България и българите в идеологията на югославските комунисти

Author(s): Milen Mihov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2013

The formation of communist Yugoslavia goes through formation of a federal state after the Soviet pattern. The project implementation requires the formation of People’s Republic of Macedonia as a national state of the „Macedonian nation”. The communist project of Macedonia is characterized not by its ideological construction but by the underlying nationalism. Maintaining the stable image of Bulgaria and the Bulgarians as enemies and cause of the partition of Macedonia is of great importance for the internal consolidation of Yugoslavia.

Наблюдения върху войнушкото стопанство в казите Филибе и Татар Пазарджик през XVI – началото на XVII век

Author(s): Krastyo Yordanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5/2022

On the basis of several unpublished registers, the article examines the real practice of official Voynuk land ownership. The historical-legal analysis is applied in the research work. According to law, Voynuk farms were exempt from land taxes, but were part of the state land fund. However, the Voynuk baştina differed from the Rayet çiftlik and baştina not only in that it also included vineyards, gardens and even houses, but the sizes of the fields were often smaller than the legal norms for a pair of arable land. This can be explained by the fact that these areas were sufficient for the sustenance of a Voynuk household, since the considered category of population was exempt from land taxes and jizyah. However, as early as the 16th century, a property differentiation was gradually created between the Voynuks and a thin layer of wealthy owners of service lands stood out. They expanded their arable lands both by unregulated means, entering in the timar land, and through perhaps perfectly legal transactions for the transfer of shares of arable land between the Voynuks themselves.

Източнотракийският въпрос на Лозанската конференция

Author(s): Vanya Stoyanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5/2022

The article examines Bulgaria's attempt at the Lausanne Conference (1922 – 1923) to remove the East Thracian problem from the sphere of Bulgarian-Turkish negotiations and to link its solution with the Great Powers through an international treaty. The refusal of the Turkish delegation to discuss the problem at the international forum diverted it to the field of bilateral Bulgarian-Turkish relations. The obligatory population exchange between Greece and Turkey, adopted by the Lausanne Conference, left no room for hopes for the Bulgarian refugees to return to Eastern Thrace. The Treaty of Lausanne Treaty became the defining document for the rights and freedoms of non-Muslim minorities on Turkish territory, including the Bulgarians remaining within the borders of the Turkish Republic.

Повествование за изгряването на модерния българин

Author(s): Rositsa Stoyanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5/2022

В НОВИТЕ БРОЕВЕ НА СПИСАНИЯТА НА ,,АЗ-БУКИ“ ЧЕТЕТЕ

Author(s): Albena Simova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5/2022

Българската преса в периода 1919-1944 г. и средиземноморският медиен модел

Author(s): Ivo Indzhov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 12/2022

The study establishes significant similarities between the Bulgarian print media in the period 1919-1944 and leading characteristics of the Mediterranean polarized-pluralistic media model formulated by Hallin and Mancini (2004). This observation is also confirmed at the regional level, following the example of the newspaper landscape in Plovdiv. Until 1934, despite the shortcomings of post-liberation democracy, the Bulgarian political system was polarized and pluralistic. There is also a high degree of parallelism between the parties and their newspapers, resp. there are politically biased ‘independent’ newspapers. Opinion journalism has strong positions. The mass press is also developing, but it is not becoming a real corrective to the authorities. The authoritarian sub-period and the years of censorship confirm the closeness of the Bulgarian media system to the Mediterranean media model

THE IDEOLOGICAL MELTING POT: SALONICAN SOCIALISTS AND “EMPIRE” DURING THE SECOND CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD (1908 – 1912)

