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In terms of security, he Balkans was one of the main regions that turkey gives importance to. Since 1923 by establishing diplomatic relations with Balkan countries via friendship treaties, Turkey tried to ensure this. Political affiliation and economic cooperations are developed rapidly especially Italy’s intention on the Balkans made those countries close to one another. This state of affair later on brought up Balkan Entente starting from Ataturk period Turkey Romania relations continued to improve to be around security and trade in the Inonu era as well. In this period, especially Turkish and Muslim population in Romania were taken care of with caution. Many people from Turkey migrated to Romania. After World War II, Romania was invaded by Germany. At the post war period, Romania stayed under the influence of Soviet Union. After this date, a rapid retrogradation in the relations took place.
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The author undertakes to establish the legal title to performing the creative function by the two chambers of Polish Parliament as a representative of the nation. The article describes the competence of the Sejm and the Senate as the constitutional authorities of the State that perform the creative function. The creative function of the Parliament may be considered as a result of the activities of this institution for other institutions as well as the functioning of the whole system. Voters’ crisis of confidence in the both chambers of Polish Parliament may also be understood as a crisis of its functions.
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Participatory democracy is one of the potential directions of development of the system of social organization. The search of opportunities to improve the current system results from the incompatibility of the present solutions to the times we live in. A significant impact on the devaluation of the system of representative democracy is the development of technology, which results in a faster flow of ideas (the Internet, elimination of barriers to communication). Thus, for several years now there have been made attempts to create different types of communication platforms on the axis citizens-the authority. Solutions of this type progressively enter the democratic practice. Therefore, most probably in the near future, there will dominate the expectation of varied platforms of public consultations, especially “public consultations on the Internet”. This will include all administrative levels – from the national (referenda via the Internet), ministerial level (specific consultations within ministries) to the local government.
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In the first part of the article, the author deals with the question of the functions of the Ukrainian Parliament, which include constitutional, legislative, budgetary and financial, controlling and creative functions. Then, there are attempts to clarify the meaning of these functions. The author pays particular attention to the importance of the legislative functions of the Verkhovna Rada [Supreme Council]. The next part deals with the issues concerning the structure of the Parliament, including specific responsibilities of various bodies and their functioning. Next, the author refers to the mode of Parliament’s operating, sessions, as well as meetings of committees and commissions. He pays special attention to the fact that the competences of the standing committees of the Ukrainian Parliament cover the entirety of public life in this country. The parliamentary factions are also important for the functioning of the Verkhovna Rada. Further, the author examines the status of Members of Parliament, including the issues of formal and substantive immunity. Next, the subject of the consideration includes the duties and powers arising under the mandate of a people’s deputy. Another topic touches upon the incompatibility of a deputy’s mandate with execution of other public functions. The article is concluded with general remarks which imply that the Ukrainian Verkhovna Rada relies on the parliamentary rules used elsewhere. However, what distinguishes the Verkhovna Rada is its unicameralism and corruption problems connected with the functioning of a young democracy.
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The main purpose of this article is to look at local politics from political sciences perspective and topropose the understanding of local politics as, quite opposite to the dominating political narratives,a field of ideological character. We divide the text into two main parts: in the first one we focusmainly the theoretical side of the whole issue with its specifics and the issues of the political and ideological character of this level of political scene. In the second part it is our intention to closelyexamine the current political practices in this matter – basing, most of all, on the phenomenon ofpolish „urban movements”, and draw conclusions on the actual essence of (non)political characterof Polish local politics.
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The following article underlines the importance in identifying and adopting a new ethic and decisional transparency in the current especially corrupt Romanian public administration, updating the ethical law and the formation of civil servants at the European ethical standards. The administrative reform cannot be done without issuing new professional and morality standards. Our research starts from a clear and realistic analysis of the corruption phenomenon in the Romanian administration reality, which has outgrown social rationality. The existence of a system corruption in administration is an extremely serious fact, but not inevitable as long as they constantly act to sanction and diminish the phenomenon. The transparency of the processes in the public administration, especially those of decision making are crucial for keeping the corruption at acceptable limits.
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This collective monograph under the editorship of О. Pokataieva and H. Kucherova is a systemic scientific work by a group of authors which offers a comprehensive solution to one of the pressing issues – implementing the mechanism of administrative decentralization in Ukraine. The authors explored theoretical principles and information support of decentralization and territorial consolidation in Ukraine and other countries. They also considered complex issues of industrial relations on the regional level in the context of decentralization and territorial consolidation, identified the areas of modernization in professional training for leaders in Ukraine, described the aspects of state regulation in the sphere of education in the process of decentralization taking into account global experience. The authors developed conceptual approaches to improving the mechanism of facilitating local government in the context of decentralization. They studied the international experience of administering depressed regions in the context of decentralization and offered a mechanism of fiscal decentralization for local budget incomes based on using tax certificates and income tax.
