TRUDNE PUNKTY INKULTURACJI NA PRZYKŁADZIE MAŁŻEŃSTWA AFRYKAŃSKIEGO

Author(s): Franciszek Behrendt / Language(s): Polish Issue: 13/2014

The first chapter of the study is devoted to the process of marriage and its symbol and ethics value according to the old African customs. The person who has gone an initiation ceremony becomes a different person. By closely observing the various sym- bols and experiencing the effects of the initiation he comes to know himself and the cultural riches of his people.In the second chapter author is looking for some ways how Church wanted to enter into no Christians with the Gospel and Canon Law. The Gospel was proclaimed by helping the people in their poverty, all kinds of illnesses, by schools, hospitals and preaching in the local languages.The challenges of different documents in the history of Church are bearing in mind numerous achievement on the eld of Africans and missionaries. An attempt was made to sketch the main doctrinal currents present in documents issued by pops in the histo- ry. The Church in Africa is striving to develop its own particular identity by seeking to interpret theology in the African context. Preaching and dialogue with the help of customs and inculturation may help to recognize Christ as God, who wants salvation of all the peoples.

Специалистите по социални науки и предвижданията за падането на комунизма

Author(s): Miroslav Novák / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2016

Mesopotaamia kuningate universalistlikud taotlused, jumalik päritolu ning valitejate jumalikustamine Varadünastilisel ja Akkadi ajastul

Author(s): Vladimir Sazonov / Language(s): English Issue: 1 (68)/2015

As we can see, ideology and religion (theology) played a significant role in warfare and especially in the justification of wars in Mesopotamia already since ca. 2400 BCE (or even earlier). We have hundreds of pieces of evidence from Ancient Mesopotamia where the ruler used theological justification for his military campaign or the invasion of another country. The theology of warfare in Ancient Mesopotamia developed with the new period and became better formulated and more complex during the course of history. If the inscription of Ur-Nanše (Early Dynastic ruler of Lagash) does not document the use theology (or much use of it) to support his wars against Umma (we have no evidence) then his grandson E-anatum certainly did use it and lot of relevant ideas were already quite well developed. Many ideas from the Early Dynastic period (E-anatum, En-metena, Lugal-zage-si, etc.) were adapted by Sargonic kings such as Sargon of Akkad or Naram-Sîn, or Neo-Sumerian kings (Ur-Namma, Šulgi) who tried to implement theology more effectively than their predecessors. We can see that the theology of war was used by Sargonic and Neo-Sumerian kings in their aggressive politics as a tool for justifying war; theology even helped them to create a centralized state (Akkadian ‘empire’, Neo-Sumerian kingdom). In the Ur III period we find many texts (especially Šulgi’s hymns, royal inscriptions, etc.) in which theology was often used very masterfully and to propagandistic ends, and it seems that the theology of war at that time was already quite well-developed. In Assyria as far back as the late second millennium (Middle Assyrian period) and the first millennium BCE the theology of war became a very important part of state ideology, one of the fundamental pillars of state propaganda, and was used for justifying wars, deportations, mass killing, etc. So the theology of war is a very old and traditional phenomenon, continually changing, developing, transforming with each new epoch or new term of rule, yet still retaining many similarities with its earlier manifestations. If we compare the theological justification of the Neo-Assyrian kings with that of the period of E-anatum, En-metena, Lugal-zage-si or the Sargonic periood or the Ur III period, we find a lot of similarities and certain differences. Of course, on the one hand it was the same Mesopotamian cultural area where people greatly honoured ancient tradition, while on the other hand it was also a dynamic culture, not isolated from outside influences. This is the reason why in the inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian kings we find several elements originating from earlier times – from their predecessors in Assyria, but also from even the Early Dynastic, Sargonic, Neo-Sumerian and Old Babylonian periods.

