Izborni modaliteti Predsjedništva BiH (poticaj odluke Sejdić/Finci)

Author(s): Mirza Korajlić / Language(s): Bosnian

Član 5 Ustava Bosne i Hercegovine regulira instituciju Predsjedništva BiH. Predsjedništvo Bosne i Hercegovine se sastoji od tri člana: jednog Bošnjaka i jednog Hrvata, koji se svaki biraju neposredno sa teritorije Federacije, i jednog Srbina, koji se bira neposredno sa teritorije Republike Srpske. Članovi Predsjedništva biraju se neposredno u svakom entitetu, tako da svaki glasač glasa za popunjavanje jednog mjesta u Predsjedništvu Bosne i Hercegovine. Najupadljivija karakteristika Predsjedništva BiH je da je to institucija sastavljena od tri člana, a ne jedinstvena izvršna funkcija. Tročlano Predsjedništvo, kao i druge državne institucije u BiH, kreirane su tako da se dijeli moć između tri konstitutivna naroda, da ni u jednom državnom organu predstavnik bilo kojeg konstitutivnog naroda nema prevlast. Ovaj dio Ustava izražava etničku dimenziju unutrašnjeg uređenja države Bosne i Hercegovine i gotovo isključivo se bavi postojanjem i djelovanjem tri „konstitutivna naroda“, ili tri etničkovjerske skupine, Bošnjaka, Hrvata i Srba. U tom dijelu „Ostali“ narodi, kao i „građani“, mada se spominju u Preambuli Ustava BiH, praktično su ostali izvan domašaja ustavne regulacije. Dakle, dva su glavna problema današnjih izbora članova Predsjedništva BiH: 1. U Predsjedništvo mogu biti izabrani samo pripadnici konstitutivnih naroda i na taj način se isključuju (diskriminiraju) „Ostali“. Znači, „Ostali“ nemaju pasivno biračko pravo, kao jedno od osnovnih političkih prava građana u savremenim demokracijama. Dok je aktivno biračko pravo opšte, pasivno biračko pravo je ograničeno. 2. Kombinacija teritorijalnih i etničkih propisa isključuje (diskriminira) Bošnjake i Hrvate iz Republike Srpske i Srbe u Federaciji BiH da budu izabrani u Predsjedništvo BiH, ali i da glasaju za člana Predsjedništva svoje etničke grupe, tako da se aktivno i pasivno biračko pravo uskraćuje za oko 45% građana BiH. Takvim pravilom se samo pripadnici određene etničke grupe mogu smatrati potpuno lojalnim građanima entiteta, koji mogu braniti njegove interese. Prema tome, postoji diskriminacija u oba entiteta sva tri konstitutivna naroda: Bošnjaka, Srba i Hrvata, kao i nacionalnih manjina, a posebno se diskriminiraju građani Bosne i Hercegovine, jer nemaju ista politička prava u izbornom procesu na cijeloj teritoriji BiH. Slijedi da je ugrožen princip jednakosti građana u pogledu pristupa najvažnijim državnim funkcijama. Na osnovu toga se može zaključiti da izbori za Predsjedništvo BiH nisu u potpunosti slobodni izbori i da ograničavaju aktivno i pasivno biračko pravo, kao i neke od osnovnih principa demokratskih izbora, jednake mogućnosti i puno učešće građana u političkim procesima. Presudom Evropskog suda za ljudska prava u predmetu Sejdić i Finci protiv Bosne i Hercegovine, sistem izbora članova Predsjedništva BiH i Doma naroda Parlamentarne skupštine BiH proglašen je diskriminirajućim u odnosu na „Ostale“. Problem diskriminacije Srba u Federaciji i Bošnjaka i Hrvata u Republici Srpskoj nije odlučen u pomenutoj presudi. Iako u Katalogu ljudskih prava koja sadrži Ustav Bosne i Hercegovine nije izričito nominirana lista političkih prava, s obzirom na međunarodne standarde koji su sadržani u Ustavu, može se zaključiti da su garancijama političkih prava obuhvaćena prvenstveno: prava koja uključuju slobodu mišljenja, savjesti i vjere; slobodu izražavanja i štampe; aktivno i pasivno biračko pravo, kao i pravo na demokratske izbore; zabrana diskriminacije u skladu sa članom 2 (4) Ustava BiH. To znači da građani pod uvjetima opće jednakosti i bez diskriminacije po bilo kojem osnovu, imaju pravo da biraju i da budu birani, te da bez ikakve diskriminacije upravljaju javnim poslovima i da im bude, pod jednakim uslovima, dostupno vršenje javne službe. Iako bi se iz ovoga moglo zaključiti da izborno pravo, kao i druga politička prava, pripadaju građanima u Bosni i Hercegovini na cijelom njenom teritoriju i bez bilo kakve diskriminacije, ipak postoji nesklad i kolizija ovih ustavnih odredbi u odnosu na ustavne norme koje uređuju pitanja izbora, između ostalog, i Predsjedništva BiH.