Author(s): Pelin Tığlay / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

This paper examines the attitude of socialist groups in Ottoman Salonica from different ethnic backgrounds to the conflict between empire and nation-state during the first term of the Second Constitutional Era (1908 – 1912) in the aftermath of the Young Turk Revolution. Following the stories of Abraham Benaroya (1887 – 1979), the renowned Jewish printing worker, and Dimitar Vlahov (1878 – 1953), the esteemed Macedo-Bulgarian political activist, and their interactions with like-minded socialists from Bulgarian, Greek, Jewish, and Turkish origins, I analyze how these particular socialist organizations in Salonica integrated Ottomanism, or the imperial nationalism which pursued the equality of Ottoman citizens and the territorial integrity of the Ottoman Empire, into their class politics. Using a wide array of sources which include parliamentary minutes, newspapers and memoirs, I argue that socialist activists in Salonica, in the heyday of nationalism, believed in the possibility of a socialist future within the Ottoman Empire. Notwithstanding their disagreements with the elected Ottoman government, Salonican socialists openly opted for the constitutional and ethnically heterogenous empire rather than its disintegration and territorial accession to the homogenized Balkan states.

Национална научна конференция „Eпохи, личности, памет“

Author(s): Apostol Matev,Diana Dimitrova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/2022

Външнотърговски дилеми на българския пазар през 50-те – 70-те години на XIX век

Author(s): Ivan Roussev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2022

The article presents Bulgarian market main foreign trade relations in the period of its foundation, i.e. in the 1850s, 1860s and 1870s. The Bulgarian lands foreign trade during this period is presented as an attempt to answer the question which foreign markets have the strongest influence on the processes in the Bulgarian economic space. The research paper is based on primary archival sources from the French Diplomatic Archives (Archives diplomatiques du Ministère des Affaires étrangères), mainly on reports of French consuls in Plovdiv (Philippopolis), Varna, Kustendje (Constanța) and Tultcha, on the data of archival sources and published research results concerning large Bulgarian companies such as “Evlogiy and Hristo Georgievi”, “Hristo P. Tapchileshtov” and others. The main conclusion of this article is that the foreign trade dilemmas facing the Bulgarian market in the third quarter of the 19th century in the alternative between the East and the West were decisively resolved in favour of the West, in favour of Western and Central Europe. Cereals, silkworm cocoons, rose oil, wool and tobacco are exported from the Bulgarian lands to the European markets while colonial and manufactured goods are imported. Another important conclusion is necessary – since its consolidation in the middle and in the third quarter of the 19th century, the Bulgarian national market is closely connected to the free European market and this is a good reason for the Bulgarians to adjust to the free market behaviour – a behaviour that’s not tied with political interventions or ideological interventions.

THE PAST AS A RESOURCE FOR THE FUTURE – THE ESTABLISHMENT OF PETRICH HISTORY MUSEUM

Author(s): Sotir Ivanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 21/2022

Създаването на Исторически музей – Петрич се превърна в ключов фактор за издирването, изучаването, опазването и експонирането на културно-историческото наследство на Община Петрич. Откриването, опазването и експонирането на Хераклея Синтика, съвременното проучване на укрепителните съоръжения на българския цар Самуил (997–1014 г.), използването на археологическото и историческото културно наследство за създаване и развитие на културно-исторически туризъм са тясно свързани с дейността на ИМ – Петрич. В началото на XXI век както културно-историческият туризъм, така и рекреационния туризъм в Община Петрич са на толкова ниски нива, че практически не се отчитат. За няколко години, благодарение на ИМ – Петрич, община Петрич се превърна в лидер на културноисторическия туризъм в трансграничния регион България – Гърция – Северна Македония с устойчива годишна посещаемост от около 50 000 души. Дори в условията на коронавирусна инфекция и строги ограничителни мерки обектите на ИМ – Петрич запазват своята атрактивност и популярност, като през третото тримесечие на 2020 г. отчитат сходни на предходната година резултати. Ефективната дейност на ИМ – Петрич дава възможност на Община Петрич да кандидатства и печели финансови средства за подкрепа на културно-историческо наследство по европейски проекти, които за 2020 г. представляват близо 20% от бюджета на общината. Посочените успехи показват както ресурса на културно-историческото наследство, така и огромната отговорност за неговото опазване и разумно използване. Хераклея Синтика е групова археологическа недвижима културна ценност с категория „Национално значение“, обнародвана в Държавен вестник (ДВ), брой 32 от 1965 г. Според ЗКН, чл. 50, ал. 1, т. 2 в тази категория влизат археологически резервати, както и други културни ценности с изключителна стойност 349 за културата и историята на страната. Въпросът е, дали такива обекти могат да бъдат опазвани, проучвани и експонирани в условията на ограничени административни, финансови, юридически, научни, творчески и интелектуални капацитети на общинските администрации. От обявяването на Хераклея Синтика за недвижима културна ценност с категория „Национално значение“ през 1965 г. до днес за изминали 55 години. В продължение на 42 години, от 1965 до 2007 г., Хераклея Синтика представлява бунище за земеделска и строителна продукция и неизчерпаем ресурс за незаконна иманярска дейност. През 2007 г. и 2020 г. Община Петрич печели значителни финансови средства по европейски проекти, но е очевидно, че реализираните дейности в Хераклея Синтика не задоволяват обществените потребности и поне на този етап не осигуряват устойчивост. Дефицитът по отношение на местните административни възможности може да бъде компенсиран единствено с постоянна методическа подкрепа и контрол от страна на Министерство на културата, съвместна дейност и сътрудничество с университети и Българска академия на науките (БАН), Международния съвет за паметниците на културата (ИКОМОС), Международния съвет на музеите (ИКОМ), ЮНЕСКО и др. Постигнатите резултати в Хераклея Синтика не трябва да се разглеждат като даденост, а като успешно начало на дълъг процес.