TYPES OF EUROSCEPTICISM: THE CASE OF BULGARIA

Author(s): Simeon Mitropolitski / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

The euroscepticism has gradually moved from political margins into the mainstream of European politics. The process of negotiation and ratification of the Maastricht Treaty, the financial crisis within the Eurozone and the security issues related to the free movement of people, to mention just few topics, galvanize public debates as never before, leaving fewer stones of optimistic EU integration unturned. Focusing mainly on West European EU members, the recent literature links the phenomenon of euroscepticism to social responses to political, economic and security issues that become possible with EU integration. This study delves into this phenomenon by using the case of Bulgaria, one of the last countries who joined the EU. Despite its recent membership, Bulgaria is far from immune to euroscepticism. Most types of euroscepticism are found there, either in their soft and hard variety. Despite this overlapping, there is some important divergence between Bulgaria and the older EU members. Bulgarian euroscepticism is not just limited to responses to political, economic and security issues. It extends to identity issues having to do with social structures and new lifestyles.

Two Hundred Years of the Theory of Historiography in Lithuania, or How Joachim Lelewel Did Become the Pioneer of Modern Comparative History

Author(s): Zenonas Norkus / Language(s): English Issue: 01/2015

In 1815 distinguished Polish historian Joachim Lelewel (1786–1861) published in Vilnius his Historyka, marking the origin of the theory of historiography in Lithuania and Poland. This paper, originally presented at the international conference at Vilnius university in November 2015 to celebrate 200-year anniversary of this event, explores the evolution and original features of Lelewel’s views on writing history. Main focus is on the relation between his methodological and substantive work: did Lelewel’s huge time and effort input into methodological reflection did pay off, endowing him with the competitive advantages in the “doing history”? The author argues that Lelewel’s unconventional idea of the essential unity of history and statistics did help him to conceive his pioneering comparison of Poland and Spain in 16–18th centuries. Tabular form of presentation and implicit use of the multilateral multivariate comparisons can be attributed to Lelewel’s dual institutional role of the professor of universal history and of statistics at Vilnius university in 1822–1824. Lelewel’s unconventional conception of the relation between historical studies and statistics is another expression of this dualism. Another source of Lelewel’s inspiration as comparativist is Plutarch’s “Parallel Lives”.

BULGAR BASININDA TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ’NİN İLANI

Author(s): Mümin İsov / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2016

As it is versatile and provides satisfying information to researchers and helps them interpret the past, press is a valuable source of information. Having a look at the newspapers awakens the awareness of news themes for political-propaganda conjuncture. The theme which was not accepted totally and suggested for propaganda of the communist regime in Bulgaria was this one so it didn’t find “a chance” to enter the research area of Bulgarian historiography for a long time. The aim of the research is the newspapers which are dominant upon their readers in the country and meanwhile these newspapers have been important representatives of Bulgarian press so far. The chronology of the suggested view is not based on a specific case and goes back to Great War (W.W. I). The is a revision of the appearance of positive social media in Bulgaria, the news, comments and appreciations related to declaration of The Turkish Republic for ten years. It points to interpret the development differently since 29th October 1923. Some inconveniences from ideological and political structure were eliminated masterly and newspaper redactions were uttered as a view. The increased acceleration in the relations between Bulgaria and Turkey continue till the signing of the friendship treaty. The interest about Turkey in Bulgaria will not lose its acceleration in future. A great number of researches related to dynamics of life in Turkey are published. Scientific and cultural connections are established and improved between two countries. Opinion leaders, journalists, scientists and writers visit two countries. Bulgarian Theater and Folk Dances Companies visit and perform in İstanbul and Ankara. This study tells how the republic founded in Turkey was reacted in Bulgarian society through media.

L’Europe centrale dans le «concert européen»

Author(s): Catherine Horel / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2005

The questions of connection to European Union in Central Europe at the beginnings of the 21st century . The author of this study analizes these questions in historical context.