Příručka k aktuálním tématům a změnám v oblasti rodinné politiky, Gender Studies, o.p.s. 2012

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Czech

Family Policy: Parental and Maternity Leave in the Context of Work-Life Balance and Equal Opportunities for Women and Men

Author(s): Jiřina Kocourková,Linda Sokačová,Alena Křížková,Hana Maříková,Alexandra Jachanová Doleželová,Kateřina Machovcová / Language(s): English

Family policy in the context of parenting and equal opportunities is a system of provisions, programs and policies sharing the common goal of supporting families and other types of partnerships. They are financial, material and legislative instruments that influence people’s decisions about family and having children. The foundation of family policy is the form of maternity and parental leave, possibly including the provision of father leave . The goal of family policy in regard to parenting should be the creation of a family-friendly environment in which people can freely decide whether they want to have children and how many. In such an environment people need not worry about their and their children’s socioeconomic situation and about their future, and can therefore freely decide to have as many children as they really wish. In the long term, this approach to parenting support is more effective than temporary pro-population measures which typically aim to stimulate the birth rate of some age groups but do not create stable conditions for parenting in the long run. Creating and fostering a positive environment is also more useful than implementing policy approaches based on penalizing one-child or childless families as some family policy or retirement concepts propose. Family policy that observes equal opportunities principles and promotes work-life balance, allows for a variety of life strategies both for those who decide to balance work and family as well as for those who prefer to look after their families full-time. Neither social group should be neglected or discriminated against – be it by the system of maternal and parental leave or by an associated policy (the retirement system, for instance), as it happens today. A good system of maternity and parental care is grounded in anti-discrimination principles which actively prevent discrimination of parents and other caregivers and promote equal opportunities. Ideally, a family policy that provides equal opportunities does not support only the types of idealized family units that are in accord with the party lines of the governing political party. On the contrary, a fair family policy understands families are dynamic entities that take many of well-functioning and responsible forms. [...]

What works, what doesn't: International perspectives on balancing work and care

Author(s): Nina Bosničová,Jitka Kolářová,Linda Sokačová,Julia Kubisa,Mária Jacková,Oľga Pietruchová,Theresa Baumeister,Kateřina Jonášová,Pavla Frýdlová,Simona Hanusová / Language(s): English

Dear readers, This publication will present you with examples of work-life balance provisions in several European countries: the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Germany and Poland. International perspectives from countries which are geographically, culturally and historically related to the Czech Republic can lend direction and inspiration to the policy makers who shape the family, social and employment policies in the Czech Republic now and in the future. Although we culturally share many notions on gender roles and the position of women and men with our neighbors, the texts in this publication show there are great differences among the specific policies in each country and their impact on the real lives of women and men. Julia Kubisa from Poland, for example, describes the development of family policy in Poland in the last decade and its effects, including the legal aspects regarding professional babysitting, the abolishment of the parental allowance, and the policy of paternity leave. Good practices in these areas are discussed by Oľga Pietruchová and Mária Jacková, who describe work-life balance provisions and flexible parental allowance mechanisms in Slovakia. In addition, examples from Germany illustrate a well-conceived and stable approach to family policy. A series of interviews with Czech women living abroad gives a comparative perspective on work-life balance policies in different countries and the ways these policies affect families’ choices and living conditions. [...]

