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Z doświadczeń odtwarzania układu urbanistycznego Dolska z przełomu XVI i XVII wieku
The article concerns the presence of nature in pre-industrial towns. I address here the problems I encountered when recreating the urban layout of Dolsk, an averagesized town in Greater Poland belonging to the bishops of Poznan in the Old Polish period, at the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries. This problem concerned showing the socio-economic character of the city. The reproduction constitutes part of Greater Poland’s volume of the series of the Historical Atlas of Poland. The search for the presence of nature in cities was based on a query in written sources from the first half of the 17th century and on the basis of the oldest known and preserved city map from the end of the 18th century. The reference to natural elements in Dolsk is associated with the presence of home gardens, which constitute a kind of natural arrangement. Most often they appear when describing a real estate that was the subject of purchase/sale transactions between burghers of Dolsk or when loans were secured on a real estate. Gardens were located on plots, which constituted the basic unit of the ownership division of the urban space. However, they were not always mentioned in the descriptions of transactions. Most often they appeared at the houses that were built on plots limited from the back by the lakes surrounding Dolsk or passed into suburban areas. However, also in the case of plots that bordered with other plots from the back, one may find information about the presence of a garden on such a plot. The presence of gardens at the back of the plots in Dolsk was also registered on the oldest preserved city map of 1794–1796. Both this fact and the forwarding of elements of nature inside town walls on plans of perspective towns from the early modern period means that marking gardens on the reconstruction of the spatial arrangement seems necessary, especially in the case of towns of the size and character of Dolsk. This makes it necessary to reflect upon the methodology of creating historical maps of old towns. The simplest solution would be to create a generalized, simplified visualization of the urban space based on data taken from the oldest town plan, but not merely from a simple redrawing of the border between the residential-economic zone and the garden zone. However, not being able to mark these borders precisely on the basis of data from written sources from the 17th century, one should adopt a conventional method of marking these zones. However, this requires further reflection on the methodological concepts of modern cartography and their use to create historical maps showing the reconstruction of spatial systems of towns in the pre-industrial period. It seems that further work on a similar way of marking the space of urban plots in average-size and small towns will allow to develop a model of cartographic presentation that will better reflect the character of the space of towns such as Dolsk.
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Review of: Borislav Bijelić - STJEPAN SRŠAN, TVRTKE U ISTOČNOJ SLAVONIJI: MEMORANDUMI OD SREDINE 19. DO SREDINE 20. STOLJEĆA, Državni arhiv u Osijeku, Osijek, 1998., str. 160
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Weather changes and their belonging manifestations in the form of meteorological phenomena have always been largely associated with economic ascents and descents, and have entailed a series of economic, cultural and political changes that have left their mark on the entire history of a particular region. Meteorological changes, but causally also those in the economy, are also visible in the 1930s in the Adriatic region, where in some cases they completely destroyed economic activities and yields. This paper deals with the disasters that plagued the island of Vis in the period from 1935 to 1939 on numerous occasions and in various occurrences. Some contemporary newspaper articles in Split’s Novo doba, Jadranski dnevnik and Jadranska straža remained, as well as detailed writings on the destruction of vineyards and yields in the fund for the Economy of the Banovina of Croatia (HDA, BH-OSG, IV, 39039-44 / 1939). The overall problem has been viewed from multiple perspectives; variability of weather and its impact on the overall situation, natural hazards as a considerable factor in the complete destruction of viticulture and their reciprocal echoes, and people‘s perceptions of these hazards as disasters that present themselves within the confines of oral history.
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Polazeći od uvjerenja da je poznavanje gospodarsko-društvene prošlosti temeljni preduvjet spoznavanju egzistencije jednog naroda i njegova razvitka u proteklosti vremena, autor pokušava odgovoriti na ova pitanja: koliki je prostor bio posvećen gospodarskoj povijesti u osnovnoškolskim/gimnazijskim udžbenicima povijesti i kakav je pristup pritom bio primjenjivan u promatranom polustoljetnom razdoblju.