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The public administration is composed of state and local administration. Both administrations are condemned to cooperate with each other in the implementation of various tasks for the local community and they are part of the interests of the entire society. Despite this, in practice. it can occur and there is a conflict between the local administration and the state administration. As a result, both parts of the public administration go to the court, which resolves these disputes. However, there are many areas and examples of cooperation between the two administrations, which complement each other.
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Ponovna uporaba informacija (re-use of public sector information) označava korištenje informacija koje prikuplja, održava ili izrađuje javna uprava od strane fizičkih i pravnih osoba za svrhe, komercijalne ili nekomercijalne, kojima nisu primarno namijenjene. Pri tome je odlučeno da su informacije pružene na zahtjev ili objavljene u formatu koji omogućuje elektroničku ponovnu uporabu. Trend ponovne uporabe informacija javlja se krajem 1990-ih u Europskoj uniji, a zatim i međunarodnim organizacijama i političkim inicijativama, po uzoru na SAD. Ideja u pozadini koncepta ponovne uporabe informacija jest da su informacije javnog sektora u zajedničkom vlasništvu svih građana te da inovativno korištenje tih podataka, ukoliko nisu ograničeni pravima intelektualnog vlasništva, zaštite osobnih podataka, sigurnosti ili poslovne tajne, treba biti omogućeno čitavom društvu, a u svrhu stvaranja dodane vrijednosti koju oni koji koriste informacije mogu ostvarivati na tržištu ili u javnom interesu. Poticaji ponovnoj uporabi mogu se naći u promijenjenim okolnostima i evoluciji upravljanja na prijelazu tisućljeća – menadžerskoj revoluciji u upravi, koja se okreće korisnicima prema načelima efikasnosti, efektivnosti i ekonomičnosti; tehnološkoj revoluciji u društvu, gospodarstvu i javnoj upravi, koja omogućava korištenje informacija i promjenu načina rada uprave u smislu e-uprave; te političko-demokratskoj promjeni koja u okviru koncepta dobrog upravljanja promiče transparentnost i otvorenost uprave. Građani više nisu samo nositelji prava, već postaju partneri koji sudjeluju u radu uprave i poduzetnici, koji s državom ulaze u ekonomske odnose stvarajući dodatnu vrijednost u javnom interesu.
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A deputy premier who has described Roma as "ferocious humanoids" is to head a body charged with finding ways to end ethnic discrimination.
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The public expenditure on railways is largely unexplored in Europe. This is surprising because the size of government financial support to the industry is remarkable. Filling a dozen years of missing information, this paper rebuilds the total public spending on the Italian railway since 1992 making it comparable. This research complements a significant lack of information of public interest since these data have been published from 1966 until 2001, year of the last data release. From then the extent of public support to the industry has remained indefinite. Our results serve: scholars aimed at comparing such expenses with other countries, policy makers aimed at taking superior data-supported decisions when it comes to budgeting and industry professionals for intelligence purposes. Thus, reducing the long-lasting asymmetric information in this domain - a key threaten to the sector growth. Results of this paper enable a proper comparison of the government spending on railways among different countries such as Italy, France and Great Britain as an exercise.
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Foreign activity of European regions depends on their national (constitutional) status. In unitary states, the status is relatively the weakest, rarely explicitly recognized in Constitutions (e.g. in the Netherlands and Portugal), and legal sovereignty belongs exclusively to central authorities. Whereas in federal states, under federal Constitutions it is divided between the federation and its members, which significantly increases independence of the latter, also in the international sphere. Not so broad but still significant activity is demonstrated by regions in regionalised countries, which represent an intermediate form between a federal state and a unitary state with a decentralized structure, where regions are delineated by the Constitution (being a legal guarantee of their existence) and, in addition, have a specific competence in the field of executive power, but without legislative and judicial powers. Such intrastate units benefit from constitutionally guaranteed autonomy, as a territorial division is based mostly on recognition of regions due to their historical traditions or and indwelling ethnic or language group. Given that regionalised countries, such as Spain and Italy, were previously managed as completely unitary ones, the idea that states which are today unitary may become a subject to regionalization in future appears. Certainly, it is not a desired state from the point of view of unitary executive authorities. Therefore, it most probably provokes ambivalence in the approach of regions to foreign activity, in the sense that “it is not proper to prohibit it, encouraging it causes little fear, so it has to be tolerated”. Is it relevant for the relation between foreign cooperation of Polish regions and the state’s foreign policy? In a nutshell: “for now, it is”. However, “constant rubbing wears away the stone” and external conditions (examples and financial incentives), as well as regional initiatives, transfer foreign cooperation from the realm of “event” into the realm of “professional activity”.