The 3rd Alternative Report on the Implementation of CEDAW and Women’s Human Rights in Bosnia and Herzegovina with Annex on Changes in Law and Practice

Author(s): Aleksandra Petrić,Fedra Idžaković,Gordana Vidović,Natalija Petrić,Mara Radovanović,Diana Šehić,Sabiha Husić,Selma Hadžihalilović,Sadžida Tulić / Language(s): English

BiH is still burdened by ethnic and national divisions, which hinder the social, economic and political development, and dominate the public discourse. Thus the issues of gender equality, realization of women’s human rights in public and private spheres, and the application of domestic laws and international obligations, including the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) have been pushed into the background. Despite the progress that has been realized in regards to development of the formal and legal framework and public policies in the field of promoting and protecting women’s human rights, women in BiH do not have equal opportunities to participate and are underrepresented in political decision-making within the legislative, executive and judicial authorities at all levels. The State has failed to ensure the harmonization of the BiH Election Law with the Law on Gender Equality in BiH. Women have been excluded from the processes of negotiations, peace processes, post-war reconstruction and the European integration process, which remain exclusively reserved for men. Discrimination against women continues to be deepened and maintained by appointing men to managing positions in public companies and steering boards, as well as executive bodies in the economic sector. Institutional mechanisms for gender equality in BiH remain largely isolated within the institutions of the system due to a lack of understanding of their role and resistance to issues of gender equality and women’s human rights. BiH has not invested real efforts to ensure the positioning of the Gender Equality Agency of BiH as the institution that would be directly responsible to the Council of Ministers. Additionally, there are no tangible results in practice regarding raising awareness and building capacity of government bodies at all levels on implementation of CEDAW.

Dodatak 3. Alternativnom izvještaju o implementaciji CEDAW konvenciji i ženskim ljudskim pravima u Bosni i Hercegovini

Author(s): Aleksandra Petrić,Fedra Idžaković,Gordana Vidović,Sabiha Husić,Mara Radovanović,Selma Hadžihalilović,Sadžida Tulić / Language(s): Bosnian,English

Dodatak trećem alternativnom izvještaju je nastao kao rezultat zajedničkih napora grupe aktivistkinja i aktivista iz nevladinih organizacija u Bosni i Hercegovini sa dugogodišnjim iskustvom u direktnom radu sa ženama čija su prava ugrožena ili direktno povrijeđena, kao i aktivnostima zalaganja za usvajanje rodno osjetljivih i odgovornih zakona i javnih politika u oblasti zaštite ženskih ljudskih prava i ravnopravnosti polova. Dodatak ima za cilj usmjeravanje pažnje na promjene u ključnim oblastima koje su predmet trećeg alternativnog izvještaja, a koje su se desile nakon 2010. godine, te na nezavisnu analizu i nove podatke koji nisu bili uključeni u treći alternativni izvještaj, a odnose se na stanje zaštite i ostvarivanja prava naročito višestruko marginalizovanih kategorija žena u Bosni i Hercegovini. [...]

Анализ на степента на реална конвергенция на икономиката на България с икономиките на страните-членки на Европейския съюз през периода 2017–2022 г.

Author(s): Aglika Kaneva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

In this paper the degree of real convergence of the Bulgarian economy with the European economy has been assessed by analyzing some of the indicators of real convergence such as price level, GDP per capita and labour productivity. Major economic indicators for Bulgaria in the period 2017 – 2022 have been examined.

Национални планове за възстановяване и устойчивост – цели, приоритети и изпълнение

Author(s): Angel Angelov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The COVID-19 pandemic that emerged at the beginning of the current decade has negatively affected European economies. As a result, various instruments have been developed within the European Union to provide support to member states in dealing with the social and economic consequences of this pandemic. The present study focuses on the analysis of the purposes, policies and current results of the Recovery and Resilience Facility and the national plans financed through this instrument.

Политическата инфлация

Author(s): Ivan Stoychev Vinarov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

In this report we analyze the phenomenon of “political inflation” through the prism of the classical understanding of the essence of inflation, established in economic science. We define inflation in politics and determine its four possible dimensions. We focused only on the first of these in search of a quantitative measure to measurement the cost (value) of electoral outcomes for mandated positions. The time frame is concentrated on the period of the current political crisis in our country – from 4th April 2021 to 31st December 2023. Finally, we take the view that the only relatively suitable indicator for the proposes of the analysis is the value of the daily allowance for one parliamentary mandate.