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Review of: Stjepan Ćosić - Komad CLEWING, Staatlichkeit und nationale Identitatsbildung. Dalmatien in Vormarz und Revolution. Munchen: R. Oldenbourg Verlag, 2001. (Siidosteuropaische Arbeiten 109). 464 str.
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Review of: Krešimir Bušić - Hrvatski ban Josip Šokčević, Zbornik radova s znanstvenog skupa, Zagreb-Vinkovci 16. i 17. prosinca 1996. Hrvatska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti, Centar za znanstveni rad u Vinkovcima, Zagreb-Vinkovci, 2000., 533 str.
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The research undertaken in the article is put in the context of the social, administrative and economic transformations undergone by Chełmno (Kulm), which had been a bishop’s town since 1505. These changes also had a significant impact on the organisation of the town’s chancery, which carried out tasks and duties entrusted by municipal authorities. This was reflected in an increase in the number of town officials working in the chancery, to which court secretaries belonged. They formed a professional group, which was characterised by their economic, political and cultural activity against the background of Chełmno community in the early modern period. The main research objective of the article is to create a comprehensive picture of the social environment of Chełmno town chancery from the sixteenth century until 1772, the personnel of which constituted the intellectual elite of the town, and to present the characteristic traits of this group. At the same time, the text presents the profiles of town secretaries and clerks previously unknown or rarely mentioned in the scholarly literature. Methods applied in the research involve critical analysis of the preserved town books and individual documents, both manuscript and edited. On the basis of data collected from the primary sources, a prosopographical analysis has also been conducted. The result of the studies is an overview picture of the professional group formed by the secretaries and clerks of early modern Chełmno, which includes their social origins, family ties, non-professional activity and wealth.
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This text comprises the first complete critical edition of eight out of twelve primary sources contained in the fifteenth-century cartulary from the State of the Teutonic Order in Prussia. The cartulary is currently kept in the Geheimes Staatsarchiv Preußischer Kulturbesitz in Berlin and is marked with archival reference number OF 80a. The creation of the cartulary was connected with a dispute over the territory and the borders of the dominion of the Bishopric of Warmia (Ermland). It contains copies of the privileges issued by the bishop and the Cathedral Chapter of Warmia in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries for the towns located on the border with the Teutonic Order territories. Some copies of the documents are directly related to this dispute and refer to the judgement of the arbitration court of 1374 and the inspections of the border between the territory of the bishopric and the Order of 1428 and 1449. In order to present the reader with the most accurate version of the source text, the content of the cartulary, which is the basis of this edition, has been compared with other preserved copies of the documents published here. These copies were included in fifteenth-century books containing privileges issued by the Cathedral Chapter of Warmia, which are currently kept in the Archives of the Archdiocese of Warmia in Olsztyn.
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У раду се тежи представити улога и значај јавних финансија ЕУ са апосторофом на њихов кохезиони значај. Хронолошким посматрањем интеграционих процеса стварања ЕУ, од њеног настанка до садашњег облика, у којем је интегрисано 27 држава чланица различитих по степену развијености и економској моћи, уочава се значај кохезионе политике вођења равномјерног регионалног развоја Европске уније путем јавних финансија. Наведена функција јавних финансија обавља се посредством Европских фондова, односно каналисањем прикупљених средстава од развијених ка мање развијеним чланицама и регионима.
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This paper aims to contribute to the research on the transformation of political concepts using a case study of transition. This political concept is examined within the period of the so-called historical rupture of 1989/91 in the then Socialist Republic of Croatia, that is, the Republic of Croatia. Setting up a methodological framework based on the work of Michael Freeden and Reinhart Koselleck, the paper attempts to answer the questions regarding the transformation of the political concept of transition, its constituent elements, how they relate to each other and how they reflected the reality of that time. The paper is based on the analysis of the weekly Danas and the monthly journal Banka, along with various other scientific articles, interviews and books. It suggests that by the very development of the political concept of transition at the time, the actors contributed to the context of restoration of capitalism. In the process, these actors divided reality into two main spheres, political and economic, and placed their own perspectives within each of these spheres. In the political sphere, they aspired to democratisation and pluralism of political parties, while in the economic sphere their aspirations were private ownership and greater economic efficiency. As a consequence, the radical changes of that time (historical fracture) were formulated through the political concept of transition, which today largely defines our conception of the recent past.