От голямото събитие към инцидента - реконструиране на събитийната идентичност на историческата промяна

Author(s): Ivaylo Znepolski / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2015

Történészi észrevétel a globalizáció és a nemzet viszonyáról szóló polémiáról

Author(s): András Balogh / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2003

Percepcija starog Egipta u antici

Author(s): Tamara Babić (Micković) / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2013

Ancient Egyptian society has specific place in European taught, although it is not so simple to find Egyptian legacy in our culture like we can talk about Roman law, Greek philosophy or The Holy Bible. Nevertheless, Egypt had an important roll in construction of European identity and we can see changes in European historycal and cultural climat by finding evidences of European interest in land of pharaohs. Ancient Greece is extremly important point in that trajectory, because it is the first society of European continent that left written historical traces that speak about contacts between two cultures. Besides that, in 18th and 19th centuries Ancient Greece was the main model of progressive society that developed great works of art, philosophy and culture in broad sense and that is the reason for importance of Greek texts about Egypt. On the other hand, Romans had quite different picture about the land in Nile valley. Egypt apeared in their minds like one more province of their wast state and looked at it in light of resources that will fill up their state tresuary. In the first period of intercultural contacts Ancient Romans had stereotyped ideas about Egypt, because they had plans to conquest land, and Egypt was enemy for them, but after the conquest we can sense dramatic change: Egypt becomes part of Roman everyday life, land that fascinates by her religion, mysticism and treasures. In this work we tried to present all that points of view in classical antiquity and to show that by exploring ancient evidences we can learn lot about past, but also about present and complex paths that crossed in construction of our society today.

КРИЗИС В РОССИЙСКОЙ ИСТОРИЧЕСКОЙ НАУКЕ РУБЕЖА XIX – XX ВВ. В ПОНИМАНИИ СОВРЕМЕННОЙ ИСТОРИОГРАФИИ

Author(s): Olga Borisovna Leontieva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2015

The paper discusses the basic trends in contemporary historiographical studies regarding the so-called “crisis of history”, which took place at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries. The paradigmatic approach to the history of science provides the theoretical basis of research on this problem. New trends and problems that have emerged in historiography over the recent years are connected with the development of scholar and generational approaches, as well as with the study of everyday historiographical life, scholarly communications and interpersonal relationships between historians, historical consciousness, and self-representations of the academic community.

За македонизма и бездействието на българската страна (филологически аспект)

Author(s): Antoni Stoilov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2016

The report draws attention to insolent and blunt theft by researchers from Macedonia of language and historical facts to present a language that was spoken by majority of the population in the geographical region of Macedonia from the time of its accession to the Bulgarian state to the creation of the so called Macedonian literary language in 1944-1945, to be a Macedonian language (in terms of non-Bulgarian).

Buriacko-mongolska droga życia i narodowy obraz świata

Author(s): Irina Boldonova / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2016

The article focuses on the comparison of two main concepts in the national image of the world of the Buryat-Mongols as it applies to their way of being: the Man of the Steppes and the Man of Water and the Woods. The research is based on the theory of the well-known Russian scholar Georgiĭ Gachev, who connects types of landscape and natural environment to national images of the world. Dwelling around Lake Baikal on the one hand, and at flat steppe territories on the other hand is reflected in two alternative ways of living, as well as images of world and forms of imagination. The author of the article analyzes the two variants of identity, which have always been under the influence of certain geographical and climate factors, economic activities, as well as cultural and historic traditions of various Buryat-Mongol ethnic subgroups.

LA CHASSE DU RENNE ET DU CERF PAR LES COMMUNAUTES HUMAINES GRAVETTIENNES, EPIGRAVETTIENNES ET MESOLITHIQUES DE L’ESPACE CARPATIQUE-DNIESTREEN

Author(s): Valentin-Codrin Chirica,George Bodi / Language(s): English,French Issue: 1/2014