Процесите по дигитализация в местната администрация: актуални аспекти

Author(s): Mariya Kazakova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

In light of accelerated development of information and communication technologies (ICT) and the ever-changing internet environment, one of the main challenges for local public organizations is the digitalization of their operations. Regardless of the type of local public services, they are provided by local public organizations in a multi-tasking framework under specific regulations of both strategic and operational nature. This is done not only in terms of digitization of services, but also in connection with the functional purpose and management of local resources – human, financial, etc. This report examines some key aspects of the digitalization processes directly related to the increase of the efficiency of local government operations.In light of accelerated development of information and communication technologies (ICT) and the ever-changing internet environment, one of the main challenges for local public organizations is the digitalization of their operations. Regardless of the type of local public services, they are provided by local public organizations in a multi-tasking framework under specific regulations of both strategic and operational nature. This is done not only in terms of digitization of services, but also in connection with the functional purpose and management of local resources – human, financial, etc. This report examines some key aspects of the digitalization processes directly related to the increase of the efficiency of local government operations.

German Energy Policy – New Challenges in Times of War

Author(s): Knut Abraham / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The European citizen expect from the German economy to become a proof of concept for the real energy transformation process, migrating from fossil power generation and nuclear power plants to a carbon neutral energy industry. By the utilization of the vision for the Green Deal in Europe – ending nuclear, coal and gas energy use simultaneously is an ambitious approach. It is nevertheless the obligation of the decision makers to preserve our planet and solve the imminent threat posed by climate change. Germany’s new government imperatively has to find answers on how to secure supply, limit the economic impact of this transition and diversify our energy sources throughout Europe. Tendencies – especially among the currently governing party, the Greens – to reject certain options out of pure ideology must be overcome in order to find the best solutions. The following overview is focused on the critical processes in the German economic model related to the post-COVID and Ukraine crisis and the response needed to remain on course towards the green transition.

Evoluţia urbană: de la oraşul medieval la oraşul sustenabil

Author(s): Gabriel-Valentin Georgescu / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Major climate changes, the growth of the world population to almost 8 billion, urban agglomerations, the ever-increasing need for housing and living space, are just a few elements that have led worldwide to the identification of urban policies aimed at solving, if not totally, at least partially, the problems facing the world today. Our study has as main goal to envisage the necessary transformations in medieval cities in order to adapt them to the new sustainability standards, with an emphasis laid on the need for an integrated and balanced approach in the ongoing process of transformation of medieval cities into sustainable cities. Starting from various bibliographic sources specialized in urban planning, architectural history and sustainable development, we intend to stress the importance of preserving urban identity in the present and future development process, by approaching several works regarding historic buildings, areas of cultural value and local traditions, essential to maintaining the link with the past and enriching the urban experience of residents and visitors. By implementing the right strategies and involving local communities, it is possible to create modern cities that provide a healthy and prosperous living environment for both current and future generations.

Предложенията за промени в конституцията от 2023 г. (от къде тръгнахме и къде ще стигнем)

Author(s): Nikoleta Kuzmanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The draft amendment to the Constitution of the Republic of Bulgaria from 2023 contains numerous proposals that are within the competence of the Grand National Assembly. This conclusion is based on a comparison of the content of proposed changes with the established practice of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Bulgaria regarding the "form of government" in the sense of Art. 158, item 3 of the operation of the Constitution. It is indisputable that the discussion needs to be changed in the Basic Law and if it is to be entirely political in nature. But in view of the basic constitutional principles - rule of law, people's sovereignty, separation of powers and independence from the judiciary, proclaimed in the Basic Law, the political decisions of this discussion should undoubtedly be in line with them.

Schimbări în guvernanţa infrastructurii verzi urbane

Author(s): Oana Catalina Popescu,Antonio Valentin Tache / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Biodiversity loss needs urgent, deep measures and solutions towards sustainability on the scale of the entire society, allowing political, social, economic and technological changes. These solutions involves difficult choices of decision factors in accordance with a new paradigm of governance. It is the role of spatial planning and environment policies to take into account the change in the governance of biodiversity through multiple, simultaneous forms of governance that ensure solutions with a sustainable impact, which are understood and in the interest of all residents. The aim of this research is to assess new findings in the governance of green infrastructure, on the basis of scientific literature of the last years. The analysis focused on the solutions and requirements to transform the present environmental governance so as to stop biodiversity loss and to find key actors necessary in the urban future. The results show that so far, biodiversity governance at local level has had limited effectiveness. New, specific types of urban governance addressing green infrastructure operate more and more often, such as the governance of nature-based solutions. The key actors and mechanisms associated with financing urban green infrastructure are local authorities, citizens and investors, and the financing mechanisms depend on the type and size of the green infrastructure that will be planned.