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The onset and spread of infectious diseases in occupied Serbia in World War II, as in every war, was a consequence of deteriorating social, economic, and hygienic conditions. The war brought destruction and devastation, shortages of basic consumer goods (food, clothing, medicines, hygiene products ...), mass movements of people (refugees, military units...), but also a worsening of the country's poor pre-war hygiene conditions, triggering a sudden multiplication of factors capable of causing serious epidemics of certain infectious diseases, primarily those characteristic of wartime, such as exanthematic typhus, typhoid fever, paratyphoid, diphtheria, dysentery, hepatitis, and others. During the war and the occupation, most infectious diseases, mainly intestinal (typhus and paratyphoid, dysentery, diphtheria), appeared in the form of minor epidemics and affected various parts of the occupied territory. Their appearance was a direct result of poor hygiene, poverty, lack of toilets, and widespread ignorance. Available information, although not complete, shows that 1942 had the largest number of these epidemics of smaller proportions. At the same time, two major epidemics broke out that year - typhus and malaria. The typhus epidemic, infecting around 5,000 people, occurred mainly in the western part of Serbia. The infection was brought by refugees from Bosnia, as an endemic area of --typhus. By applying a series of epidemiological measures specific for the infection using experience gained in World War I, the disease was suppressed by the end of the war. However, it was not completely eradicated due to the large number of lice-ridden population. On the other hand, a bigger malaria epidemic, with almost 12,000 reported cases, affected the well-known malaria hotspots such as Posavina, Mačva, and the areas around Negotin and Leskovac. The application of antimalarial measures as well as favorable weather conditions reduced this epidemic by almost one half by the end of 1943. In any case, infectious diseases in occupied Serbia during World War II had a far lower morbidity and mortality than during World War I. This comes as no surprise because vaccines were introduced for some of these diseases and knowledge about them increased significantly in the interwar period. Also, health services were very well organized during the occupation and one could even say that they were able to control every epidemic relatively quickly by applying the necessary hygienic and anti-epidemic measures (isolation, immunization, etc.).
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This article identifies patronage networks in three Ukrainian regions and develops some ideas on the relation between these networks, economic and political openness, and the provision of public goods. The research represents a rich empirical study linking business and politics in three regions (Kharkiv, Mykolaiv, and Ivano-Frankivsk) with different levels of openness and democratic reform. Formal and informal ties between politics and business are identified using primary (interview) and secondary data. By focusing on the local rather than national level in Ukraine, the article provides a comparison between different levels of patronage and type of networks. This study relates the empirical exploration of patronage networks in postcommunist to a broader theoretical framework of limited access orders. Our findings show that although a multiplicity of networks might be a necessary condition for the opening of access to political and economic resources, it is not a sufficient one. We find that a single dominant network achieves a relatively high level of citizen satisfaction with public service provision, while the presence of multiple networks is not necessarily associated with citizen satisfaction with public goods provision.
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Starting from a very interesting coin, a Tomis issue – type ”emperor withtrophy” - for Severus Alexander (AMNG No. 3254) with an overstruck reverse (a deitywith a patera in the right hand can be seen in the field of the coin), this study wishes todiscuss the time when the monetary issues dedicated to this emperor was issued by the mint of this city. Thus, a comparative analysis of the official Roman and provincial monetary issues, with the specified issuance year, has made it possible to establish alimited period of time for strucking these issues, between the beginning of the Persian campaign and the end of the reign of emperor Severus Alexander.Why were they issued? It is another question to which an answer is sought based on ancient writings, but also on modern studies.At the same time, the analysis of the monetary issues, strucked by the mint of Tomis,with a reverse dedicated to Emperor Severus Alexander raises serious questions about how the Roman propaganda was spread in the provinces and about how the types of monetary issues by provincial mints were chosen. These Tomis' monetary types have analogies among the Roman official types, issued by Rome or Antioch, but (surprisingly or perhaps not) also among those issued by mint of Alexandria (Egypt).
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