Béla Tomka: Austerities and Aspirations. A Comparative History of Growth, Consumption, and Quality of Life in East Central Europe since 1945

Author(s): Victoria Harms / Language(s): German Issue: 4/2022

Review of: Béla Tomka: Austerities and Aspirations. A Comparative History of Growth, Consumption, and Quality of Life in East Central Europe since 1945. Central European University Press. Budapest 2020. 456 S., graph. Darst. ISBN 978-963-386-351-0. ($ 105,–.)

За самоковския зограф Костадин Вальов

Author(s): Nadya Manolova-Nikolova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

The article published a letter from the Metropolitan of the Diocese of Nisava Antim I, dated August 26, 1854, which refers to the Samokov painter Kostadin Petrovich Valoiv. The content of the letter allows to formulate the hypothesis that the artist worked in the interior decoration of the church “St. Petka” in the town of Trun, probably in 1853 or in the first half of 1854. The document provides information that K. Valiov resided in the town of Pirot in 1854, supplementing his biography, in which there was no information about the period from 1845 to 1856.

Пенчо Радов, или още няколко щрихи в образа на българския възрожденски пътуващ книжар

Author(s): Vasil Zagorov,Gabriela Angelova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

The article aims to create a profile of the traveling bookseller in Bulgaria in the 19th century based on existing scientific publications, archival documents, memoirs, and the notes in their books. The portrait is built on a comparative analysis of the traveling booksellers Hadji Nayden Jovanovich and Pencho Radov, popular during the Bulgarian Revival. Their activity and biography have been studied individually up until now. In this article, we compare their trading methods to those Revival booksellers who started as traveling booksellers butexpanded their activity into actual business as publishers and editors – Hristodul Sichan-Nikolov, Hristo G. Danov, Dragan Manchov, and Petko Slaveikov. The purpose is to outline the patterns in the Revival book trading, which build two distinct Revival types – the unfortunate, dusty and wretched retailer (Jovanovic,Penchov) and the sagacious, organized, and modern publisher.

Съюзът на артистите в България в първите месеци след преврата от 9 септември 1944 година

Author(s): Hristiyan Danchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

The aim of this article is to examine the relations between the government and the theater in the first months after the coup of 9 September 1944.The main focus is on the conduct of the “purge” in the Union of the Artists in Bulgaria, which is part of the transformations in the cultural organizations after the Fatherland Front came to power. For this purpose, the method of historical analysis is applied. The study reveals that the leadership of the Union of the Artists take the initiative to “eradicate fascism in culture” by carrying out a “purge” in its rows, thus fulfilling the task set by the new government of the Fatherland Front. Data is presented on the number of members “purged”, along with information on the charges against them and the fate of some of them in the following years.