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The objective of this study is to examine the effect of government expenditure on private domestic investment in Indonesia. Based on the previous studies, there is no clear justification whether government expenditure is crowding in or crowding out the private investment. Using quarterly time series data during period 1985 to 2012, the empirical results show that government expenditure (total) is crowding out private domestic investment in both short term and long term. Specifically, government expenditure for public service is crowding out the private investment in both short term and long term. Unlike public services, the economic expenditure is crowding in the private investment in the long term. Moreover, health expenditure is crowding out the private investment in the short term while education expenditure is crowding out in the short term and crowding in in the long term.
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Worldwide globalization processes influence the changes taking place in business, public administration. This process also affected the higher education system. As a result the appearance of a new process – Mobility – This is the free movement of people. An increasing number of foreign students choosing to study Lithuanian higher schools. Also, various mobility programs (e.g. Socrates programs - ERASMUS) encourage teachers to go to other countries to lecture, to gain experience. These changes are increasing the requirements for academic institutions and their staff. Achieving high-quality studies with students from other countries, it is necessary to find out the available teachers and improvement of intercultural competencies. That’s why the problematic questions are arising: Does the teachers have development of intercultural competencies? Does the institution is ready to accept students from other countries? Is teaching intercultural competences affected age of teacher’s, lecture for students from other countries? Purpose – analyze the theoretical aspects of intercultural competence and intercultural competence expression of a higher education institution. Tasks: To analyze the theoretical aspects of intercultural competence; finding out lecturers of higher education institutions held intercultural competencies. Research methods: analysis of scientific literature, systematization, data analysis using SPSS 17.1 program. Empirical – pilot study has shown that teachers have a number of development of intercultural competencies. The data shows that teachers are interested in other historical, political, demographic facts, traditions, etiquette, behavior norms, and other national education system, teaching things, the documentation governing the education and higher education. They are aware of the cultural differences of the other party, the other party tries to learn basic communication phrases, is able to conduct lectures in English, Russian, select appropriate subject content taught in the methods of working with students from other countries to take advantage of diversity of the audience, I can not only make, but keep in touch with representatives of other countries, are able to understand other people's attitudes Lithuania, Lithuanian respect. Teachers are tolerant of other cultures view the behavior, not stereotypes, attitudes of another culture representatives, working with students from other countries is able to empathize with the other situation, the sense of responsibility for their academic performance in working with students from other countries are sincere, friendly, goodnatured interaction with the other cultural background, and I understand another culture and language impact the learning process. The results of the research show that teachers underestimate their knowledge of other taboos and a favorite topic of conversation. Also, teachers do not agree with the statement that knowledge of cultural adaptation processes. Professors who lectured Erasmus students are more interested in other countries' educational system and the teaching methods and better assess their existing knowledge of English. Comparing of teachers age and acquired competencies found that older teachers tend to appreciate their willingness to teach classes in Russian than in English.
More...an Example of Enhanced Cooperation and Differentiated Integration Model within the Area of Freedom Security and Justice
The Amsterdam Treaty has established the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (AFSJ). Since then, it is an example of a policy-making area creating its way quickly and comprehensively. However, in this paper the main dilemma is to what extent the Schengen development has modified the framework of AFSJ and how it adapts in this policy while being an example of enhanced cooperation and differentiated integration model. Developments in this area are part of a realisation that European states need to act together to better face new challenges to peace and internal security, while ensuring respect for democracy and human rights. It is important to add, that cooperation in the Area of Freedom Security and Justice has been driven by forces different from that seen in other policy areas.
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The present paper assesses the quality of institutions as a determinant for attracting foreign direct investments (FDI). The quality of institutions is related to the recent bilateral principles for the international investment environment developed between the European Union (EU) and the United States (US). We establish significant variables for quantifying the institutions’ quality and we compose an institutions quality index. Based on this index, we measure the institutions’ quality in four Western European (WE) countries and in five Eastern European (EE) countries. We find that there is a gap between the two group of countries and that the WE countries are more performant in terms of institutions’ quality, but the EE countries have a strong instrument at hand for increasing FDI inflows.
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