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In past fifteen years in Poland we could observe an intensiva development of studies on early medieval times. In particularly it was noticeable in archeological and historical sciences and resulted from preparations for two millennium anniversary
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On 3 May 1990 Prof. Petar Shapkarov was elected President of the Macedonian Scientific Institute. The academic and organizational foundations of the Institute were laid in these first years of the restoration.
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This article deals with the issues of an 11th century grave field in Morawy village in Kuyavia. In the first Piasts times, the area was an integral part of the dynasty’s dominion. Discovered in the 1930s, the grave field is of great importance from the point of view of considerations of ethnically foreign settlement in Poland. At the same time, the grave field registered by Stanisław Madajski supplements our knowledge of the advancement of Christianity in the 11th century in Poland. The knowledge of the necropolis, especially general access to the results of the excavations in Morawy, were unsatisfactory. Therefore, an attempt was made to re-discuss the results of the excavations from 1937, verified in the field in 2015. As part of the new research, the formerly excavated material was verified, topped with archive search queries aimed at recognising open settlement in the village of Morawy and the grave field itself.
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The purpose of the article is to present the evolution of Oskar Halecki’s interpretation of the Ukrainian problem, including the way in which this distinguished Polish historian viewed the issue of Poland’s eastern border, the attitude he adopted towards the idea of Ukraine’s independence and the role he gave Ukraine to play in the community of nations that he defined as ‘Central and Eastern Europe’. The article’s main concern is how Halecki’s historical views affected the interpretation of the Ukrainian question in Polish political thought.
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In post-war Czechoslovakia, the re-organisation of public health care was closely linked to problems and new challenges in organising the academic education in medicine and medical science. Reforms in this area were seen as one of the basic starting points of health care reforms whose aim was to improve the health care and health of the population. Alongside elements such as the nationalisation of health care system, the system at this time focused not only on curative but also preventive medicine and hygiene. Similar trends were at that time in evidence in other countries of the then forming Soviet Bloc.In the early 1950s, medical faculties were in some countries of the Soviet Bloc (Poland, Hungary) removed from the structure of traditional universities and transformed into medical academies. These medical academies were supposed to take over the existing functions of academic faculties of medicine and provide teaching, research, and curative medicine, but newly also preventive care. In other countries (Czechoslovakia, GDR), medical faculties remained part of both the traditional and newly established universities, though their transformation into medical academies had also been discussed.The contribution includes: 1. a brief description of the network of academic medical education in 1945–1950s in countries of the Soviet Bloc (Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, GRD, Poland, and Hungary); 2. analysis of reasons why in Czechoslovakia the transformation of faculties into academies was not carried out, while in other countries it was. These reasons include references to the strength of tradition, factual arguments, or ideologically based argumentation pointing to “Soviet models”.
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Since the time of Kossinna and early works of Breuil the revealing of ancient migrations by archaeological means proceeds largely. However the simplified method of revealing advanced by Kossinna and his pupils (on the basis of a single type of artifacts) is recently refused. After the works of Wahle, Eggers and Hachmann archaeologists have to give up the complex principle (the template criterion of the relocation of culture) either. Still there is no new system of methods how to reveal migrations on the basis of archaeological material. Some students (Willey, Chang) came to a conclusion that for the elaboration of such methods one needed to build theory of migrations on the basis of the ethnographical material. Yet the attempt of Gjessing to build such theory was rejected by his colleagues, and Hachmann holds such theory for impossible because of the variability of migrations. He suggests to take absolutely evident archaeological situations for initial points and to hang in each case upon sound reason and archaeological analogies. In many cases, he concludes, one must simply admit the solution is impossible. To me another way seems more prospective. A classification of real migrations fixed in history and ethnography should be put as the basis of the elaboration, and the question of archaeological hallmarks must be considered for each class of migrations separately. It should be made on the basis of analysing the structure of migration (considered as a set of typical events, typical components). The establishment of hallmarks common to a few or even to many classes cannot be excluded either. Not always the hallmarks seem clear and unambiguous, not always one can reveal a migration by its archaeological traces, but in order to separate reliable migrations from dubious, one must formulate the validity criteria of migration. However if the material does not suffice these criteria, still it does not mean that the autochthoneity is present. To state it one needs its own criteria of validity.
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The Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising from the year 1903 was preceded by decadal church-national and national liberation struggles which helped the Bulgarian people establishing their ethnical borders.
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The paper outlines the defense of the Aegean coast by the Second Bulgarian Army in the period from August 1916 until November 1917.
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The Polish population of Volhynia and Eastern Galicia was gripped by fear of ethnic cleansing at the hands of Ukrainian nationalists in the years 1943‑1944. This fear varied in form and intensity depending on the perceived aims which ranged from their physical extermination to simple eviction. This article attempts to analyse the fundamental determinants of Polish defensive actions in response to those fears.
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While applying its financial policy in Vardar Macedonia it became perfectly clear to the authorities in Sofia that it cannot depend on the revenues gathered thefe to cover even the half of the costs spent to manage the region. So, in practice, in 1941 - 1944, the obligations were not generalized, but rather only the rights of the Macedonian population, as proclaimed by the Bulgarian state.
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The People's Theatre of Skopje, established on Iм July, 1941, was brought to life in such a reality, that was, until that moment, under a foreign rule, and that did all that was possible to work against the national depersonalization of the Bulgarians in Macedonia
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The primary goal of this article is to analise the wealth distribution of inhabitants of Grodno in year 1794. Wealth’s inequality among city’s household was high with Gini coefficient 0.77. Since Grodno population was almost equally divided between Christians and Jews, statistical analysis allows comparisons between those two subpopulations. Although arithmetic mean suggests similar economic situation of both religious groups, analysis of medians and other percentiles reveals completely different wealth distributions. While Christians dominated among the poorest and the wealthiest households, most of the Jewish families belonged to the middle deciles of wealth distribution.
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