It is well known that Gravettian hunters were the best reindeer hunters, while the Epigravettian and Mesolithic hunters especially hunted the red deer. The first explanation consists in the environmental conditions, almost identical in the various regions of Europe, during the periods when these communities lived; archeological excavations undertaken in their establishments allowed determining of several realities: the modalities of locating the habitats (even the habitations); the predilection for the geographic geomorphological areas; the climate micro-episodes (for instance, the periglacial climate for several geographical micro-regions); the usage of hard materials of animal origin – reindeer and red-deer antlers – as supports for implements, weapons, body ornamental items or art objects, even the usage of horns in the field of the funeral rites, etc. The existence of regional variations was noticed: forinstance, in its artistic representations, etc., which are more numerous, Atlantic Europe being dominated by reindeer hunting. In this context, it appears that the red deer is an animal to which a very rich symbolism is attached, so being also the case of the bison or ofthe reindeer in other geographic regions and prehistoric cultures. Therefore, a special attention is paid to the paleozoological finds in the Gravettian and Epipaleolithic – Mesolithic habitat levels, which are also identified throughout the East-Carpathian territory and the Russian Plain. We shall present such finds from Mitoc-Malu Galben and also in other important sites of the considered geographic area, due to their multifunctional character (existence of species as environmental elements, their usage as food, or the usage of the skins and carcasses in constructions, of bonesand horns for artistic creations or in order to arrange cult-related structures). The East-Carpathian territory of Romania, situated between the Eastern Carpathians and the Prut, then the Dniestr, to which the Romanian Plain is added (between the Danube and the Southern Carpathians), is very well studied from the archeological point of view. There were discovered several sites with levels of the Gravettian habitat and belonging to the Epigravettian (of Mediterranean aspect) and to the Mesolithic, with a rich and varied archeological material. Among the fauna remains, the category belonging to the reindeer (Gravettian) and the red deer (Epigravettian-Mesolithic) is the one which dominates statistically. The human communities used the reindeer and the red deer not only for food, as they also used horns for making implements and weapons and as supports forart objects

Радоева, Снежана. Димитър Ризов – от Битоля до Берлин (1862 – 1918). София, Издателство „Парадигма“, 2014, 255 стр. с ил.

Author(s): Svetlozar Eldarov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2015

Сущность появления конницы в древнем мире и Фракии

Author(s): Kalin Porozhanov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 19/2011

The paper presents a detailed analysis of various written evidence and archaeological data testifying to the appearance of cavalry and its function both in warfare and as a social phenomenon in view of its role of attribute of the aristocracy. The study is structured in several principal sub-themes connected with the emergence of the cavalry on the historical scene, the earliest written evidence on a cavalry in Western Asia (Urartu and Assyria in particular), the earliest images of horsemen from Thrace are examined, as well as the earliest written evidence related to the functioning of a cavalry in ancient Thrace. In conclusion, the author stresses that the cavalry appeared in Western Asia at the beginning of the first millennium BC, and was consolidated and perfected during the 9th–7th centuries BC. Its appearance and perfectioning in Thrace are dated to the 8th-6th centuries BC, which is evidenced by the early types of bridles found, and later also by images and written sources suggesting the consolidation of the cavalry during the 6th–5th centuries BC. Its role as a social phenomenon is emphasised, because it was a privilege of the aristocracy. And its emergence and development are associated precisely with its social role.

Димитър Митев. Бяло море — изгубената мечта. България, Великобритания и Тракийският въпрос 1918-1923 г. София, ИК „Арка", 2014, 304 с.

Author(s): Nikolay Poppetrov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2014

УКРАЇНА – США: ПИТАННЯ ПОВЕРНЕННЯ ТА РЕСТИТУЦІЇ КУЛЬТУРНИХ ЦІННОСТЕЙ

Author(s): Inesa Tatiyivska / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 4/2016

