Bulgaria and mainly in Samokov despite his writings.

Сръбските окцидентализми на –ичар в т.нар. „македонски jазик“ – огромен елемент на лексикална сърбизация

Author(s): Venelin Nikolaev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2021

The article thoroughly exemplifies all 168 headwords ending in –ičar in so called ‘Makedonski jazik’ (i.e. the official language standard of the Republic of North Macedonia) of Western European origin (Occidentalisms) in comparison with Standard Bulgarian as well as with Serbo-Croatian by tracing their origin and history of borrowing through Serbo-Croatian from German as their most plausible primary source. The language in question is labelled as “Yugo-Macedonian” – an author’s proposal in his previous publication. The primary conclusion was that those Occidentalisms give a more Serbian look to the whole lexical stock examined, wich contributes to the further distancing of Yugo-Macedonian from its Bulgarian character at least in its more sophisticated lexicon.