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The purpose of this article is to demonstrate differences in prices tickets of communication in cities of West Pomeranian Province in terms of competitiveness. Authors provide in the article a working thesis that prices of public transport tickets inversely depend on a size of city. This thesis turned out to be not quite true, because a clear relationship between a population of city, its area and ticket prices can be seen only in the case of monthly tickets. In conclusion of the article authors emphasize that Szczecin has the most diverse ticket pricing structure, and this fact can be an asset that creates competitiveness of the city. The study highlighted that the advantage of Szczecin has been built by other elements also, not only prices of communication tickets, so further research should embrace comparisons between cities with similar conditions and potential
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The women’s requirement for access to the nude in the Athens School of Arts in 1903-1904 raises a lively debate, in which different arguments and positions are submitted. The debate on women’s access to the nude is affected and affects gender power relations and challenges the way masculinity and femininity are conceived and lived out in art and society. Women’s demand to study the male nude in the School of Arts, related to feminism and emancipation, defies the existing power relations in the practice of art. Their participation in the life-class challenges the dominant definitions of the ,,woman artist”, the artist-model polarity in the scopic field of art, and the ways the male nude is perceived. In a period where more modernist discourses on art and on the body appear, women artists may expect to participate in the production of meanings for the nude and specially for the male.
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The article is connected with a subject matter of cooperation of local government units. The author presents the Wałbrzych Agglomeration in the light of network theory. Basic threats of cooperation of local government units have been indicated. To reach this aim the fundamental documents of the Wałbrzych Agglomeration taking into consideration the area of the Wałbrzych Agglomeration as a functional urban area have been reviewed.
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The article explains the notion of European revolution, Revolution of Dignity, Revolution of the Fire, Euromaidan. There is also an analysis of women participation in the events that took place at the turn of 2014, as well as examples of various kinds of initiatives which appeared during the revolutionary events in Ukraine.
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The aim of this article is to show the Influence of the revolution - Euromaidan and Russian-Ukrainian conflict started from 2013 on the consciousness and identity of people of Polish descent living in Ternopil Region of western Ukraine. The society of the Ternopil circuit developed new strategies of social life, adapt to the situation of conflict of defining ourselves as citizens of Ukraine - Country at War. The article contains a brief outline of the events associated with Euromaidan, annexation of the Crimea and fighting separatists in the Donbass region. Based on interviews and observations, the autor shows the awareness of Polish descert of a Russian-Ukrainian conflict, describes the emotions associated with the war and its consequences for the respondents. The text is also about important issue various performances of "foreign" in the narratives of the conflict: Russian, separatist, a resident of eastern Ukraine.
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The aim of the paper is to define and evaluate the level of local socio-economic development of largest cities in Poland, as well as the differences and disproportions which appeared between them in the years 2010-2012. The subject of the research were 30 cities in Poland whose population exceeded 120 thousand. These cities fulfil key roles in the country. A literature review and an empirical analysis were used as the base for this work. The data from the Local Data Bank (by CSO) were analyzed with the use of one of the taxonomic methods – the Hellwig development pattern method. Originally, 67 diagnostic variables were examined which, after verification, were cut down to 42 variables. Five groups of variables were distinguished: demographic figures, quality and availability of cultural and educational services, labour and social security conditions, housing conditions, and economic potential. Statistical description of the cities was prepared for all the groups of variables. The differences and disproportions between the cities were revealed. After reduction, 21 variables were used. Four groups of cities representing different levels of local development were distinguished. The results of the research allow for a comparative assessment of each city with reference to its characteristics. The research results showed substantial differences and disproportions in the level of local socio-economic development of the surveyed cities. The used method proved to be an adequate tool for local development analysis. The synthetic measures and indexes proved to be a useful tool of city management.
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Over the past decade, several authors have tried to explain why people participate in elections by examining both direct and contingent effects of diverse sets of factors. While the direct effects follow a simple logic that some independent variable directly affects turnout, contingent effects work on the assumption that the influence of one explanatory variable differs across varying levels of another explanatory variable. In the previous research, the existence of latter effects has been justified on the basis of more or less convincing stories. An attempt is made here to provide a more general framework, stemming from the question, “At what moment do representative democracies achieve political equality?” From this starting point, the article introduces a near universal approach for understanding contingent effects in voter turnout theory and for developing various hypotheses that may be tested using multilevel models that include cross-level interaction.
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The paper looks at selected issues related to medical staff in the Polish health care system. First, the author presents and discusses statistics on overall numbers of doctors and nurses, statistics on doctors and nurses by age, gender and category. Next, he covers questions related to education and training of doctors and nurses, as well as their international migrations.
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The study tackles the problem of Poles’ protest activity after the fall of communism. It engages in empirically testing whether the protest mobilization in Poland, compara-tively low in the initial stage of democratic transformation, had strengthened since then. The results of surveys analyzed in the paper prove that whereas the level of protest support had risen, protest activity had even declined. Most active were several occupational groups, who in consecutive waves of protest acted in defence of their economic interests, mainly by going on strikes. Disputes concentrated on values, including the post-materialist, were episodic.
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Slovak Republic is the state, where in comparison with Czech Republic, Poland and Hungary, considerable percentage of inhabitants present representatives of national and ethnic minorities. The basic documents for normalization the situation of minorities in Slovakia are Constitution and State language Act. Slovak Republic is also obliged by bilateral agreements and obligations from membership in international bodies with global and regional coverage: The United Nations, The Council of Europe, The Visegrád Group and The Central European Initiative. The ethnic policy of V. Mečiar government with reference to Roms and Hungarians has caused isolation of Slovakia on international scene. Slovakia has fallen out from first group states aspirating to UE and NATO. In analyzed period Slovakia had to give up participation in Visegrád Group and faced many tensions with Hungary.
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The main objective of the paper is to present a brief characteristics of the process of development of the third sector in Poland after the fall of communism in 1989. The author first discusses the theoretical background of the idea of non-governmental sector and the discourse upon which in Poland this sector was constituted as a domain of associations and foundations activity. Next, the turning points in the recent history of the third sector in Poland, are presented. They are linked in particular to the adoption of two historical pieces of legislation – the Act of 1989 on Associations and the Act of 2003 on Public Benefit Activity and Volunteering. The author also reviews the key current problems of the third sector in Poland which serves as an attempt to foresee in which direction Polish non-governmental orgnisations (NGOs) may evolve in the near future.
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The article looks at the concept of social capital which emphasizes the importance of trust and co-operation for strengthening civic society. The author presents the data on the crisis of trust in Poland and reviews the activities for overcoming this crisis through the education system. She claims that it will require fundamental changes in the model of Polish school.
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This article aims to identify the impact of labour market variables on fertility and family decision‑making in Poland. The paper begins with a general overview of an effect of the increased labour market participation of women on family formation. The second section briefly examines the influence of access to the labour market, high unemployment, labour migration and lower quality jobs on the family. Next, the author discusses conditions for work and family reconciliation in Poland (working hours, flexible forms of employment, full or part-time work). The article concludes with a brief information on how Poles perceive potential obstacles to parenthood related to the labour market.
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The paper discusses selected issues related to fiscal burden placed on the Polish families in light of concerns over Poland’s falling fertility rate which belongs to the lowest in the UE and the world. The author claims that one of the majorreasons for that is an inefficient support to the families with children. This articleanalyses whether the fiscal system in Poland distinguishes people whobear significant costs associated with raising children. It presents Poles’ tax burdenon labour income through the example of the largest group of taxpayerspaying taxes under the relevant income tax scale, the scope of direct financialsupport to Polish families, as well as their fiscal burden associated with directtaxes.
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