В НОВИТЕ БРОЕВЕ НА СПИСАНИЯТА НА ,,АЗ-БУКИ“ ЧЕТЕТЕ

Author(s): Albena Simova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

HEALTH SYSTEMS IN THE BALKANS AT THE END OF THE 19th AND THE BEGINNING OF THE 20th CENTURY ON THE CASE OF BULGARIA AND SERBIA (COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS)

Author(s): Alexandre Kostov / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The article is devoted to the establishing and functioning of the Balkan national health systems in the late 19th and early 20th centuries on the example of Bulgaria and Serbia. The comparative analysis shows that in both countries during the period in study serious measures were taken to build a modern health system and the basic indicators derived from statistics show undeniable development in this respect in both countries.

FEDERAZIONE O FEDERALISMO

Author(s): Giovanni Lobrano / Language(s): Italian Issue: 2/2022

In a historical and dogmatic examination (unconventional and, therefore, subjectively risky but objectively necessary) the federal form of government (we use both the expression ‘form of government’ and the category ‘federal’ in their general meanings) shows, first of all, a relevant and possibly surprising characteristic, from which a number of other features are derived. This ‘characteristic’ is to be: not a ‘special’ form of government (which the late eighteenth-century neologism [1787] „federalism“ suggests), but ‘tout court’, the republican form of government, which is an alternative to the royal form of government; that is, as it was written in the middle of the Age of Enlightenment: the „only form of government which is an alternative to the power of only one“. Indeed, Montesquieu (EdL, 1748, 9.1; expressing, moreover, a shared thought) states: „It is, therefore, very probable that mankind would have been, at length, obliged to live constantly under the government of a single person, had they not contrived a kind of constitution that has all the internal advantages of a republican, together with the external force of a monarchical, government. I mean a federal republic“. It is difficult to find a better definition of the great Republic, i.e. the Roman imperial Republic: organized in cities (each with its own assembly of citizens: comitium) and groups of cities, the provinces (each with its own assembly of cities: concilium provinciale). We must resume both, scientific reflection and political initiative on the „federal republic“ as the only possible form of republic, whose model is the Roman imperial res publica.

INTERACTION BETWEEN ROME AND THE PROVINCES DURING THE LATE REPUBLIC AND THE PRINCIPATE

Author(s): Tihomir Rachev / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

The Roman empire established peace in the Mediterranean that lasted for several centuries. The Roman peace – Pax Romana, to which the imperial policy aspired during the era of the Principate, determined the reformation of the administrative structures of the Roman state. The accumulated experience from the era of the Republic was developed in the foundations of the imperial model of government and facilitated the establishment of peace and stability. The present article aims to make a brief overview of the interaction between Rome, the Italian territories and the provinces in the period of transition from the republican to the imperial model of government concerning the reforms carried out in the administrative apparatus of the state, in order to trace the basic lines of the imperial administrative policies in the beginning of the Principate.

Grand Vizier Köprülü Mehmed Pasha’s Fortifications Along the Northern Black Sea Coast

Author(s): Mahmut Halef Cevrioğlu / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

Ottoman historiography has focused on the construction activity of the Grand Vizier Köprülü Mehmed Pasha with reference to the castles he got built in Western Anatolia. Nevertheless, his endeavours to fortify the Black Sea coasts of the Ottoman Empire attracted less attention. This study seeks to describe and clarify Köprülü Mehmed Pasha’s defensive construction projects against Cossack naval raids in two separate zones of the Northern Black Sea: the Don and the Dnieper. This study relies on contemporary European reports, Ottoman archival material and related literature. It suggests that Köprülü Mehmed Pasha reinforced the protection of the Don estuary by commissioning the construction of a castle (Sedd-i İslam) on the one hand, and two self-standing towers on the other in 1660. As for the Dnieper, the pasha commanded the Doğangeçidi Castle’s construction in 1661, which was completed in 1662. Highlighting this dynamic building activity, the present essay suggests that Köprülü Mehmed Pasha’s invigoration of the northern frontiers of the Ottoman Empire should not be overshadowed by the conquests he is rather associated with.

Урокът по история чрез методите на активното учене

Author(s): Mirena Legurska / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023