Integration of nature and city: a strategic approach to green-blue infrastructure in Râmnicu Vâlcea

Author(s): Teodora Ungureanu,Andreea Catalina Popa,Antonio Valentin Tache,Adrian Simion / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The study explores the strategic integration of green-blue infrastructure (GBI) in the Râmnicu Vâlcea Metropolitan Area (MA-VL), Romania. The research addresses environmental, mobility, and quality-of-life concerns while examining local urban strategies and their approach to GBI implementation, identifying gaps and opportunities for sustainable development. Despite different levels of engagement with GBI concepts, most local plans incorporate elements like green spaces, water management, and sustainable transport. The study proposes a unified GBI framework for the area, emphasising stakeholder engagement, pilot projects, and community involvement to enhance environmental resilience and quality of life.

The Impact of EU Shadow Liabilities on Member States; Inflation and Currency Effects

Author(s): Gordon Kerr / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Based substantially on the analysis of Bob Lyddon, with whom the author has worked on several papers and reports about EU financial stability, this paper summarises the scale and scope of unrecorded and unreported liabilities that are hidden not so much by weak accounting rules but more by the careful and deliberate design. Some institutions are backed only by Eurozone member states, some by all EU member states. The effect of this practice of creating and hiding liabilities is estimated at almost doubling the combined General Government Gross Debt of the EU member states. This matters; bad for embedded but as yet relatively low inflation, and bad for the stability of the euro as a currency.

Defining the Green Agenda: International and European Insights into Green Industrial Policies

Author(s): Elena Spasova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This article explores the green political agenda's evolution, particularly its rise as a driving force behind green industrial policies since the 2000s. These policies have become instrumental for governments aiming to bolster their national businesses' competitive edge and international trade roles. The paper is structured in three main sections. The first section traces the evolution of the Green agenda from the 1970s to the present, highlighting its transformation in policy makers' eyes to an economic and strategic tool in the 2000s. It explores how green industrial policies emerged, influencing international trade dynamics and national economic strategies. The second section delves into the specific aims and instruments of these policies over the past decades. The third section provides an examination of green industrial policy measures enacted by the US, the EU, and China in recent years. The conclusion highlights challenges for European decision-makers in crafting effective green industrial measures and suggests areas for future discussion.

HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE POLICE

Author(s): Budimir Babović / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

The document discusses the normative and real aspects of human rights protection in the police force, focusing on the specific rights and authorities of police officers in Yugoslavia.

УПРАВЛЕНИЕ НА ПУБЛИЧНИЯ СЕКТОР В ОБЩИНА ЧЕРВЕН БРЯГ В ПЕРИОДА 2015-2019 Г.

Author(s): Petko Petkov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The report assesses and analyzes the management of the public sector of the Cherven Bryag municipality and its economic structure. It outlines the problems facing the Cherven Bryag municipality as part of the Northwestern Planning Region, as well as the opportunities for its development. Through the assessment of human capital, measures and activities will be proposed to improve the economic environment through the development of small and medium-sized enterprises and the improvement of the regional development of the municipality. An important element of the report is an assessment of the potential of the Cherven Bryag municipality, as well as the identification of factors that can have a strong influence on overcoming the negative impacts of the crisis, which has brought about an economic decline, something typical of most municipalities in Bulgaria.

Осиновените деца на България

Author(s): Betina Velichkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The present report examines the adoption process in Bulgaria, focusing on the legal framework, social challenges, and psychological aspects of adopted children. It analyzes the legal provisions regulating adoption procedures, as well as the role of institutions. From a sociological perspective, the study explores public perceptions of adoption, social stigmas associated with the origins of adopted children, and the challenges of their integration. This report examines adoption as a process, the work of institutions, and the child’s psyche. Its goal is to shed light on a topic that has been avoided for years by adoptees, adoptive parents, and biological parents.