The purpose of the research. The article is devoted to a problem of return and a restitution of cultural values in the context of the Ukrainian-American cooperation. The review of the cultural values returned from the USA by the Ukrainian diaspora is carried out. It is analysed a current state of affairs and legislative base in a question of return and a restitution of cultural values within the Ukrainian-American dialogue. The main objectives of the Ministry of Culture of Ukraine in the field of return and a restitution of cultural values are given. The return prospects from the USA to Ukraine of the picture of the famous French artist of the XVIII century Pierre Louis Goudro «Lovers» lost by the National Museum of Arts of Bogdan and Varvara Hanenko during nazi occupation of Kiev in 1943, and graphic works of Yakov Gnizdovsky are designated. The methodology of research is based on a historical method, the analysis and synthesis, a specification and culturological approach. The called methodological ways allow to study concrete culturological measurements of professional activity on return of cultural values, to carry out the art criticism analysis of such values and to define their component in interrelation with the past, present and future. Scientific novelty of the research is that for the first time the author made an attempt of partial systematization of information on the cultural values returned to Ukraine from America, and the analysis of legislative base of two countries in questions of return and restitution of the specified monuments. Conclusions. In modern conditions of eurointegration processes of Ukraine the question of return of cultural values plays extremely great value and is the perspective direction of bilateral cooperation. It is important especially from the perspective of enriching the cultural values of the state, as a result of such activity Ukrainian cultural treasury is replenished with unique works of fine and decorative arts, rare archival materials and book collections.

ПРО ТИПОЛОГІЧНУ ІЗОХРОНІЮ У РОЗВИТКУ ПІСЕННОГО ТА ОПЕРНОГО ЖАНРІВ МУЗИЧНОГО МИСТЕЦТВА КИТАЮ І ЄВРОПИ VI–XIX СТОЛІТЬ

Author(s): Bingqiang Liu / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 4/2015

Scientific interest of the domestic art criticism to the national cultures of the East and West seems important be-cause this is the way of creating conditions for further cross-cultural contacts of international community. Cultural integration is a global process, which defines the strengthening of cultural, communicational, and civilizational links between national cultures. The achievements of science and art are distributed and absorbed in the modern world, forming its integrity. The problem of the comparative analyses of the Chinese and European music needs a comprehensive research. During the 6-19th centuries in both geographical areas the bright individual cultural and artistic traditions were formed, but their analysis on the level of aesthetic consciousness of the Renaissance and the Middle Ages epochs, the stereotypes of musical think-ing, the typology of musical genre give an opportunity to see the similarity, classified by us as an isochronism. Thus, the first example of the typological isochronism can be seen in a comparison of the Chinese Tang and Sung Dynasties’ poetry and European musical hymnography. On the basis of the research of analogues we can emphasize the division of the medieval period of cultural worlds under study into two qualitatively different phases, where China is represented by the eras of the Tang and Sung Dynasties (the dominance of the literature, music and painting, respectively), while Europe is represented by Byzantium, Britain and Franco-Germanic area (the flourishing of the musical-poetic hymns creation – the art of the troubadours (trouvère) and minnesingers, respectively). The significance of the separate musical think-ing in hymnography and song sphere inspired the birth of ballad-typed theatrical forms in China and Europe (zhugongdiao – "a story accompanied by the musical instrument", "performances" of the troubadours) as well as Yuan drama in China and liturgical drama in Europe in the 13th century. All these factors prove the isochronism on the level of music genre typology.Thus, the next example of the typological isochronism can be seen in the embodiment of the early romantic expression into the artistic system of South Chinese and European musical theater of the 12-16th centuries. The artistic and aesthetic experience of Kunqu opera (Kunshun) and Yuan drama (Zaju) shows that this cultural phenomenon is a unique one in terms of performance techniques, vocal pronunciation, specific features of orchestral accompaniment’s participation in the performance, use of dance elements, acrobatic stunts. The artistic system of Kunqu included dance elements and comic domestic scenes. This system stuck to the general orientation of the art work for the mythological literary themes which can be viewed as the analogy of European liturgical drama and early opera drama with a definite order of the components. Cantilena expression in its aria (singing with instrumental accompaniment) can be paralleled with a song and aria essence of zhugongdiao ballads. They are compared with the lyricism of liturgical dramas and mysteries in the European culture. It has to be said that vocal performances were identical to the ballads of the troubadours and minnesingers. To our mind Chinese opera Kunqu has the same mixture of serious and funny, sacred and domestic, symbolic and realistic elements, and this feature is typical for European, primarily French liturgical drama and mystery of the 12-15th centuries. Kunqu differs from the magnitude of European mystery by the chamber features of music. It is also similar to the early Italian opera by J. Perry and Giulio Caccini and to such opera-mystery as "Rappresentatione di anima et di corpo" by Emilio de Cavalieri.The third example of the typological isochronism of the cultural worlds under research is the artistic and semantic parallelism of Taiping and Galibaldi hymns. This example shows the specific and similar features of song genres of Chinese and European music of the 19th century. The analysis of the sample hymn, created by the Taipings, has proved the idea of the imitation of aesthetic principles of ancient Chinese poetry and music, combined with the use of modern musical and poetic means of expression. The examples of the Chinese genre of hymn creation of the mid-19th century correlate with European song art of the Biedermeier era and Romantic period. Comparative analysis of the Chinese hymns and European songs as for the implementation of philosophical works and national-patriotic ideas, the system of musical expression (into-nation profile, rhythm, harmony, form creation) shows the similarity of the artistic ideas, which is explained by the synchrony in the development of polar cultural worlds. The mentioned above genres reveal the principle of combining the political and artistic creative activities. They integrate the ideas of a high moral aim achievement, patriotic inspiration, and the rejection of life realities, characterized by the romantic aesthetic features in Chinese and European art music.The artistic integrity of Beijing opera Jingju, as a synthesis of dramatic, timbre and imaginative principles, and its comparison with European opera of the 19th century, is based on the dramaturgy of the contrasts, timbres-positions, subordination to the rhetorical theme. It is the fourth example of the typological isochronism of cultural areas under study. The analysis of the Beijing Opera samples in correlation with synchronous European opera performances lets us make a conclusion that there exists a principle of parallelism, in particular, between their systems of the artistic expression. The vocal dramaturgy of the Beijing opera is realized through the male parts. It shows a variety of registers, but it became famous be-cause of falsetto, extremely affective and declamatory singing, which included the natural wide range male timbre. We’ve correlated this style with verism’s declamatory style of the second half of the 19th century. The comparison of the Beijing Opera performances with European samples has shown that they have similar dramatic and plot lines ("Du Shynyan" – "La Traviata" J. Verdi's, "The challenge of family loyalty" – "Taras Bulba" by M. Lysenko, etc). This fact shows the need of the European art works’ analysis in terms of their determination by the rhetorical theme. It is a typological factor of the musical and intonation dramaturgy of the opera drama, usually ignored by the traditional intonation approach.

АНАЛІЗ КУЛЬТУРИ В ПАРАДИГМІ ТЕОРІЇ СИСТЕМ

Author(s): Polina Evaldivna Gerchanivska / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2017

Purpose of Article. The purpose of work is to develop a methodological model of Cultural studies of society and culture based on the principles of the systems theory. Methodology. The conceptual methodological core of the research is the system analysis of the socio-cultural objects as complex, multi-level and multi-component systems. Scientific novelty. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the understanding of systems theory from the perspective of issues of the cultural studies. The study is based on a conceptual paradigm: any socio-cultural object is a system, which consists of separate parts, linked by certain relations; the system is in the process of continuous development and interaction with the environment. In the article the author highlights the peculiarities of the system analysis in cultural studies, carries out the classification cultural systems, analyzes the development model of regulated and self-organized systems (synergetic model), and traces process of intercultural communication through the prism of the system analysis. Conclusions. The article shows the potential of systems theory in the field of Cultural studies of the solving theoretical problems (to study laws of the socio-cultural development of a society), as well as the development of the practical projects (a strategy of the state cultural policy, simulation of intercultural interaction in the modern realities etc.).